优秀大学生自尊与心理健康关系探讨

目的了解优秀大学生的自尊水平和心理健康状况,重点探讨自尊与心理健康之间的关系。方法采用自尊量表(SES)和症状自评量表(SCL-90)对湖南农业大学03~05级154名优秀大学生的自尊水平和心理健康关系进行探讨。结果优秀大学生的自尊水平比普通大学生高(30.12±3.69,29.11±4.12,t=1.73,P=0.028);从症状因子和自尊表现两种临床标准来看,心理健康和自尊之间存在显著的负相关(r=-0.361~0.517,P<0.01)。回归分析表明,影响优秀大学生自尊的心理健康影响的因子是抑郁(P<0.01)。结论优秀大学生的自尊与心理健康之间关系表现出独特的特点。     

国防生心理健康水平与人格、应付方式的相关分析

目的探讨国防生心理健康状况及其与人格、应付方式的关系,为其心理教育和管理工作提供依据。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、卡特尔人格问卷(16PF)和应付方式问卷对198名国防生进行测评。结果国防生SCL-90各因子分均显著低于军人常模、军校学员和普通大学生(P<0.05,P<0.01);卡式16种人格因子中的稳定性、紧张性、自律性与SCL-90各因子的相关系数(r)为-0.385~0.358(P<0.05,P<0.01),独立性和实验性与SCL-90各因子的相关均不显著,其余因子呈不同程度的相关性;消极应对方式与SCL-90各因子呈正相关,积极应对方式与SCL-90各因子呈负相关。结论国防生的心理健康状况良好,加强健全人格的塑造与积极应付方式的教育有助于提高其心理健康水平。     

大学生外显自尊、攻击性与网络行为关系

[目的]了解大学生外显自尊、攻击性等维度与网络行为间的相关性。[方法]采用分层抽样的方法对安徽黄山学院382名大学生进行攻击性问卷(The Aggression Questionnaire)、Rosenberg自尊量表(Rosenberg Self-es-teem Scale,SES)、网络行为调查问卷等的调查分析。[结果]样本总体的自尊与攻击性水平呈非常显著负相关(P﹤0.01),攻击性部分维度存在非常显著性别差异(P﹤0.01)。约9%的大学生存在一定的网络不文明行为,问题行为组的攻击性水平显著高于文明组(P﹤0.05),外显自尊水平则显著低于文明组(P﹤0.05)。[结论]大学生的外显自尊、攻击性水平对网络不文明行为有重要影响。     

民工心理健康状况及影响因素的调查

[目的]了解民工心理健康现状及其影响因索. [方法]采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和艾森克人格量表(EPQ),随机抽取4个城市470名民工进行调查,并与国内常模进行比较. [结果]民工SCL-90的9个因子分均值都高于国内常模.差异有统计学意义(t=10.69～15.71,P<0.01);不同文化程度、婚姻状况的民工在总体症状上的差异有统计学意义(F=3.44,P<0.05;F=4.71,P<0.01).民工EPQ的P、E、L分量表得分与龚氏常模的差异有统计学意义(t=8.81,-10.47,-14.75,P<0.01);其中,P分量表与SCL-90的抑郁、焦虑、敌对、偏执、精神病等5个因子呈显著正相关(r=0.30～0.37,P<0.05). [结论]民工的心理健康水平低干全国正常人的平均水平;文化程度、婚姻状况与人格特征是影响民工心理健康的重要因素.     

大学生体像烦恼及其与心理健康社会支持的关系

了解大学生体像烦恼及其与心理健康、社会支持的关系,为大学生心理健康教育提供依据.方法 采用青少年学生体像烦恼问卷、症状自评量表和社会支持评定量表,对方便整群抽取的淮阴师范学院958名大学生进行调查.结果 34.3%的大学生存在体像烦恼,且女生(42.21%)高于男生(23.48%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);大学生体像烦恼与SCL-90得分呈显著负相关(r=-0.396,P<0.01);体像烦恼大学生SCL-90得分(0.84±0.48)高于无烦恼者(0.56±0.35)(P<0.01);体像烦恼大学生社会支持水平(38.35 ±6.15)低于无烦恼者(39.47±6.03)(P <0.01).结论 大学生体像烦恼与心理健康问题密切相关.社会支持可缓解大学生体像烦恼和心理健康问题.     

残障与普通本科新生心理健康状况比较

  目的  探讨残障本科新生和普通本科新生心理健康的差异,为有效做好大学生心理健康教育工作提供参考。  方法  对南京某本科高校2018—2020年残障新生及普通新生共6 114名大学生进行心理健康症状自评量表(SCL-90)测量,并对结果进行分析。  结果  大学生SCL-90阳性检出率为23.3%,残障新生阳性率(36.4%)高于普通新生(22.6%)(χ2=28.35,P < 0.01);残障新生SCL-90总分及各因子分均高于普通新生(P值均 < 0.05);纵向比较两类新生3年间SCL-90阳性检出率,残障新生差异无统计学意义(χ2=5.82,P=0.06),普通新生差异有统计学意义(χ2=29.43,P < 0.01);阳性人群面谈后残障新生严重心理问题(A类)和一般心理问题(B类)学生的构成比高于普通新生(χ2=7.09,P < 0.05)。  结论  残障新生心理健康水平低于普通新生;普通新生心理健康水平呈下降趋势,残障新生心理健康水平较稳定,但有心理问题学生的比例相对较高,需引起关注。     

