聚维酮碘消毒液毒性与消毒效果观察

目的观察聚维酮碘消毒液的毒性与消毒效果。方法依据《消毒技术规范》对其进行毒理学、实验室定量杀菌及手现场消毒试验。结果该消毒液对小鼠急性经口毒性试验结果LD50〉5 000mg/kg.BW;微核试验阴性;多次皮肤刺激、急性眼刺激、1次阴道黏膜刺激试验结果均无刺激性。样品500mg/L有效碘溶液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌作用0.5min杀灭对数值均〉5.00,对白色念珠菌作用0.5min杀灭对数值〉4.00;对30人次志愿受试者手皮肤表面自然菌消毒1min,平均杀灭对数值〉1.00,各项指标均达到消毒合格要求。结论聚维酮碘消毒剂为实际无毒级,杀菌效果良好,杀菌谱广,作用快,可用于人体体表皮肤和黏膜消毒。     

手消毒液杀菌效果观察

目的 了解手消毒液的抑菌效果及应用消毒效果.方法 利用载体定量杀菌试验,对医院常见致病微生物进行杀菌试验;对医护人员手部自然菌杀灭效果观察.结果 使用卫洁牌手消毒液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、白色假丝酵母菌、铜绿假单胞菌制成的菌悬液作用0.5、1、1.5 min,平均杀灭对数值均＞5.00;外科手消毒的平均杀灭对数值为2.52;日常卫生手消毒的平均杀灭对数值为2.36.结论 该手消毒液用于手部皮肤消毒所需时间少、有效、易干燥、无黏腻感,是外科手消毒的最佳选择.     

一种聚六亚甲基双胍复方消毒剂杀菌性能及毒性的实验研究

目的 观察以聚六亚甲基胍为主要杀菌成分的复方消毒剂的杀菌性能及毒性. 方法采用悬液定量杀菌试验和现场消毒试验以及动物试验方法进行实验室检测. 结果该消毒液含聚六亚甲基双胍含量为5 800 mg/L,以原液作用0.5 min对悬液内大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌平均杀灭对数值均＞5.00,对白色念珠菌平均杀灭对数值＞4.00.稳定性结果,在37℃恒温箱内存放37 d,有效成分含量下降率为6.35%.能量试验结果,杀灭大肠杆菌最低合格有效浓度为750 mg/L.现场消毒试验结果,以5 800 mg/L该消毒液对手、皮肤表面擦拭消毒1 min,其平均杀灭对数值为＞1.00.该消毒液对小鼠急性经口毒性LD50大于5 000 mg/kg(体重),皮肤刺激试验显示对皮肤无刺激作用,阴道黏膜刺激试验显示无刺激性,小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验结果均为阴性;亚急性毒性试验亦未发现异常指标;变态反应试验未见受试皮肤出现红斑和水肿反应等刺激反应,表明对皮肤无致变态反应作用. 结论该聚六亚甲基双胍复方消毒剂具有良好的杀菌作用,安全性能好.     

一种手消毒液杀菌效果与毒性试验观察

[目的]了解一种手消毒液的杀菌效果和毒性.[方法]按卫生部《消毒技术规范》（2002年版）有关要求,对一种手消毒液有效成分含量、杀菌效果、现场试验效果和毒性进行检测评价.[结果]经检测,该手消毒液有效成分醋酸氯己定含量为21.6 g/L,经37℃ 90 d存放后,有效成分含量为21.4 g/L,下降0.9%,有效期可定为2年;原液pH值为6.81;含醋酸氯己定2 000 mg/L的样液对金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞杆菌、大肠杆菌作用1 min,平均杀灭对数值均为≥5.00,含醋酸氯己定3 000 mg/L的样液对白色念珠菌作用1 min,平均杀灭对数值为≥4.00;30人次的手消毒现场试验表明,含醋酸氯己定3 000 mg/L的样液作用1 min,对手上自然菌的平均杀灭对数值为1.29.毒性检测结果表明,属实际无毒级,对皮肤无刺激性,小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验阴性,对大鼠无亚急性毒性作用.[结论]该手消毒液杀灭微生物效果良好,各项毒性试验都符合要求,安全无毒.     

醋酸氯己定乙醇喷雾剂对医务人员手消毒的现场试验

[目的]观察某皮肤消毒液对医务人员手的消毒效果。[方法]以30名受试者的手为对象进行了现场消毒试验。[结果]以消毒液原液（含醋酸氯己定0．45％～0．50％，乙醇70％～75％）直接对准受试者右手进行均匀喷雾，作用1min后，对手表面自然菌杀灭对数值为1．11～2．47，平均杀灭对数值为1．51。[结论]该复方消毒液对手表面自然菌具有良好的杀灭效果，可用于医务人员的手消毒。     

洛本清消毒液杀菌及临床应用效果观察

目的为了解洛本清消毒液对细菌、真菌的杀灭效果及临床应用的可靠性.方法实验室试验采用对标准菌株定量杀菌试验,临床应用效果采用对手术室及ICU医护人员手自然污染菌杀菌试验效果观察;临床应用皮肤刺激性反应,采用目测观察结合问讯了解.结果洛本清消毒液原液作用1 min,对金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC6538)、大肠埃希菌(8099)、白色念珠菌(ATCC 10231)的杀灭率均达到99.9%以上;使用原液作用10 min,有机物存在对杀菌效果无影响;用于手术室人员手消毒244例次、用于ICU医护人员手消毒50例次,均未发现任何刺激性反应,消毒效果可靠;用于手术室人员手消毒效果持续性,经检验可维持4 h以上.结论洛本清消毒液原液杀菌效果迅速,用于手消毒未发现任何刺激性反应,消毒效果可靠并具有4 h以上持续性消毒效果.     

