Intraaneurysmal embolization of an unruptured basilar tip aneurysm associated with moyamoya disease.

We describe a patient with moyamoya disease associated with an unruptured basilar tip aneurysm which was treated by endovascular embolization using Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs). A 53-year-old man presented with left hemiparesis persisting for 3 mon ths before admission. Cerebral angiography revealed occlusion of the bilateral middle cerebral arteries and the left anterior cerebral artery, stenosis of the right anterior cerebral artery, and basal moyamoya vessels. In addition, a saccular small aneurysm was seen at the top of the basilar artery. The aneurysm was completely embolized by intraaneurysmal GDCs. Direct surgical clipping is often selected for the treatment of posterior fossa aneurysms in moyamoya disease. However, complete clipping is usually difficult due to the difficulties in operative technique associated with moyamoya disease. We suggest that the endovascular treatment using GDCs is comparatively safe and effective for the treatment of surgically difficult aneurysms in patients with moyamoya disease.     

颅内动脉瘤的血管内栓塞治疗

目的探讨应用电解可脱性弹簧圈（GDC）栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤的临床效果。方法采用GDC栓塞23例患者共动脉瘤25个，其中17个为后交通动脉瘤，4个为前交通动脉瘤，4个为大脑中动脉瘤；Hunt—Hess分级：I级2例，II级17例，III2例，IV级2例。结果25个动脉瘤全部成功栓塞，随访3～30个月无再出血。结论GIDC栓塞颅内动脉瘤是安全、有效和微创的治疗手段。     

Traumatic aneurysm on the posterior cerebral artery following blunt trauma in a 14-year-old girl: case report

A 13-year-old girl sufferring from a car accident presented with a symptom of oculomotor nerve palsy. A CT scan revealed diffuse SAH in the suprasellar cistern, cisterna ambiens and interpeduncular cistern. MRI showed contusion of the left cerebral peduncle and a flowing void signal in front of the left cerebral peduncle. Cerebral angiography revealed a bilobulated aneurysm on the P1-P2 junction of the left posterior cerebral artery. Endovascular treatment was performed, with coil packing within the aneurysm and occlusion of the parent vessel. There were no neurological deficits and no recurrence of the aneurysm on follow-up studies. Endovascular embolization of traumatic posterior cerebral artery aneurysm is a safe and effective therapeutic approach.     

早期电解可脱性微弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤

目的探讨早期血管内栓塞治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤的疗效。方法回顾性分析33例颅内破裂动脉瘤行电解可脱性微弹簧圈(GDC)血管内栓塞治疗的经验。动脉瘤位置:前交通动脉7例,后交通动脉10例,颈内动脉5例,大脑中动脉6例,基底动脉2例,小脑后下动脉3例。Hunt-hess分级:Ⅰ级6例,Ⅱ级12例,Ⅲ级7例,Ⅳ级6例,Ⅴ级2例。结果动脉瘤完全闭塞20例,90%～99%闭塞11例,90%以下闭塞2例。随访3～12个月,良好23例,中等7例,差3例,无再出血发生。结论GDC早期血管内栓塞治疗颅内破裂性动脉瘤是安全有效的治疗手段。     

自发性蛛网膜下腔出血的病因诊断及介入治疗

目的通过数字减影脑血管造影（DSA）对自发性蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）作病因诊断及颅内动脉瘤的介入治疗。方法对246例SAH患者行DSA检查以明确其出血原因。对138例确诊动脉瘤患者用GDC或EDC行血管内栓塞治疗。结果246例SAH患者DSA检查发现颅内动脉瘤155例（63．0％），其中动脉瘤合并脑动静脉畸形（AVM）3例，动脉瘤合并烟雾病1例，AVM 15例（6．1％），烟雾病10例（4.1％），高血压动脉硬化39例（15，9％），原因不明27例（11．0％）。138例颅内动脉瘤栓塞患者中1例术中出血死亡，1例术后1h再出血死亡；动脉瘤栓塞术后经DSA随访90例，随访时间为1个月至6．5年，发现13例再通（其中2例因再出血行DSA复查发现再通），再通率为14.4％，13例再通患者经再栓塞后未发生再出血。结论自发性SAH的主要原因是脑动脉瘤，DSA是明确SAH病因的可靠方法，GDC或EDC血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤安全有效，但有一定复发率，故应注意随访。     

