单纯型眶壁爆裂骨折晚期畸形的诊断及整复

目的：探讨眶壁爆裂骨折所致眶壁畸形、眼球内陷的发生机制及其整复手术。方法：应用三维CT影像学技术及计算机三维诊断系统，观察眶壁畸形特征，测量眶腔容积变化，分析眼球内陷和复视的发生机制。并采用自体骨或羟基磷灰石人工骨植人恢复眶腔容积的方法进行整复。结果本组11例，未出现植人骨感染、外露等并发症。其中10例眼球突出度、眼球运动功能恢复，复视得以矫正，眶、眼睑外形良好；1例复视未得到矫正，眼球运动功能恢复欠佳。结论：眶壁爆裂骨折眼球内陷的原因主要是眶腔容积增大、眶内容疝出，还纳眶内容后植骨恢复眶腔容积，是治疗此类畸形的有效方法。     

Delayed immediate surgery for orbital floor fractures: Less can be more

Orbital floor fractures can result in diplopia, enophthalmos, hypoglobus and infraorbital dysthesia. Currently, the most common treatment for orbital floor fractures is immediate surgical intervention. However, there are a number of well-documented cases of unoperated orbital floor fractures in the literature, culminating in diplopia or enophthalmos in few patients. Of these, none reported the diplopia or enophthalmos to be bothersome. As reported previously in the ophthalmology literature, most orbital floor fracture-induced diplopia resolves as the swelling settles, and the few patients with remaining diplopia can successfully be treated with surgery on the uninvolved eye. It has also been commented that most patients with enophthalmos are asymptomatic. The authors’ institution has more than 50 surgeon-years experience with delaying immediate surgery for two weeks to allow time for the swelling-induced diplopia to resolve. In the authors’ experience, true entrapment of the inferior rectus muscle is rare. The present article describes a study of late follow-up (average 945 days) of 11 nonoperated patients with orbital floor fractures. In the eight patients who initially presented with diplopia, there was resolution of functionally limiting double vision. Only one patient had asymptomatic, but measurably significant, enophthalmos at −3 mm. All patients had full restoration of extraocular movements and resolution of infraorbital dysthesia. None of the patients were exposed to the operative risks of ectropion, infection, implant extrusion, bleeding or blindness. The present study provides level IV evidence that delaying surgery up to two weeks after orbital floor fracture may avoid unnecessary surgical risks and inconveniences in many patients with orbital floor fracture.     

眶壁爆裂性骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨眼眶壁爆裂性骨折手术治疗的方法和效果。方法总结我院1998年8月至2007年1月，因眼眶壁爆裂性骨折而行修复手术治疗的患者81例（85只眼）。结果所有患者术后随访6～24个月，52例眼球运动障碍患者中，31例眼动恢复正常，复视消失。其中伤后2周内手术者21只眼，占75．0％（21／28）。2周至2个月者8只眼，占44．4％（8／18）。超过2个月者2眼，占33．3％（2／6）。超过2周以上者眼球内陷的术前均值3．5mm，术后均值1．5mm，明显改善。眶内填入材料种类与矫正眼球内陷的效果无明显关系。结论对于伴有复视、眼球运动障碍的眼眶壁爆裂性骨折应尽早手术治疗。当双眼突出度相差大于2mm，即应手术矫正。手术应于骨膜下进行，以避免并发症。骨水泥和MEDPOR使用起来安全，效果肯定。     

眼眶爆裂性骨折的早期和晚期整复手术疗效比较

目的研究眼眶爆裂性骨折早期和晚期整复手术疗效的差异.方法应用眼眶三维重建,CT扫描和复视分析方法,以Medpor为填充材料,对15例早期和16例晚期爆裂性骨折实施眼眶重建术,并进行术后疗效比较性研究.结果早期手术患者中复视8例,术后复视未消失1例.眼眶内陷15例均得到矫正,内陷均小于2 mm.眶下神经感觉减退10例,术后眶下神经感觉减退2例.晚期手术患者中术前复视10例,术后未消失7例,其中未改善4例,加重2例,5例行眼外肌手术矫正复视得到一定改善.眼眶内陷16例中术后未矫正3例,内陷大于2mm,再次手术2例.眶下神经感觉减退9例,术后未改善2例.经Fisher精确率检验两组患者术前和术后疗效比较中,只有复视矫正的差异有显著性(x2=4.865,P＜0.05).结论手术是治疗眼眶爆裂性骨折较好的方法,早期手术比晚期手术操作容易、效果好、恢复快、并发症少、再次手术机会少.     

