俯卧位闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定治疗儿童移位肱骨髁上骨折

目的评价俯卧位闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定治疗儿童移位肱骨髁上骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析自2010-06—2013-05采用俯卧位闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定治疗的38例儿童移位肱骨髁上骨折。取俯卧位,患肢前臂悬垂于手术床边,在C型臂X线机透视下闭合复位肱骨髁上骨折满意后经皮从肱骨远端内外侧穿针固定。结果本组手术时间35~118 min,平均70 min。所有患者均达到闭合复位。35例获得随访8~12个月,平均10个月。末次随访时35例骨折均愈合,无Volkman挛缩和肘内翻畸形,内侧穿针无医源性尺神经损伤。末次随访时患侧肘关节伸直-10°~4°,平均-4°;健侧肘关节伸直-14°~0°,平均-10°。患侧肘关节屈曲110°~140°,平均125°;健侧肘关节屈曲120°~150°,平均135°。同健侧相比,5例患侧丢失屈伸功能5°~10°,Flynn临床功能评定为良。患侧携带角0°~10°,平均7°;健侧携带角0°~15°,平均9°。3例患侧携带角丢失5°~10°,Flynn临床功能评定为良。患侧肘关节Baumann角变化值1°~6°,平均3.5°。结论俯卧位闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定治疗儿童移位肱骨髁上骨折具有复位容易,方便穿针和利于术中透视等优点。     

闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定治疗肱骨外科颈骨折30例

目的对闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定治疗肱骨外科颈骨折的方法和疗效进行总结。方法 2007年1月至2012年6月,采用闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定治疗肱骨外科颈骨折30例。男12例,女18例;年龄10~78岁,平均48岁。根据肱骨近端Neer骨折分型,一部分骨折5例,二部分骨折24例,三部分骨折1例。结果 30例肱骨外科颈骨折患者均获随访,随访时间6~15个月,平均10个月。骨折均骨性愈合。肩关节功能恢复情况根据Constant-Murley肩关节评分进行评定,优19例,良6例,可5例,优良率83.3%。结论闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定治疗肱骨外科颈骨折,具有微创、住院时间短、费用低、避免二次手术、可早期功能锻炼等优点,是治疗肱骨外科颈骨折的一种有效方法。     

单人急诊闭合复位经皮交叉克氏针内固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折

目的 探讨单人急诊闭合复位经皮交叉克氏针内固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折的疗效。方法 采用单人急诊闭合复位经皮交叉克氏针内固定治疗35例肱骨髁上骨折患儿。记录骨折愈合情况、并发症发生情况、肘关节及腕关节活动度,采用Flynn标准评价肘关节功能。结果 患儿均获得随访,时间3～18个月。术后均无针道感染、肘关节内翻或外翻畸形等并发症,1例术后发生环、小指麻木,不能完全伸直,于术后第2天拔除尺侧克氏针后症状逐渐消失。35例骨折均愈合,时间4～6周。末次随访时,患儿均无明显疼痛不适;肘关节伸直0°～8°、屈曲115°～145°,前臂旋前75°～85°、旋后70°～80°,腕关节背伸35°～60°、掌屈50°～60°,患侧活动度均与健侧无明显区别;采用Flynn标准评价肘关节功能：优29例,良4例,可2例,优良率94.3%。结论 单人急诊闭合复位经皮交叉克氏针内固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折具有创伤小、并发症少等优点,可及时减轻患儿痛苦,术后肘关节功能恢复良好。     

闭合复位穿针内固定治疗肱骨近端NeerⅡ型骨折

目的探讨闭合复位经皮穿针内固定治疗肱骨近端NeerⅡ型骨折的疗效。方法C臂X线机透视下闭合复位克氏针经皮穿针内固定治疗肱骨近端NeerⅡ型骨折27例。结果27例均获得随访,时间315个月,无骨折不愈合、骨髓炎、肱骨头坏死等并发症。肩关节功能评估按Neer标准评分：优16例,良6例,可4例,差1例。结论闭合复位经皮穿针内固定治疗肱骨近端NeerⅡ型骨折,操作简单,创伤小,利于骨折愈合,医疗费用低,是治疗肱骨近端NeerⅡ型骨折的有效方法。     

闭合复位穿针内固定治疗老年肱骨近端骨折

目的探讨采用闭合复位经皮穿针内固定治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的疗效。方法应用克氏针经皮穿针内固定治疗老年肱骨近端骨折16例。结果16例均获随访,时间3～15个月,平均8个月。无骨折不愈合、骨髓炎、肱骨头坏死等并发症。骨折愈合后按Neer标准评分,优良率81．3％。结论闭合复位经皮穿针内固定治疗老年肱骨近端骨折具有操作简单、创伤小、利于骨折愈合、住院时间短等优点,是治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的一种有效方法。     