Renal artery lesions in patients with moyamoya disease: angiographic findings

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Renal artery lesions in moyamoya disease have been described sporadically in several case reports. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the angiographic findings of renal artery lesions in moyamoya disease and to determine the prevalence of renal artery lesions in patients with moyamoya disease. METHODS: Eighty-six consecutive patients with idiopathic moyamoya disease were prospectively examined with both cerebral angiography and abdominal aortography. The findings of abdominal aortography were reviewed for the presence and appearance of renal artery lesions and compared with the clinical data and cerebral angiographic findings. RESULTS: Of 86 patients with idiopathic moyamoya disease, 7 patients (8%) were found to have renal artery lesions. Six patients (7%) had stenosis in the renal artery, and 1 patient (1%) had a small saccular aneurysm in the renal artery. Two patients (2%) with a marked renal artery stenosis presented with renovascular hypertension, which resulted in an intraventricular hemorrhage in 1 patient. Furthermore, the renal artery stenosis in the 2 patients with renovascular hypertension was successfully treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. There was no significant correlation between the presence of renal artery lesions and cerebral angiographic findings. CONCLUSIONS: Seven (8%) of 86 patients with moyamoya disease showed renal artery lesions, including 6 stenoses (7%) and 1 aneurysm (1%). Renal artery lesions are a clinically relevant systemic manifestation in patients with moyamoya disease.     

可脱性弹簧图栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤

目的 应用可脱性弹簧圈经血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤。方法 32例颅内动脉瘤患均采用机械可脱性弹簧圈（MDS－N）及电解可脱性弹簧圈（GDC）行动脉瘤囊内栓塞治疗。结果 32例中成功栓塞30例,1例椎基动脉瘤术后并发脑血管弃挛死亡,另1例栓塞过程中发生动脉瘤破裂死亡。结论 血管内栓塞治疗脑动脉瘤是一种比较安全、可靠、有效的治疗手段。机械及电解可脱性弹簧圈是目前较理想的动脉瘤栓塞材料。     

Endovascular treatment of a "blister-like" aneurysm of the internal carotid artery

BACKGROUND: "Blister-like" aneurysms of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery have recently been recognized as having unique pathological and clinical features. Little is known regarding their optimal treatment modality. METHODS: We report a case of a "blister-like" aneurysm of the internal carotid artery treated with Guglielmi detachable coil (GDC) embolization. CASE REPORT: A 55-year-old man presented with a Hunt & Hess grade II subarachnoid hemorrhage. Computed tomography revealed diffuse subarachnoid blood. Cerebral angiography demonstrated a broad-based bulge on the medial wall of the right distal internal carotid artery. The patient was taken to the operating room and underwent a right pterional craniotomy and wrapping of this unclippable aneurysm. On postoperative day 11, he developed signs of vasospasm, and repeat angiography showed remarkable growth of the aneurysm. The aneurysm was believed to be amenable to endovascular therapy and was treated by GDC embolization. The patient recovered well and remained neurologically intact on follow-up examinations. Repeat cerebral angiography was performed three and nine months following his initial presentation and revealed a significant aneurysm neck remnant. This neck remnant was treated by repeat GDC embolization 13 months following his subarachnoid hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: "Blister-like" aneurysms of the internal carotid artery are important to recognize and are difficult to manage using traditional surgical approaches. Early repeated cerebral angiography is indicated and, where appropriate, endovascular therapy should be considered in the management of these patients.     

