家庭环境与社区青少年暴力攻击行为的关系及影响因素分析

[目的]探讨在社区青少年中暴力攻击行为和家庭环境的关系,分析影响青少年暴力行为的主要家庭环境因素。[方法]采用病例对照研究的方法运用家庭环境评价量表对社区青少年的家庭环境进行调查研究。[结果]案例组家庭内的亲密度、情感表达、独立性、成功性、知识性、宗教观、组织性得分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05),矛盾性得分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。父母是否离异与亲密度、情感表达、矛盾性、成功性、宗教观、组织性、控制性具有相关性(P﹤0.01),父亲的文化程度与亲密性、情感表达以及娱乐性具有相关性(P﹤0.05),母亲的文化程度与娱乐性具有相关性(P﹤0.05)。[结论]家庭环境与社区青少年的暴力攻击行为存在关联。父母的婚姻状况、文化程度对社区青少年的家庭环境具有关联性。     

学习困难儿童个性特征分析

目的探讨学习困难(LD)儿童的个性特征,为开展学习困难儿童的心理辅导提供参考。方法随机整群抽取沈阳市3所小学三～六年级的1 045名学生,用学习障碍筛查量表筛查学习困难儿童,采用艾森克个性问卷测试儿童个性特征。结果不同年级儿童学习困难检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。不同性别儿童学习困难检出率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),男生高于女生。学习困难组与正常组儿童P,E,N,L维度得分差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);学习困难组儿童P,N分高于正常组,E,L分低于正常组。两组儿童E维度倾向构成差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),N维度倾向构成差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论学习困难儿童较正常儿童个性特征多表现为焦虑、抑郁、情绪稳定性差、多动、孤僻、内向、注意力不集中和心理发育不成熟等。     

肥胖儿童家长健康知识现状调查

[目的]了解肥胖儿童家长的健康知识状况。[方法]对420例肥胖儿童的家长及同期120例正常对照儿童的家长进行相关健康知识问卷调查。[结果]肥胖儿童家长一般健康知识平均得分21.31±2.71(满分45分),对照儿童家长平均得分24.87±2.26,两组得分差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.001)。肥胖儿童家长健康知识的主要来源由高到低依次为社会、家庭和学校,对照组则依次为学校、社会、家庭,差异具有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。肥胖儿童家长的25.95.%、对照组家长的39.17%认为儿童肥胖需要治疗,差异具有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。[结论]肥胖儿童家长有关肥胖症及其关系密切疾病的一般健康知识普遍缺乏,采取积极的预防措施,提高其健康知识水平,已显得刻不容缓。     

高中生网络成瘾与家庭环境的关系研究

[目的]调查高中生的网络成瘾状况,探讨高中生的网络成瘾倾向与家庭环境的关系。[方法]采用网络成瘾测试和家庭环境量表对河南省郑州市和潢川县两个地方1467名高中生进行调查。[结果]被调查有上网经历的高中生的网络成瘾的检出率为9%。不同性质学校、不同性别、不同父亲文化水平的高中生的网络成瘾的检出率差异有统计学意义（P﹤0.05～0.01）。网络成瘾与非网络成瘾高中生在亲密度、情感表达、矛盾性、独立性、知识性、道德宗教观、组织性、控制性8个因子差异有统计学意义（P﹤0.05～0.001）。[结论]高中生的网络成瘾状况应该受到重视,男生及职业学校高中生是网络使用教育的重点。父母应该为高中生创造良好的家庭环境。     

流动儿童心理健康状况家庭环境影响因素分析

目的 了解家庭环境对流动儿童心理健康状况的影响.方法 采用整群抽样方法,选择辽宁省沈阳市4所学校的858名流动儿童为调查对象,采用心理健康诊断测验(MHT)对研究对象进行心理健康状况调查,采用家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)对研究对象进行家庭环境调查.结果 流动儿童存在心理健康问题,以学习焦虑最常见,发生率为48.50％;健康组与不健康组的家庭环境不同,不健康组儿童家庭的亲密度(6.61±2.29)分、组织性(4.95±1.86)分均低于健康组的(7.16 ±1.92)、(5.31±1.76)分,而矛盾性得分为(3.06±2.46)分高于健康组的(2.43±1.98)分,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01);2组儿童的知识性得分分别为(3.54 ±2.06)、(3.56±1.92)分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);家庭环境与心理健康状况有相关性(P＜0.01).结论 流动儿童存在心理健康问题,以学习焦虑、自责倾向为主,家庭环境影响流动儿童的心理健康状况.     

