开胸术后两种镇痛方法的临床探讨

[目的]比较开胸术后两种镇痛方法的镇痛效果.[方法]回顾性分析2005年1月～2009年5月开胸手术病人62列,ASAI-Ⅱ级,将病人随机分为自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)A组,自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)B组.分别观察术后4、8、16、24、48 h收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR),镇静、镇痛、呕吐等指标,并对这两组数据进行比较观察.[结果]镇静镇痛评分术后B组在各观察时段均优于A组.两组术后恶心呕吐发生率较低,组间差异无统计学意义.术后心率、呼吸频率两组无明显差异.脉搏、氧饱和度B组普遍高于A组(96%比94%)但都在正常范围.(结论]开胸术后PCIA、PCEA都能有效地解除患者术后疼痛,但PCEA更优越.     

不同镇痛方式术后镇痛效果及不良反应临床分析

目的探讨不同镇痛方式的术后镇痛效果及不良反应。方法回顾性分析725例下腹部妇产科手术患者术后镇痛情况,其中行患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)352例（PCIA组）,行患者自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)373例（PCEA组）,比较两组患者的镇痛效果、镇静评分及不良反应等。结果 PCEA组术后12、24h数字评定量表(NRS)评分和镇静评分均低于PCIA组(P＜0.05);呕吐发生率低于PCIA组[6.4％(24/373)比9.9％ (35/352)],皮肤瘙痒、感觉异常发生率高于PCIA组[4.8％(18/373)比2.6％( 9/352),3.2％( 12/373)比0](P＜0.05);老年患者自述疼痛率低于中、青年患者(P＜0.05)。结论PCEA效果优于PCIA,感觉异常主要在PCEA,呕吐以PCIA居多,老年患者的自述疼痛率低于中、青年患者,因此应根据具体情况权衡利弊采取最合适的术后镇痛方法。     

骨科手术后氯诺昔康PCIA与吗啡PCEA的比较研究

目的比较骨科手术后氯诺昔康病人静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)与吗啡硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)的临床效果和不良反应。方法100例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ骨科择期手术患者随机分两组:PCIA组(n=50)和PCEA组(n=50)。PCIA组于手术结束前约30min静注氯诺昔康8mg和丹恩西酮4mg后连接镇痛泵(48mg氯诺昔康+生理盐水至100ml);PCEA组于手术结束前约30min硬膜外腔注入吗啡1mg和丹恩西酮4mg加生理盐水至10ml后连接镇痛泵(9mg吗啡+生理盐水至100ml)。连续量为2ml/h,自控量为0.5ml/15min。术后连续监测BP、RR、ECG、SpO2,定时观察记录视觉模拟评分法(VAS)的评分及恶心呕吐、嗜睡、多汗、皮肤搔痒等不良反应的发生情况。结果两组术后4h、8h、16h、20h、24h、32h和48h各时间点的VAS评分吗啡PCEA组略低于氯诺昔康PCIA组,但差异无显著性(P>0.05)。恶心、呕吐、多汗、皮肤搔痒发生率PCEA组明显多于PCIA组(P<0.05)。结论骨科手术后氯诺昔康PCIA与吗啡PCEA均有良好的镇痛效果,但氯诺昔康PCIA组不良反应较少,值得临床推广应用。     

不同自控镇痛对重度先兆子痫患者剖宫产术后的影响

目的：探讨硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）与静脉自控镇痛（PCIA）对重度先兆子痫病人剖宫产术后的影响。方法：选择150例剖宫产终止妊娠的重度先兆子痫患者,随机分为3组,A组术后给予PCEA;B组术后给予PCIA;C组术后肌注盐酸哌替啶＋异丙嗪镇痛,每组各50例。观察3组产妇术前、术后2h、8h、12h、24h、48h的VAS镇痛评分,平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、尿蛋白及不良反应的发生情况,并检测血清儿茶酚胺（CA）和超敏C反应蛋白（hsCRP）水平。结果：A组术后2h、8h、12h、24h、48h镇痛效果均明显优于B组和C组（P〈0.05）,A组术后各时点MAP和HR均显著低于B组和C组（均P〈0.05）,术后各时点血清肾上腺素（E）,去甲肾上腺素（NE）,多巴胺（DA）和hsCRP水平均显著低于B组和C组（P〈0.05）。结论：PCEA用于重度先兆子痫产妇剖宫产术后镇痛可显著降低血压,降低血清CA与hsCRP水平,有效降低应激反应和炎症反应,有助于控制病情。     

不同镇痛方法用于乳腺癌手术病人术后镇痛的疗效观察

目的将病人自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)和自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)分别用于乳腺癌手术病人术后镇痛,观察镇痛效果及不良反应情况。方法 60例ASAI～II级择期行乳腺癌手术病人,随机分为A组和B组,每组30例。A组在全麻诱导气管插管后及手术结束时各静注氟比洛芬酯50mg,并联合芬太尼开始PCIA,B组术后采用吗啡行PCEA,记录两组病人术后4、8、12、24、48h疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)及不良反应情况。结果两组病人术后各时点VAS差异无统计学意义;A组病人术后恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、尿潴留等不良反应的发生率明显低于B组(P<0.05)。结论氟比洛芬酯术前超前镇痛并联合芬太尼行PCIA可以产生理想的镇痛效果,同时减少阿片类药物不良反应。     