Early operation of ruptured basilar artery aneurysm associated with bilateral carotid occlusion (moyamoya disease)

A 34-year-old Caucasian man presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Angiography revealed bilateral carotid occlusion at the cavernous sinus and an aneurysm at the basilar artery bifurcation. The whole brain was supplied with blood from the basilar artery and posterior cerebral arteries through a large number of collateral vessels to the internal carotid artery bifurcation, middle cerebral and anterior cerebral arteries: the moyamoya phenomenon. The aneurysm was clipped within hours of the subarachnoid hemorrhage. The relation between moyamoya disease and basilar artery aneurysms is discussed and some surgical and management considerations are given.     

前交通动脉瘤血管内栓塞治疗

目的总结以电解可脱性弹簧圈(GDC)血管内栓塞治疗前交通动脉瘤的技术要点、并发症及其防治经验,并评价其治疗效果.方法对46例前交通动脉瘤患者采用经皮股动脉穿刺行全脑选择性血管造影术,应用GDC进行动脉瘤囊内栓塞;术后早期处理出血并有效的对症治疗.结果成功栓塞46个动脉瘤,其中44例临床痊愈,2例死亡,死亡率4.3%.术中动脉瘤腔100%闭塞者41例,95%闭塞者3例,90%闭塞者2例.术中动脉瘤破裂1例,并发脑血栓1例,并发脑血管痉挛4例;术后无弹簧圈末端逸出,1例复发者经二次补充GDC栓塞而治愈.术后随访3～50个月均无再出血.结论对前交通动脉瘤采用GDC进行血管内囊内栓塞疗效可靠;早期诊断、早期治疗、正确处理术中并发症、提高栓塞技术及积极有效的术后处理是减少术后并发症、提高治愈率的重要方法.     

血管内治疗颅内后循环夹层动脉瘤13例

目的总结颅内后循环夹层动脉瘤的诊断和血管内治疗经验。方法回顾性分析13例血管内治疗后循环夹层动脉瘤的临床资料,采用单纯弹簧圈栓塞4例,支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞4例,单纯弹簧圈闭塞载瘤动脉3例,单纯支架置入2例。结果完全栓塞7例,次全栓塞3例,载瘤动脉闭塞3例。随访11例,时间6～24个月,平均7.6个月;临床症状均不同程度改善,出现脑缺血症状1例,死亡2例;DSA或MRA复查发现复发1例,支架内血管狭窄1例。结论血管内治疗是颅内后循环夹层动脉瘤的合适选择,长期随访对评价血管内治疗的有效性和安全性非常必要。     

Multiple aneurysms associated with bilateral carotid occlusion and venous angioma: surgical management risk-case report.

A unique case of multiple aneurysms associated with bilateral carotid artery occlusion and venous angioma is described. A 42 year old female presented with subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cerebral angiograms demonstrated(1) a ruptured saccular aneurysm in the right posterior cerebral artery,(2) bilateral occlusion of internal carotid arteries,(3) a rete mirabile in the subtemporal fossa fed by left external carotid artery which connected with the internal carotid artery at the cavernous portion where a saccular aneurysm had formed, and(4) a venous angioma in the posterior fossa. The ruptured aneurysm of the posterior cerebral artery was obliterated preserving the anterior choroidal arteries. However, a left hemiparesis developed and CT scan revealed a small low density area in the right posterior limb of the internal capsule postoperatively. A ruptured aneurysm associated with bilateral extracranial carotid occlusion poses a clinical dilemma and treatment of such cases is challenging and difficult. The non-surgical and surgical outcomes of ruptured cerebral aneurysms associated with internal carotid occlusion are reviewed.     

Posterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysm Re-Rupture Following Revascularization for Moyamoya Disease

ObjectivesAneurysms associated with hemorrhagic moyamoya disease (MMD) are reported to stabilize or recede following revascularization.Case report/resultsA 29 year-old male with no past medical history presented obtunded with diffuse intraventricular hemorrhage and vascular imaging demonstrating bilateral MMD without any associated aneurysms. He underwent a delayed right-sided STA-MCA bypass and pial synangiosis, and was subsequently discharged on hospital day 24 with a modified Rankin Scale score (mRS) of 2. He returned eleven days later from a rehabilitation facility with recurrent IVH. A saccular 5 mm right P4 segment posterior cerebral artery aneurysm was seen on a diagnostic angiogram and embolized with Onyx glue.ConclusionsDistal posterior circulation artery aneurysmal rupture is a rare cause of hemorrhagic MMD. This case demonstrates the capacity of these aneurysms to re-rupture following revascularization and underscores the importance of treating the aneurysms directly.     

大脑后动脉远端动脉瘤的血管内介入治疗

目的 探讨大脑后动脉远端动脉瘤的血管内介入治疗方法及特点.方法 10例动脉瘤,P2段6例(囊状2例、梭形2例、夹层2例)、P2-P3交界处1例(夹层)、P3段3例(夹层).对于囊状动脉瘤采用弹簧圈栓塞并保留载瘤动脉的方法;梭形动脉瘤采用支架重建瘤腔的方法;P2段及P2-P3交界夹层动脉瘤采用弹簧圈栓塞并闭塞载瘤动脉的方法;P3段夹层动脉瘤采用Glubran胶栓塞并闭塞载瘤动脉的方法.结果 随访半年至1年,预后良好.DSA复查9例,未见动脉瘤复发.结论 对于大脑后动脉远端动脉瘤,根据动脉瘤的类型及部位采用不同的血管内介入治疗方法,短期随访可以获得较好的疗效.     

头颈部少见类型动-静脉瘘的血管内栓塞治疗

目的探讨头颈部少见类型动-静脉瘘血管内栓塞治疗的方法及临床价值。方法创伤性伴有基底动脉动脉瘤的基底动脉-基底静脉丛瘘、原始三叉动脉动脉瘤破裂臻致三叉动脉-海绵窦瘘、自发性和创伤性颈外动脉-海绵窦瘘、创伤性颈内动脉-海绵窦瘘伴有椎动-静脉瘘及创伤性颈内动脉-海绵间窦瘘各1例，对此6例少见类型动-静脉瘘患分别采用机械解脱弹簧圈、电解脱弹簧圈以及可脱性球囊技术进行血管内栓塞治疗。结果创伤性伴有基底动脉动脉瘤的基底动脉-基底静脉丛瘘和创伤性颈内动脉-海绵窦瘘伴有椎动-静脉瘘患分两次伶塞，而原始三叉动脉动脉瘤破裂致三叉动脉-海绵窦瘘、自发性和刨伤性颈外动脉-海绵窦瘘、刨伤性颈内动脉-海绵间窦瘘患均一次完成栓塞治疗。手术后临床症状和体征完全消失。无并发症发生。结论血管内栓塞是治疗头颈部少见类型动-静脉瘘的最佳方法，其操作简单．安全可靠，疗效好，并发症发生率低。应作为首选。     

Fusiform aneurysm of a persistent trigeminal artery.

OBJECTIVE: Fusiform aneurysms of the persistent trigeminal artery are rare and endovascular treatment of these aneurysms has not been attempted previously. We describe a case of persistent trigeminal artery with a fusiform aneurysm in its middle third, managed using Guglielmi detachable coils (GDC). CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 50-year-old, diabetic and hypertensive patient presented with sudden onset headache and neck stiffness. On examination, she was conscious but disoriented, without cranial nerve or sensorimotor deficits. Four-vessel cerebral digital subtraction angiography revealed a fusiform aneurysm of the middle third of a persistent trigeminal artery on the left side with adult type posterior cerebral arteries. INTERVENTION: Guglielmi detachable coils were used for occlusion of the persistent trigeminal artery. RESULTS: The procedure was well tolerated but delayed ischemic neurological deficits developed due to vasospasm. CONCLUSIONS: (1) In spite of angiographically documented independence of the anterior and posterior cerebral circulation, occlusion of a persistent trigeminal artery using endovascular techniques may result in posterior circulation stroke due to a number of factors, including occlusion of brainstem perforators taking origin from the persistent trigeminal artery or vasospasm. (2) The timing for endovascular intervention following aneurysmal rupture remains poorly defined.     