不同企业青年管理人员心理健康与生存质量测试研究比较

[目的]了解处于不同地区的企业青年管理人员的心理健康情况。[方法]使用SCL-90和SF-36量表对受调查人员进行测试,并与常模比较。[结果]北京企业青年管理人员在人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对和偏执等因子得分较标准得分分别有显著差异(P﹤0.05)和极显著差异(P﹤0.01)。山东企业青年管理人员在强迫症状、人际关系、抑郁等因子得分较标准得分分别有显著差异(p﹤0.05)和极显著差异(P﹤0.01)。北京企业青年管理人员在MH项目得分较标准得分有极显著差异(P﹤0.01)。山东企业青年管理人员在GH项目得分和标准得分有显著差异(P﹤0.05),在VT、SF和MH项目得分和标准得分差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。山东企业青年管理人员在GH项目得分和北京得分差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05),在VT、SF和MH项目得分和北京得分差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。[结论]两企业的青年管理人员心理健康情况较好,北京某企业的青年管理人员的生存质量明显好于山东某企业的青年管理人员。     

家庭环境与4～5岁儿童注意缺陷多动障碍发生的单因素分析

[目的]调查学龄前儿童注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)发生情况,探讨家庭环境与ADHD发生的关系. [方法]采取问卷调查和专家访谈相结合的方式,调查山东省滨州市2 136名4～5岁儿童ADHD患病情况;应用自编家庭环境问卷对患儿家庭环境进行测评. [结果] 1)ADHD患病率:总患病率为5.85%,其中男童检出率为7.34%(84/1 145),女童检出率为4.14%(41/991),男童检出率明显高于女童(x2=9.87,P＜0.01);2)家庭环境:单亲或重组家庭、家庭成员问关系紧张、父母经常在家庭中使用暴力、父亲有不良嗜好是ADHD发生的危险因素;父亲文化程度高是保护因素.儿童不同居住地之间、独生子女与非独生子女之间、母亲不同受教育程度之间,其儿童ADHD患病率差异均无统计学意义. [结论]ADHD患病率为5.85%,男童检出率高于女童;不良家庭环境在儿童ADHD的发生中起一定作用.     

学习障碍儿童家庭环境因子分析

目的：分析学习障碍与家庭环境的关系。方法：分别对学习障碍，正常对照组儿童家庭，采用家庭环境量表（FES－CV）进行调查评估，比较两组间的差异。结果：学习障碍组儿童家庭在亲密度，情感表达，知识性，组织性因子得分低于正常对照儿童家庭得分，矛盾性因子得分高于对照组，差异有统计学意义。结论：家庭环境失调与儿童学习障碍有一定关系，对学习障碍的儿童不但要针对个体进行治疗，还应着手于家庭的干预。     

汉语儿童发展性阅读障碍特征研究

[目的]研究汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的现状及特点,为进一步研究阅读障碍的发病机制提供基础。[方法]采用分层检测的策略,依据ICD-10诊断标准,对1367名3～5年级儿童开展阅读特点进行比较,筛查出阅读障碍儿童131名,对阅读障碍的各种因子进行分析。[结果]儿童阅读障碍的筛出率为9.5%。根据DCCC各项得分的性别间比较显示,正常儿童组,男生各因子得分均高于女生,各项得分的性别间差异均具有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);阅读障碍组儿童,除书写障碍的得分上具有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)以外,其余各项男女生间差异均无统计学意义。年级间比较显示,对于正常组儿童,各项得分的年级间差异均具有统计学意义(P﹤0.05),书面表达障碍、不良阅读习惯、书写障碍、意义理解障碍的得分呈现下降的趋势;对于阅读障碍组儿童,各项得分差异均不具有统计学意义。[结论]尽早地鉴别出阅读障碍儿童,进行适当的干预,并根据不同的类别和不同年龄阶段的典型表现,制定形式多样的、长期的干预计划是教育干预中急待解决的问题。     

中学生艾森克个性问卷调查及影响因素研究

[目的]了解西安部分地区不同性别、不同民族儿童个性状况及影响因素,为能使儿童形成良好的个性提供科学依据。[方法]通过对1083名回、汉两族中学生的个性分析,由学生在群体测试中自填艾森克个性问卷(EPQ问卷),对量表维度进行统计学检验。[结果](1)回、汉族中学生在P维度上得分差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05),但在E、N、L维度上得分差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05或﹤0.01)。两族学生在E分及N分的分布方面差异均无统计学意义,但在L分分布上有差异性,回族学生的L高分远多于汉族学生(P﹤0.05)。(2)男、女中学生在P维度上得分差异无统计学意义,但在E维度得分上差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01),男生远大于女生。N分分布方面,女生总体水平高于男生,差异非常显著。男女生在L分的总体分布水平差异无统计学意义。[结论]不同民族、不同性别中学生个性有一定的差异性,应引起心理卫生教育工作者的重视。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.