社区高血压管理效果评估研究

[目的]探讨社区综合干预措施对高血压控制率、血压水平以及知识态度行为的影响. [方法]对深圳市某社区健康服务中心登记的513名高血压患者进行综合干预,比较干预前后血压控制率、血压、知晓率及行为的改变率. [结果]综合干预措施后,血压控制率由17.93%提高到42.11%(P＜0.01),血压平均水平下降(P＜0.01),有不良行为如吸烟、过量饮食、缺乏体力活动的患者比例下降(P＜0.05). [结论]社区健康服务中心实施高血压综合防治方案,对提高高血压患者的血压控制率是一种有效的管理模式.     

老年性高血压病患者社区健康教育效果研究

[目的]评价中小城市社区高血压自我管理模式的实施效果。[方法]在河北保定市区选择3个社区的60岁以上高血压患者为研究对象,其中两个社区为干预组,一个为对照组。对干预组进行高血压自我管理健康教育综合干预,并在干预前后对干预组和对照组均进行高血压相关行为、血压控制情况等调查,评价干预效果。[结果]干预组干预前调查110人,干预后99人;对照组干预前调查99人,干预后81人。干预组干预前后血压下降较对照组显著(P﹤0.01),体重指数降低程度显著大于对照组(P﹤0.05),遵医嘱服药率提高程度明显高于对照组(P﹤0.01),经常监测血压的比例提高程度也明显高于对照组(P﹤0.01)。[结论]高血压自我管理健康教育模式在中小城市具有很高的有效性和可行性。     

社区优质护理干预对老年高血压患者的疗效分析

[目的]探讨社区优质护理干预对老年高血压患者的治疗效果。[方法]按照诊疗服务类型不同分为社区优质护理组和一般治疗组各180例,比较分析高血压治疗效果与控制率、住院天数和住院费用等。[结果]社区护理干预组高血压控制率为94.44%;一般治疗组高血压控制率为35.56%,两组间差异有统计学意义(χ2=66.106,P﹤0.001);社区优质护理组平均住院天数和平均住院费用均明显减少,且差别有统计学意义(P均﹤0.01),住院费用与住院天数的比值差别不大(P﹥0.05)。[结论]社区老年高血压患者进行优质护理工作,将有效控制患者的病情,且能有效发挥医院、社区和家庭对患者行为的干预作用,明显提高患者对治疗的依从性,改变不良的生活方式,从而有效控制高血压病的各种高危因素。     

高血压病患者社区健康系统管理的效果评价

目的 探讨社区系统管理对高血压病患者的效果.方法 2007年4月至2009年4月对广州市站前社区6个居委会中参与社区高血压系统管理的435例高血压患者,采取饮食、用药、生活行为、运动、心理健康指导以及健康宣传等措施进行健康干预,比较社区健康系统管理前后高血压患者的疾病相关知识知晓率、接受治疗率、规律服药率、血压控制率,不良生活方式的改变情况、血压控制情况及实验室指标控制情况.结果 健康干预后高血压患者的疾病相关知识知晓率、接受治疗率、服药依从性、血压控制率、系统管理满意率均有明显提高,与干预前比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);实验室指标及生活方式均有明显改善,与干预前比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);血压变化明显低于干预前,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);并发症控制低于干预前,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 实施社区健康系统管理对社区高血压患者自身防治切实有效,此方法在社区中可广泛应用.     

社区高血压患者专案管理行为干预效果评价

目的探讨社区高血压患者专案管理行为干预措施对高血压的防治效果。方法对可园社区35岁以上高血压患者86例进行专案管理,定期随访,通过发放调查问卷,统计患者专案管理前后生活行为的变化及血压控制情况。结果专案管理后患者对高血压相关危险因素知晓率显著提高,生活行为明显改变,与干预前相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),干预后患者血压控制率明显提高。结论对社区高血压患者实施专案管理行为干预可以提高患者对高血压危险因素的认知水平,纠正其不良生活行为,从而提高血压控制率。     