小切口复位克氏针内固定治疗儿童肱骨外髁骨折

目的 探讨小切口复位克氏针内固定治疗儿童肱骨外髁骨折的疗效。方法 采用小切口复位克氏针内固定治疗147例肱骨外髁骨折患儿。记录手术时间、术中出血量、骨折愈合情况、肘关节活动度。采用Hardacre评分评价肘关节功能。结果 患儿均获得随访，时间6～18个月。手术时间40～70 min,术中出血量10～20 ml。骨折均解剖复位。切口均一期愈合。骨折均愈合，时间4～6周。末次随访时，肘关节屈曲130°～150°、伸展0°～10°,前臂内旋80°～90°、外旋80°～90°;43例肱骨远端外侧有骨突形成，其中JakobⅡ型16例、Ⅲ型27例，均无明显不适，对患肘活动无影响；采用Hardacre评分评价肘关节功能：优143例，良4例。结论 采用小切口复位克氏针内固定治疗儿童肱骨外髁骨折具有显露好、骨折复位准确、固定可靠、创伤小、并发症少等优点。     

闭合复位经皮交叉克氏针内固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折效果观察

目的分析闭合复位经皮交叉克氏针内固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折的临床效果。方法对27例儿童GartalandⅡ型肱骨髁上骨折实施闭合复位经皮交叉克氏针内固定,回顾性分析患儿的临床资料。结果 27例患儿术后均获骨性愈合,愈合时间4~5.8周。随访6~18个月,依据Flynn肱骨髁上骨折评定分级,优良率达92.59%(25/27)。未发生Volkmann挛缩、尺神经损伤及肘内翻畸形等并发症。结论闭合复位经皮交叉克氏针内固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折,创伤小、并发症少、骨折愈合快、功能恢复优良率高。     

闭合复位经皮克氏针及石膏固定治疗儿童桡骨远端骨折

目的 探讨闭合复位经皮克氏针及石膏固定治疗儿童桡骨远端骨折的疗效。方法 采用经皮克氏针撑开器辅助闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定及石膏外固定治疗28例儿童桡骨远端骨折。记录骨折愈合、功能恢复和并发症发生情况，根据Gartland-Werley评分标准评价腕关节功能。结果 患儿均获得随访，时间2～7个月。骨痂形成时间：17例2～4周，11例5～6周。骨折愈合时间为6～15周。术后均未发生神经血管损伤、针道感染等并发症，患肢外观无畸形。末次随访时，腕关节活动度：背伸60°～100°,掌屈65°～95°,桡偏20°～35°,尺偏30°～50°;前臂旋转度：旋前75°～90°,旋后80°～95°;根据Gartland-Werley评分标准评价腕关节功能：优26例，良2例。结论 闭合复位经皮克氏针及石膏固定治疗儿童桡骨远端骨折具有损伤小、复位佳、固定可靠、患儿可早期功能锻炼等优点。     

经皮克氏针固定治疗肱骨外科颈骨折

目的总结闭合复位经皮克氏针固定治疗移位的肱骨外科颈骨折的方法和疗效。方法我科自2003年5月至2009年12月采用手法闭合复位,X线监控下经皮克氏针固定治疗移位的肱骨外科颈骨折27例,其中男16例,女11例;年龄11~74岁,平均45岁。伤后2~6 d手术治疗。结果本组均获随访,随访时间3~25个月,平均18个月。骨折愈合时间6~8周,无不愈合、血管神经损伤及肱骨头缺血坏死等并发症。用Constant-murley肩关节评分法进行评定,优18例,良6例,可3例,优良率88.8%。结论闭合复位经皮克氏针固定治疗移位的肱骨外科颈骨折创伤小、时间短、费用低、固定牢固、取针简便,是一种有效的治疗方法。     

闭合复位穿针内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折

目的探讨采用闭合复位经皮穿针内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折的疗效。方法肱骨近端骨折患者32例，均在C臂X光机透视下行闭合复位、经皮克氏针内固定治疗。结果32例均获随访，平均8（3～15）个月，骨折均愈合。克氏针松动9例，脱出3例，针孔感染4例。无神经损伤、骨髓炎、肱骨头坏死等并发症。疗效按Neer肩关节功能评分：优19例，良7例，可5例，差1例，优良率81．2％。结论闭合复位经皮穿针内固定具有操作简单、创伤小、利于骨折愈合等优点，是治疗肱骨近端骨折的有效方法之一。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.