Severe orbital floor fractures: repair with a titanium implant

Summary Fractures of the orbital floor which require exploration are usually treated with an alloplastic floor implant or an autogenous bone graft. When large portions of the orbital floor, together with the lower parts of lateral and medial walls, are destroyed there may be no possibility of providing a conventional orbital floor reconstruction. In this situation, a titanium orbital floor implant may well be required to support the globe. 4 cases of traumatic orbital floor blow-out fractures are described. Clinically, all patients had diplopia, enophthalmos and radiological evidence of extensive loss of the orbital floor. A titanium orbital floor implant was molded and secured to the infraorbital rim with miniscrews to reconstruct the orbital floor and to reconstitute the orbital volume. No additional bone grafting was performed. Complications were minimal. From this experience, in severe orbital floor fractures, good results are obtained by supporting the globe using only a titanium implant.     

Orbital apex syndrome associated with fractures of the zygoma and orbital floor

Summary The orbital apex syndrome can be caused by trauma. The patient presented was hit by an elbow in the right periorbital area with resulting fractures to the right zygoma and orbital floor. Examination revealed visual loss, total ophthalmoplegia, and ptosis of the right upper eyelid with hypoesthesia in the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. After a week of supportive therapy and observation, the orbital floor fracture was repaired by reducing the bone fragments, and the zygomatic fracture was reduced through a Gillies incision. Over the next six months, there was complete resolution of the ophthalmoplegia, the ptosis, the loss of sensation in the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, and the vision.     

非单纯性眼眶骨折的手术治疗

目的回顾性分析总结手术治疗非单纯性眼眶骨折的临床经验。方法2010年1月至2017年12月,中国医科大学附属第一医院整形外科收治的587例眼眶骨折患者,男性455例,女性132例,年龄19~65岁。术前根据临床表现和3D-CT检查结果进行诊断和评估;术中充分松解还纳嵌顿的软组织、复位眼眶、放置置入体;术后比较眼眶外形、眼球功能及3D-CT等评价手术效果。结果本组587例,术后均获10个月至2年随访,所有患者术后外形和功能均得到整体的改善或恢复。12例术前眼球内陷明显,术后仍有轻度内陷;9例仍有轻度眼球运动受限、复视部分恢复;除眼球破裂摘除患者,其余患者视力较受伤前均无明显下降。结论眼眶骨折需严格依据临床表现和3D-CT检查结果进行诊断和评估,及早地进行精确复位、固定、修补,可提高治疗的效果。     

Endoscopic transmaxillary repair of orbital floor fractures: A minimally invasive treatment

Abstract

Although endoscopic transmaxillary repair of orbital floor fractures is a minimally invasive treatment, controversy remains regarding the method for supporting the orbital floor after elevation of the orbital contents. To date, a urethral balloon catheter has been widely used. However, it can be difficult to leave the catheter in place for a long time period due to the inconvenience, and prolapse of the orbital contents may recur in the case of its premature removal. This study described the techniques for endoscopic reduction and use of a balloon for orbital floor fractures. From June 2006 through November 2011, 30 of 52 patients (57.7%) with an isolated orbital floor fracture underwent endoscopic transmaxillary repair. A maxillary sinus balloon (#3007, Koken Co., Japan) was inserted into the maxillary sinus to support the orbital floor after endoscopic transmaxillary reduction, and the connecting tube of the balloon was pulled into the nasal cavity through the maxillary ostium. After confirmation of accurate reduction by postoperative CT, the connecting tube was shortened and hidden in the nasal cavity. The balloon was left in place for 4–8 weeks, and then removed via the maxillary ostium on an outpatient basis. Complete resolution of the preoperative diplopia was achieved in 93%, and no late-developing enophthalmos was seen in 97% of the patients. There were no significant complications. This technique is safe and permits prolonged retention of the balloon, without interfering with daily life.     

A review of materials currently used in orbital floor reconstruction

Orbital fractures are common fractures of the midface. As such, numerous techniques and materials exist for the repair of this region, each with inherent advantages and disadvantages. But does the ideal implant material exist? Should we stop and simply use readily available materials, or should the cycle of need and discovery continue? A comprehensive review of materials used in orbital reconstruction and possible new directions in orbital floor reconstruction are presented.     

Comparison of pre- and postoperative orbital volume using three dimensional CT imaging in zygoma fracture patients

The aims of this study were (1) to assess the difference between the volume of the traumatized and non-traumatized orbit, (2) to determine the critical change in orbital volume that will result in enophthalmos, and (3) to analyze the correlation between volume discrepancy and clinical outcome in maxillofacial trauma patients. Twenty-seven surgically managed patients with a fracture of the orbitozygomatic complex were included in this study. Preoperative and postoperative volume measurements of both orbits were compared, using software whose accuracy was confirmed in a preliminary experimental study in dry skulls. The correlation between volume discrepancy and clinical enophthalmos was statistically assessed before and after surgery. Preoperatively, there was an increase in orbital volume in 26 of 27 cases, with a range of 0.04–6.02 cc compared with the intact orbits. The mean volume difference between the orbits was 3.01±1.64 cm³ in the preoperative period, and this decreased to 1.02±1.29 cm³ following operation (P<0.01). Five patients (19%) showed clinical enophthalmos with a mean volume difference of 4.77±0.18 cm³ preoperatively. Clinical enophthalmos persisted postoperatively in only one of five enophthalmic patients, in whom the volume discrepancy was greater than 4 cm³. Our data suggested that the technique described here is an easy and accurate method of assessing the volume of the orbit. Orbital volume measurement may help the surgeon to predict volume to be restored and to avoid probable complications. Received: 15 March 2000 / Accepted: 2 August 2000     