不同术后镇痛方法对胸外科肿瘤患者免疫功能的影响

目的 观察不同术后镇痛方法 对胸外科肿瘤患者免疫功能的影响.方法 选择ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,年龄35～65岁行肺癌根治术或食管癌根治术患者40例,随机分为术后自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)组(Ⅰ组,20例)和术后自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)组(E组,20例),术后分别行PCLA和PCEA48h.Ⅰ组药物配伍:舒芬太尼1μg/ml和托烷司琼0.05 mg/ml,背景剂量2 ml/h,自控镇痛剂量2 ml,锁定时间15 min;E组在麻醉诱导前于T4-5间隙行硬膜外置管,注射0.33%罗哌卡因6 ml后行PCEA,药物配伍:罗哌卡因2 mg/ml.术后记录视觉模拟评分法(VAS)镇痛评分、Ramsay镇静评分及不良反应情况.分别于麻醉诱导前,术后2h、1 d、3 d、7 d测定患者皮质醇、白细胞介素(IL)-2浓度,自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)和细胞因子诱导杀伤细胞(CIK细胞)水平.结果 术后2 h I组VAS镇痛评分为(1.8±0.3)分,与E组的(1.8±0.5)分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后1、3、7 d E组的Ramsay镇静评分均较Ⅰ组降低(P<0.05);术后2 h、1 d、3 d、7 dE组的皮质醇浓度低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),IL-2浓度、NK细胞水平、CIK细胞水平均高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05).结论 术后PCEA可增强胸外科肿瘤患者免疫功能,效果优于术后PCIA.     

前列腺术后经硬膜外腔注射杜冷丁的镇痛效果分析

[目的]观察前列腺术后经硬膜外腔注射杜冷丁的镇痛效果。[方法]选择某院自2009年1月～2010年1月间收治的130例前列腺增生患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组65例。两组患者均行尿道前列腺电切除术,观察组术后采用硬膜外腔注射杜冷丁镇痛,对照组采用杜冷丁间断肌内注射法镇痛,比较两组术后不同时间段的镇痛效果和术后48h之内膀胱痉挛次数和膀胱冲洗液用量。[结果]观察组的术后6h、12h、24h和48h的VAS评分均显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);观察组膀胱痉挛例数明显低于对照组(P﹤0.01);观察组膀胱冲洗液用量明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。[结论]采用硬膜外腔注射杜冷丁用于前列腺术后镇痛,作用剂量小,镇痛效果明显,不良反应少,利于前列腺患者术后的恢复。     

静脉和硬膜外自控镇痛技术在外科手术后的临床镇痛效果比较

目的:比较静脉与硬膜外病人自控镇痛(PCIA、PCEA)在外科手术后的临床镇痛效果.方法:选取ASA(Ⅰ～Ⅱ)级患者90例,随机分布为PCEA组,PCIA组和对照组.PCEA和PCIA组给予相应的方法镇痛,对照组不给任何药物,观察术后6小时VAS评分,镇静效果及不良反应.结果:PCIA组尿潴留的发生明显低于PCEA组(P<0.05),PCEA 的肠蠕动恢复快于PCIA(P<0.01),但两组病人术后镇痛效果及其他并发症并无显著差异,对照组术后6小时血清皮质醇量高于PCA镇痛组(P<0.01).结论:PCEA 和 PCIA均有较好的镇痛效果,但PCIA组尿潴留发生率低,呼吸抑制发生率较高,肠蠕动恢复较PCEA慢.     

两种不同自控镇痛方法用于开胸手术患者术后镇痛的临床观察

目的 观察两种不同自控镇痛方法 用于开胸手术患者术后镇痛的临床效果及不良反应.方法 160例开胸手术患者,随机分为硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)组和静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)组,每组各80例.术后镇痛PCEA组为0.3%罗哌卡因200 ml;PCIA组为芬太尼20μg/kg、曲马多6mg/kg、昂丹司琼16mg加0.9%Nacl溶液至100 ml.术后用镇痛泵进行自控镇痛,观察并记录术后镇痛与镇静评分、患者呼吸和血压变化、各种不良反应的发生率以及术后24 h自控镇痛的满意度.结果 恶心、呕吐发生率:PCEA组为1.2%(1,80),PCIA组为12.5%(10/80),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).术后24 h自控镇痛满意度:PCEA组(2.80±1.56)分,PCIA组(3.00±1.68)分,均达到满意效果,两组比较差异无统计学意义.结论 PCEA和PCIA的镇痛效果和镇静水平相当,但采用PCEA时恶心、呕吐的发生率显著降低,且有利于患者术后排痰,因此,PCEA是开胸手术患者更为理想的自控镇痛方法 .术后镇痛单独应用罗哌卡因和曲马多与芬太尼联合应用均安全且效果良好.     

静脉自控镇痛与硬膜外自控镇痛对剖宫产术后患者的镇痛效果比较

目的 根据自控镇痛泵的优点,我院采用记量记数比较统计.方法 选择剖宫产术后患者150例,随机分为2组,每组各75例,分别采用PCIA和PCEA方法进行术后镇痛,使用静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)与硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)在剖宫产术后止痛中进行比较.评估2组患者的疼痛评分、对镇痛泵的满意度及副反应.结果 2组患者安静及活动时的疼痛分级均有明显差别,无痛者均以PCEA组为多；但PCIA组产妇术后6h可翻身、活动,可促进肠蠕动、尽早排气.连接在手部或上臂,粘贴很牢固,患者可随意、放心的活动,方便喂奶等,也很舒适,在这点上PCIA组患者的满意度比PCEA组明显高.结论 PCEA较PCIA镇痛效果更佳.但由于剖宫产的特殊性,介于PCIA的优点及产妇的满意度,PCIA用于剖宫产术后镇痛,值得临床推广应用.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.