社区高血压规范化管理效果分析

目的分析昆明市2009～2011年社区高血压规范化管理效果,探讨社区慢性病综合干预的经验与模式。方法 2009年～2011年3月对昆明市红云、昆机、重工3个社区的高血压患者698名进行健康建档和规范化管理,比较管理前后入组者的高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率的变化情况。结果管理前入组者高血压知晓率为89.68%,治疗率为76.07%,控制率为27.22%;管理后知晓率、治疗率、控制率分别为100%、93.55%、79.08%,与管理前相比差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.001)。按照不同的社区分层后,重工社区及昆机社区管理前后的知晓率及治疗率差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.001),3个社区管理后的控制率都高于管理前(P﹤0.001)。按照不同的性别分层后,男性管理后高血压治疗率与管理前相比提高较显著(P﹤0.05),男性和女性参与管理后的知晓率及控制率都高于管理前(P﹤0.01)。按照随访时间分层后,参与随访管理的入组者血压控制率均提高较大,不论随访时间长短,血压控制率均高于管理前(P﹤0.001)。结论以社区为单位对高血压患者进行建档和规范化管理,能提高患者的血压知晓率、治疗率及控制率,从而控制高血压、预防心脑血管急性事件的发生。     

心血管疾病患病风险警示干预对社区高血压患者的影响

[目的]研究心血管疾病患病风险警示干预对社区高血压患者的影响效果。[方法]对河北保定市区2008年管理的1344例高血压病人,采用10年内心肌梗死、中风发病与死亡预测工具对其进行预测,并将结果反馈给患者,针对每一名患者开具个体化的健康处方,随访1年后,观察患者血压控制及心血管疾病患病风险改变的情况。[结果]干预前药物依从性佳者为31.47%,干预后依从性佳者为76.12%;高血压控制达标率由干预前的18.08%变为干预后的38.10%(χ2=133.3,P﹤0.001),有显著提高;高血压危险分层干预后u=10.422,P﹤0.001;10年急性心血管事件预期病例干预后u=2.170,P﹤0.005,很高危、高危人数大幅下降。[结论]干预结果证明,以基层医疗机构为基础,采用10年内心肌梗死、中风发病与死亡预测工具对社区高血压患者实施警示干预,可以提高高血压患者用药依从性,有效地控制血压、降低心血管疾病发病率,是预防心血管急性事件发生和死亡的有效途径。     

上海市宝山区社区居民高血压行为危险因素动态监测分析

目的分析上海市宝山区社区居民高血压行为危险因素动态变化及影响因素,为高血压健康教育与健康促进提供依据。方法对2004~2008年宝山区行为危险因素动态监测的5635人进行高血压相关知识、态度和行为分析。结果5年间居民正常血压值、临界血压值、高盐饮食容易导致高血压的知晓率呈持续上升(P0.01),但40岁以下人群正常血压知晓率5年间变化差异无显著性(P0.05),高血压得不到控制所致后果知晓率变化不大;35岁以上人群每年应测一次血压的态度呈曲折上升(P0.05),而对于高血压患者应采取积极控制措施的态度大多有所下降;过去30天口味偏咸的比例呈持续下降(P0.01),35岁以上人群一年测血压率呈稳步上升(P0.01),且女性一直高于男性、高年龄人群高于低年龄人群(P0.01);社区居民接受健康教育的比例逐年提高。结论持续的控制高血压健康教育与健康促进工作效果明显,应继续加强高血压综合干预工作,强化高血压预防知识,提高控制高血压态度,完善血压测量服务。     

华中师范大学西区教职工高血压患者社区综合干预效果调查

目的 了解对教职工高血压患者进行社区综合干预后的效果.方法 按照WHO/ISH1999高血压指南的诊断标准,选取本中心辖西区内教职工高血压患者217例作为了解对象,实行社区综合干预,分析干预前后相关指标的变化情况.结果 患者对高血压危险因素的知晓率提高,促进了自身不良生活行为方式的改变,提高了高血压控制率,干预前后比较差异有统计学意义(x2=14.33,P＜0.01).结论 实行社区综合干预措施对管理和控制高血压效果良好,切实可行.     

高血压健康促进管理模式综合干预效果评价

目的探讨社区高血压健康促进诊疗管理模式对高血压患者进行综合干预的效果,为开展高血压综合防治与管理工作提供依据。方法2006年5月-2008年10月,对山东省济南市山大路社区建档的276例高血压患者进行高血压相关知识和不良生活方式调查,并对其实施高血压健康促进诊疗管理,包括提供健康指导、行为调整、心理调试等非药物治疗及合理用药治疗等综合干预措施,定期随访。结果干预前后高血压患者高血压相关知识知晓率明显提高(P0.01);合理饮食、规律运动、控制体重、控制情绪较教育前明显增加(P0.01);患者健康教育前后运动、行为(除每周锻炼时间外)间差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论对高血压患者实施综合健康促进可以提高患者高血压相关知识知晓率,从而改变不良生活方式,提高血压控制率,以预防高血压并发症。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.