微型钛板坚强内固定在眼眶骨折中的应用

目的　探讨微型钛板坚强内固定治疗眼眶骨折的临床疗效。方法　术中应用微型钛板、钛钉作为眶骨骨折复位、骨移植的内固定 ,术后常规行头颅X线平片或CT扫描检查固定的可靠性。结果　外伤性眼眶骨折患者 5 6例经 6～ 12个月的随访观察 ,未发现感染及钛钉、钛板的排异反应 ,经头颅X线平片或CT扫描检查未见骨折移位复发及移植体的移位。在第 2次手术中发现钛钉、钛板固定牢固可靠。结论　微型钛板坚强内固定治疗眼眶骨折 ,其固定性可靠、效果好 ,并发症少     

A review of cervical spine injury associated with maxillofacial trauma at a UK tertiary referral centre

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to determine the incidence and patterns of cervical spine injury (CSI) associated with maxillofacial fractures at a UK trauma centre.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted of 714 maxillofacial fracture patients presenting to a single trauma centre between 2006 and 2012.ResultsOf the 714 maxillofacial fracture patients, 2.2% had associated CSI including a fracture, cord contusion or disc herniation. In comparison, 1.0% of patients without maxillofacial trauma sustained a CSI (odds ratio: 2.2, p=0.01). The majority (88%) of CSI cases of were caused by a road traffic accident (RTA) with the remainder due to falls. While 8.8% of RTA related maxillofacial trauma patients sustained a CSI, only 2.0% of fall related patients did (p=0.03, not significant). Most (70%) of the CSIs occurred at C1/C2 or C6/C7 levels. Overall, 455, 220 and 39 patients suffered non-mandibular, isolated mandibular and mixed mandibular/non-mandibular fractures respectively. Their respective incidences of CSI were 1.5%, 1.8% and 12.8% (p=0.005, significant). Twelve patients with concomitant CSI had their maxillofacial fractures treated within twenty-four hours and all were treated within four days.ConclusionsThe presence of maxillofacial trauma mandates exclusion and prompt management of cervical spine injury, particularly in RTA and trauma cases involving combined facial fracture patterns. This approach will facilitate management of maxillofacial fractures within an optimum time period.     

甲状腺相关性眼病改良式眶减压手术的临床治疗

目的 回顾性分析采用球后脂肪、锥体内脂肪+眼外肌粘连松解治疗甲状腺相关性眼病的方法及效果.方法 采用下睑结膜、皮肤入路或上、下睑联合入路,切除增生的脂肪组织,松解眼外肌粘连.切除球后脂肪、锥体内脂肪5.1～11.8ml,平均7.2 ml.术前眼球突度18～ 26 mm,平均21 mm.结果 本组共205例患者,术后眼球回缩幅度4 ～9 mm,平均6mm.双眼后退幅度相对可控,突度基本一致,差值小于2 mm.术后球后不适、胀痛消失,复视、眼睑位置及眼球活动受限完全或部分矫正,视力提高或无变化,效果满意.结论 改良式眶减压手术可以矫正轻、中度甲状腺相关性眼病眼球突出,提高视力,改善眼球运动障碍;对治疗甲状腺相关性眼病突眼症,是一种安全有效、美容效果好且并发症少的治疗手段.     

Thoracolumbar fractures surgically treated by “in situ contouring”

