显微镜小骨窗开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压性基底节区脑出血效果分析

目的 探讨显微镜小骨窗开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压性基底节区脑出血的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析兰考第一医院神经外科2019-05—2021-02收治的58例高血压性基底节区脑出血患者的临床资料.分为传统开颅大骨瓣血肿清除术组(大骨瓣组,28例)和显微镜小骨窗开颅血肿清除组(小骨窗组30例).比较2组患者的手术时间、住院时间...     

小骨窗显微镜下微创手术治疗高血压基底节区脑出血体会

目的:探讨小骨窗显微手术治疗基底节区高血压性脑出血的疗效.方法:回顾性分析应用小骨窗开颅,显微镜下清除血肿及止血治疗24例患者的临床资料.结果:临床治愈22例:按adl分级ⅰ级3例,ⅱ级10例,ⅲ级6例,ⅳ级3例,死亡2例.结论:小骨窗显微手术治疗基底节区高血压性脑出血手术时间短、组织创伤小、术中显露好、失血量少手术操作简单、快速、疗效满意,是比较好的手术方法.     

高血压脑基底节区出血的微创手术治疗

高血压脑出血是高血压病人致残致死的重要原因之一.传统保守治疗死亡率在40%～60%左右,传统大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术死亡率在27%～35%[1],该方法由于创伤较大,目前已很少采用.本院自2001至2006年采用小骨窗开颅、显微手术治疗高血压脑基底节区出血67例.现报告如下.……     

标准大骨瓣开颅治疗高血压脑出血的临床分析

高血压脑出血是急性脑血管疾病中死亡率和伤残率最高疾病。约有70％左右的出血发生于基底节区。目前对高血压脑出血的手术方式主要包括标准大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术、小骨窗开颅血肿清除术及（立体）定向穿刺血肿引流术等。本院自2000年1月至2005年6月共采用标准大骨瓣开颅手术高血压脑出血35例，现将治疗体会报告如下。     

小骨窗开颅显微手术治疗基底节高血压脑出血

目的探讨小骨窗开颅微创治疗基底节高血压脑出血的临床疗效。方法对138例基底节区高血压脑出血患者采用小骨窗开颅,显微镜下清除血肿。结果术后24h内复查CT显示,117例血肿清除90%以上,21例血肿清除80%以上。死亡13例,其中5例死于术后再出血所致的脑疝,3例死于肺部感染,2例死于多器官衰竭,死于颅内感染、气道梗阻及消化道大出血各1例。术后生存125例,平均随访8(3～12)个月,日常生活能力(ADL)分级:Ⅰ级25例,Ⅱ级49例,Ⅲ级34例,Ⅳ级15例,Ⅴ级2例。结论小骨窗开颅显微手术创伤小,术野显露充分,血肿清除彻底,止血可靠,是治疗基底节高血压脑出血的有效手术方式之一。     

小骨窗与传统大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的疗效比较

目的比较小骨窗与传统大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的临床疗效。方法采用随机、对照临床试验方法。将2010-08—2013-08间96例高血压脑出血患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各48例。观察组进行小骨窗开颅血肿清除术;对照组进行与传统大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术。采用死亡率、手术时间、手术前后血肿清除率、住院时间及围手术期并发症对高血压脑出血术后的早期治疗效果进行评价,而根据日常生活能力(Activitiesof daily Living,ADL)分级法对高血压脑出血的远期疗效进行评价。结果围手术期观察组出现并发症7例(14.58%)显著少于对照组的15例(31.25%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组和对照组的住院时间分别为(24.06±9.41)d和(15.30±6.35)d,组间比较有统计学意义(P0.05),但在病死率、手术时间、手术前后血肿清除率和住院时间方面,两组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。在最近一次随访时,观察组和对照组ADL分级治疗效果恢复良好率分别为64.44%(29/45)和69.56%(32/46),组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论相对于传统大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术,小骨窗血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的临床疗效相似,但手术创伤小,并发症少,值得基层医院推广。     

小骨窗开颅内镜辅助血肿清除治疗高血压脑出血效果分析

目的分析小骨窗开颅内镜辅助血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的效果。方法高血压脑出血病人80例,依照就诊顺序将其分为实验组和常规组,每组各40例。常规组接受微创钻孔引流手术,实验组接受小骨窗开颅内镜辅助血肿清除手术,观察并对比两组血肿清除率、NIHSS评分、再出血率和并发症发生率。结果实验组术后48小时血肿清除率、术后NIHSS评分、再出血率、并发症发生率与常规组比较,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论小骨窗开颅内镜辅助血肿清除手术治疗高血压脑出血,微创、快捷、血肿清除率高、出血少、恢复快以及预后好。     

比较神经内镜手术与去骨瓣开颅术治疗高血压基底节区脑出血的效果

目的比较神经内镜手术与去骨瓣开颅术治疗高血压基底节区脑出血的效果。方法选取2018-02—2019-03间濮阳市人民医院收治的98例高血压基底节区脑出血患者,根据手术方案不同分为2组,各49例。对照组采用去骨瓣开颅血肿清除术,观察组采用神经内镜血肿清除术。比较2组切口长度、骨窗大小、手术时间、术中出血量、血肿清除率,以及格拉斯预后(GOS)优良率。结果观察组的切口长度、骨窗大小、手术时间、术中出血量、血肿清除率,以及GOS优良率等指标,均优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论神经内镜手术治疗高血压基底节区脑出血患者,能缩短手术时间,提高血肿清除率和GOS优良率。     

小骨窗开颅治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的体会

目的探讨显微镜下小骨窗开颅血肿清除治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的效果。方法对60例基底节区高血压脑出血患者采用小骨窗开颅血肿清除治疗,回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果 60例中存活53例(88.33%),死亡7例(11.67%)。结论显微镜下行小骨窗开颅血肿清除治疗基底节区高血压脑出血,定位准确,手术时间短,创伤小,能在直视下止血,且颅骨缺损小,不需手术修补。早期手术对防止血肿压迫脑组织的不可逆性损害、降低病死率、提高生存质量有积极意义,是治疗高血压基底节区脑出血的一种较为理想的方法。     

高血压脑出血两种术式的比较

目的 比较两种手术方式治疗高血压脑出血的预后.方法 小骨窗血肿清除引流组治疗高血压脑出血68例;微创穿刺碎吸组治疗高血压脑出血59例.根据术后3个月的日常生活能力(ADL)分级评定两组病例的预后情况,分别计算恢复率、重残率、死亡率,并进行统计分析.结果 在对未发展到脑疝晚期的高血压脑出血患者进行手术治疗时,小骨窗开颅血肿清除引流和微创穿刺碎吸两种手术方式的死亡率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);但微创穿刺碎吸组的恢复情况要好于小骨窗开颅血肿清除引流组,存活下来的患者的重残率低于小骨窗开颅血肿清除引流组(P＜0.05).结论 微创穿刺碎吸术与小骨窗术二者术后死亡率差异无统计学意义,但微创术术后恢复情况优于开颅术,重残率低于开颅术.因此,微创术适合基层医院治疗未发展到脑疝的高血压脑出血患者以及为合并脑疝或脑疝前期患者赢得开颅手术时间.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.