护理专业大学生自尊水平研究

[目的]了解护理专业大学生的自尊水平、心理健康状况及其两者之间的相关性。[方法]采用SES和SCL-90对166名护理专业大学生进行问卷调查。[结果]护理专业大学生自尊平均分为29.48分,心理状况高于全国常模。[结论](1)护理专业大学生自尊水平总体较高。(2)护理专业大学生心理健康状况总体良好。(3)护理专业大学生自尊水平和心理健康总分各个因子之间呈显著的负相关(r=-0.21～-0.37),回归分析显示自尊水平对心理健康有一定预测作用。     

广西民族地区贫困大学生社会支持、应对方式与心理健康分析

目的探讨民族地区贫困大学生社会支持、应对方式与心理健康的关系。方法采用分层整群抽样方法抽取广西壮族自治区某高校大学生824名,进行社会支持量表、简易应对方式量表和SCL-90量表问卷调查,并对数据进行相关和回归分析。结果贫困大学生的躯体化(1.45±0.50)、精神病性(1.47±0.51)、抑郁(1.51±0.54)、焦虑(1.50±0.51)、恐怖(1.45±0.51)、偏执(1.47±0.52)6个因子和总均分(1.51±0.48)与非贫困大学生的躯体化(1.33±0.48)、精神病性(1.38±0.52)、抑郁(1.33±0.48)、焦虑(1.42±0.54)、恐怖(1.37±0.52)、偏执(1.39±0.53)6个因子和总均分(1.43±0.50)间差异均有统计学意义(前2个因子P0.01,后4个因子和总均分P0.05)。贫困大学生主观支持分(24.46±6.41)和非贫困大学生的主观支持分(25.30±5.58)差异显著(P0.05)。贫困大学生SCL-90各因子除强迫症状、人际关系敏感与社会支持各项得分在0.05水平上呈显著负相关外,其余各因子都在0.01水平上呈显著负相关。SCL-90各因子与对支持的利用度呈显著负相关(P0.01);除强迫症状外,SCL-90各因子与积极应对维度呈显著负相关(P0.01),SCL-90各因子与消极应对维度相关不显著。主观支持、消极应对、积极应对、对支持的利用度进入回归模型(P0.01),对心理健康预测作用的大小依次为主观支持、消极应对、积极应对、对支持的利用度,修正后的判定系数为0.050、0.055、0.071、0.077。结论贫困大学生的心理健康水平低于非贫困大学生;贫困大学生的社会支持因素、积极应对方式影响其心理健康水平,但主要受其主观支持因素的影响。     

西南地区高校女国防生心理健康状况及其相关研究

目的 调查女国防生心理健康状况及其与心理控制源、应对方式的关系,为其教育管理提供参考.方法 运用症状自评量表(SCL-90),内控性、有势力的他人及机遇量表(IPC)和应对方式评定量表(CSQ)对113名女国防生进行调查.结果 高校女国防生中等以上程度心理问题者占4.08％,整体心理健康水平高于相关常模;独生女国防生在强迫、人际关系,恐怖因子上显著高于非独生女国防生(t=2.06,t=2.00,t=2.51,P＜0.05),城镇籍女国防生在强迫,人际关系,抑郁、焦虑因子上显著高于农村籍女国防生(t =2.08,t =2.07,t=2.12,t=1.99,P＜0.05);报考的女国防生在抑郁,焦虑、敌对因子上显著高于选拔的女国防生(t =2.03,t=2.15,t=2,17,P＜0.05),非军人家庭的女国防生在焦虑,抑郁、强迫、恐怖因子上显著高于军人家庭的女国防生(t =2.84,t=1.99,t=2.34,t=2.03,P＜0.05).除部分网子外,SCL-90各因子分与内控性,积极应对方式呈显著负相关(r =0.342～0.177,P＜0.05).结论 女国防生的整体心理健康状况良好且与其心理控制源,应对方式密切相关,非独生、农村籍,选拔、军人家庭的女国防生心理健康状况较好.     

聋哑青少年人格特征与心理健康关系

目的 了解聋哑青少年人格特征与心理健康现状及相互关系,为其人格与心理健康教育提供依据.方法 采用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)与症状自评量表SCL-90对随机抽取的吉林、广东省3所聋哑学校158名学生进行调查.结果 聋哑青少年精神质(P)得分明显高于常模(t男=5.99,t女=5.47,P＜0.01),神经质(N)得分明显低于常模(t男=-7.11,t女=-3.35,P＜0.01),男性内外向(E)得分明显低于常模(t男=-4.86,P＜0.01),女性内外向(E)得分与常模差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);SCL-90的9个因子分均值均明显高于国内青年常模(t=4.21～12.74,均P＜0.01);SCL-90若干因子与EPQ中P、N分量表呈正相关(r=0.16～0.31,P＜0.05,P＜0.01),与E分量表呈负相关(r=-0.19～-0.35,P＜0.05,P＜0.01).N、E维度对心理健康水平具有预测作用(P＜0.01).结论 聋哑青少年精神质倾向较高,情绪稳定,男性较为内向,其心理健康水平低于全国青年平均水平,且较多地受到人格特征中情绪性、内外向的影响.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.