This is a retrospective study on a series of 70 patients with thoracolumbar fractures (TL), surgically treated by the in situ bending technique (ISB). Its purpose is to show the performances and limits of the ISB technique for the early correction of post-traumatic spine deformities as well as to estimate the overall outcome in this series and to discuss the indications for anterior grafting. Although the management of limbs fractures is a cleared issue today, spine fractures management is still a matter of debate. Surgical treatment progresses fast, while indications, the fixation techniques, fracture reduction options, and associated grafting are still blurry. Seventy patients with TL fractures, mean age 40.3 years (20–80) were treated by posterior fusion with a standard construct and deformity reduction by means of the ISB technique. Mean follow-up was 30.7 months (12–78). Pre- and post-operative deformity was evaluated and the relative deformity as defined by Farcy’s sagittal index (SIF) was analyzed. Thirty-eight patients underwent anterior interbody grafting. The pre-operative SIF decreased from 16.98 to 1.62° (15.36° decrease). Eighty percent of patients were normo- or hyper-corrected. The loss of correction during the follow-up occurred within the disc (SIF: −2.24°, vertebral kyphosis 0.94°, p<0.001), and was lower in patients who underwent secondary anterior grafting (−5.21° vs.–1.18°, p=0.002). Clinical outcome is good (Oswestry=29.75) and seems to be better in cases of double approach (20.71 vs. 37.,4, p=0.001). Sepsis occurred in ten cases, and two patients experienced construct dismounting. One patient had a retroperitoneal hematoma that required embolization. Seventy-one percent of operated patients went back to their previous work after surgery. Spine fractures deserve an efficient treatment. The ISB technique improves post traumatic kyphosis. This results is maintained at long term if the posterior fusion is associated with anterior grafting in cases where the correction within the disc exceeds 50% of the total correction.     

Management of blunt liver trauma in a tertiary referral centre

BACKGROUND: In recent years, several reports from North America have highlighted the success of conservative treatment in patients with blunt liver trauma. The aim of this study was to identify trends in the management of blunt liver trauma in a UK tertiary referral centre dealing with both adults and children over a 10-year period. METHODS: A retrospective case note review was performed on 71 consecutive patients (58 male patients) of median age 25 years admitted to the hepatobiliary unit over the 10-year period from 1992 to 2001 with blunt liver trauma. Data relating to referring source, severity of liver injury, initial and subsequent management and outcome were collected using a standard pro forma. RESULTS: Sixty-two of the 71 patients were referred from other surgical units. Of these, 14 had undergone laparotomy at the referring hospital, with ten having perihepatic packing; the other 48 were managed conservatively. Of the 62 patients transferred to the authors' unit, 12 required surgical intervention for the liver injury. The mean number of patients with blunt liver trauma increased between the first second 5-year periods, from 3.2 to 11.0 patients per year. There was a significant reduction in the proportion of patients requiring surgery for the liver injury in both the authors' unit (from seven of 16 patients in 1992-1996 to seven of 55 in 1997-2001; P = 0.017, chi(2) test) and referring hospitals (from six of 12 to eight of 50; P = 0.014, chi(2) test). The reduction in the mortality rate, from two (12.5 per cent) of 16 in the first period to four (7.3 per cent) of 55 in the second, was not significant (P = 0.880, chi(2) test). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated a marked increase in the number of patients with blunt liver trauma referred to a regional hepatobiliary centre in recent years. It has confirmed that the majority of such patients can be treated successfully without surgery.     

微型钛板固定整复陈旧性眶底、眶骨骨折伴邻近颅面骨骨折

目的 探讨陈旧性爆裂眶底、眶骨骨折伴邻近颅面骨骨折所致面部畸形，整复后应用微型钛板（microplate）固定的临床疗效。方法 对20例陈旧性眶底、眶骨骨折患者，根据CT扫描和三维成像诊断，重新截骨复位，用微型钛板根据骨折部位和形态，采用跨2～3个骨折线固定，或将钛板越过粉碎骨折部位，呈桥状两端固定。结果 无论眶底眶缘单纯骨折或粉碎性骨折错位愈合，在整复后微型钛板固定，完全修复了颜面畸形，并恢复了眼球运动和咀嚼功能。随访6个月至1年，无1例发生钛板排斥反应或断裂脱落等并发症。结论 微型钛板可以达到眶骨骨折复位后坚强内固定，是目前整复眶骨和颜面部骨折最有效的固定方法之一，并且使用方法简便，容易掌握。     

Experience of managing open fractures of the lower limb at a major trauma centre

Introduction

In April 2012 the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford became a major trauma centre (MTC). The British Orthopaedic Association and British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons joint standards for the management of open fractures of the lower limb (BOAST 4) require system-wide changes in referral practice that may be facilitated by the MTC and its associated major trauma network.

Methods

From 2008 to 2013 a multistep audit of compliance with BOAST 4 was conducted to assess referral patterns, timing of surgery and outcomes (surgical site infection rates), to determine changes following local intervention and the establishment of the MTC.

Results

Over the study period, 50 patients had soft tissue cover for an open lower limb fracture and there was a significant increase in the proportion of patients receiving definitive fixation in our centre (p=0.036). The median time from injury to soft tissue cover fell from 6.0 days to 3.5 days (p=0.051) and the median time from definitive fixation to soft tissue cover fell from 5.0 days to 2.0 days (p=0.003). The deep infection rate fell from 27% to 8% (p=0.247). However, in 2013 many patients still experienced a delay of >72 hours between injury and soft tissue cover, primarily owing to a lack of capacity for providing soft tissue cover.

Conclusions

Our experience may be relevant to other MTCs seeking to identify barriers to optimising the management of patients with these injuries.