某品牌口腔黏膜消毒剂的毒理学评价与杀菌效果研究

目的研究某品牌口腔黏膜消毒剂的毒理学安全性和消毒效果。方法采用动物试验、现场试验以及悬液定量杀菌试验来观察其毒性和杀菌效果。结果某品牌口腔黏膜消毒剂对铜绿假单胞菌、溶血链球菌及金黄色葡萄球菌作用0.5 min,杀灭对数值均5.00;对白色念珠菌作用0.5 min,杀灭对数值4.00;对30名志愿者前臂皮肤表面作用1 min,对其表面自然菌的平均杀灭对数值为2.32(1.94～2.75),每次试验的杀灭对数值均1.00。对家兔急性眼刺激和一次破损皮肤刺激试验均为无刺激性,小鼠急性经口毒性试验显示为实际无毒类物质,豚鼠变态反应试验属于无致敏性,小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验结果为阴性。结论该品牌口腔黏膜消毒剂具有良好的杀菌效果,稳定性强,属于低毒性物质,刺激性小。     

纳米银复合醋酸氯己定消毒凝胶杀菌效果及毒性研究

目的：了解以醋酸氯己定和纳米银为主要成分的消毒凝胶的杀菌效果及毒性.方法：采用载体定量杀菌试验、皮肤消毒现场试验和动物试验进行了实验研究.结果：该消毒凝胶作用2.5 min对金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌杀灭对数值均＞3.00;作用5.0 min对白色念珠菌杀灭对数值＞3.00;皮肤消毒现场试验结果,擦拭右前臂内侧皮肤,作用1 min,对皮肤表面自然菌的平均杀灭对数值为2.17,每次的杀灭对数值均为＞1.00;对雌、雄NIH小鼠急性经口毒性属实际无毒级;对新西兰家兔的多次皮肤刺激、一次破损皮肤刺激、眼刺激试验均属无刺激性,多次阴道黏膜刺激属于轻刺激性;小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验结果为阴性,未发现该受试样品对体细胞有诱变作用.结论：该消毒凝胶对金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和白色念珠菌有一定的杀灭效果,毒性较低,对皮肤无刺激性,对阴道黏膜刺激有轻刺激性,可用于皮肤消毒使用.     

JSK牌消毒剂的杀菌效果观察

目的观察JSK牌消毒剂对黏膜、手、空气和物体表面的杀菌效果。方法用悬液定量杀菌试验和现场试验进行了实验研究。结果 (1)实验室杀菌试验:采用含硫代硫酸钠、皂基、吐温-80和卵磷脂的PBS溶液可有效中和该消毒剂原液。采用盐酸聚六亚甲基胍浓度为1.0 g/L的该消毒剂作用1 min对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌的杀灭对数值分别为5.04、5.06、5.11,对白色念珠菌的杀灭对数值为4.16;(2)现场试验:采用其浓度为1.0 g/L、3.0 g/L、7.0 g/L的该消毒剂分别作用于皮肤、手、物体表面消毒,作用1 min后自然菌的杀灭对数值均1.00;采用其浓度为5.0 g/L的该消毒剂对空气消毒,作用10 min,对自然菌的消亡率为94.3%;(3)稳定性试验:在54℃下放置14 d,或37℃下放置90 d,对杀菌效果无明显影响。结论 JSK牌消毒剂杀灭微生物效果和稳定性符合消毒剂基本要求,适用于手、空气、物体表面和黏膜消毒。     

3种消毒剂杀菌效果及能量试验研究

目的了解不同品种消毒剂杀菌效果及连续加入细菌菌悬液对消毒剂杀菌作用的影响,为合理使用消毒剂提供依据。方法采用《消毒技术规范》(2002年版)中悬液定量杀菌和能量试验。结果含有效氯300mg/L的丹凤牌84消毒液作用10.0分钟,科保牌二氯异氰尿酸钠作用15.0min,对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭对数值分别为5.37(5.28~5.46)和>5.00;含有效氯600mg/L的白雪牌消毒液作用10min,对金黄色葡萄球菌杀灭对数值5.13(5.07~5.18);科保牌二氯异氰尿酸钠和丹凤牌84消毒液两种消毒剂,在相同作用浓度情况下,前者作用5.0min、后者作用10.0min,对大肠杆菌的杀灭对数值均>5.00;白雪牌消毒液作用浓度为600mg/L,作用时间为10min时,对大肠杆菌的杀灭对数值为5.11(5.07~5.16);能量试验最低合格浓度依次为科保牌二氯异氰尿酸钠500mg/L,白雪牌消毒液600mg/L,丹凤84消毒液2400mg/L。结论不同品种消毒剂杀菌效果差异明显;对多次消毒污秽物品的能力各不相同,以丹凤牌84消毒液最弱,科保牌二氯异氰尿酸钠能力最强。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.