Contralateral Transradial Access for Coil Embolization of Distal Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysm Associated With a Steep Ipsilateral A1-A2 Angle

ObjectiveEndovascular treatment of distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms is commonly addressed via the ipsilateral A1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery. However, when the parent pericallosal artery has a sharp ipsilateral A1-A2 angle, catheterization through the ipsilateral A1 segment can potentially result in vessel injury, catheter kinking, and/or compromised/stagnant anterior cerebral artery flow. Here, we present a case of a distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysm associated with a steep ipsilateral A1-A2 angle treated with contralateral transradial coil embolization.Case presentationA 91-year-old woman presented with a ruptured left distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysm at the A3 segment. The parent pericallosal artery had a steep ipsilateral A1-A2 angle. To safely achieve coil embolization of the aneurysm, a contralateral transradial system via the right A1 segment was employed. Although a secondary ipsilateral transradial system was required for contrast injection, aneurysm obliteration was successfully achieved without vessel injury or system instability.ConclusionThe A1-A2 angle can be a key anatomical factor in the endovascular treatment of distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms. The contralateral transradial system is a useful treatment option for distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms associated with sharp ipsilateral A1-A2 angles. However, if the distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysm cannot be clearly visualized through the contralateral system, an ipsilateral system will be required for contrast injection.     

Brain abscess after endosaccular embolisation of a cerebral aneurysm

Endovascular embolization has become an important treatment option for cerebral aneurysms, along with surgical clipping. But few literatures mentioned infectious complications after coiling of aneurysms. We present a patient with a brain abscess that developed after endosaccular embolization of a left middle cerebral artery aneurysm. The brain abscess was located adjacent to the aneurysm and discovered more than 2 months after embolization. We discuss the clinical implications of this rare complication and review the literature for infections related to the coils used for embolization of aneurysms.     

微弹簧圈血管内栓塞治疗205例颅内囊状动脉瘤

目的：介绍微弹簧圈血管内栓塞治疗２０５例颅内囊状动脉瘤。方法：用微弹簧圈经血管内栓塞治疗颅内囊状动脉瘤２０５例。使用国产和进口的普通微弹簧圈和机械性可脱性微弹簧圈，大多数病例在局部麻醉下施术。２４例蛛网膜下腔出血（ＳＡＨ）急性期治疗请麻醉师协助。结果：本组２０５例中无死亡率，手术当时完全闭塞动脉瘤１８３例，不完全闭塞２２例。１２６例经１～３年随访无一例再出现ＳＡＨ。结论：微弹簧圈血管内栓塞治疗颅内囊状动脉瘤是可行的治疗方法，特别是窄颈动脉瘤。其效果确实，创伤小，病人恢复快。但是动脉瘤栓塞治疗的远期效果还有待进一步大宗病例的血管造影随访观察。     

颅内动脉瘤破裂合并颅脑损伤5例分析

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤破裂合并颅脑损伤的临床特征,以此鉴别创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血。方法对我院近三年来收治的5例颅内动脉瘤破裂合并颅脑损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究,总结其临床特征。结果 4例患者入院后急诊经CTA检查证实为颅内动脉瘤破裂出血,其中前交通动脉瘤2例,大脑中动脉瘤1例,颈内动脉-后交通动脉瘤l例;1例患者为动脉瘤再次破裂后行CTA检查示颈内动脉-后交通动脉瘤。急诊开颅血肿清除及动脉瘤夹闭术2例,动脉瘤夹闭术1例,血管内介入栓塞治疗术1例,药物保守治疗1例。恢复良好3例,重残1例,死亡l例。结论对伴有颅脑外伤史的蛛网膜下腔出血应注意考虑颅内动脉瘤破裂的可能,以便采取积极合理的治疗方案。