维持性血液透析患者皮肤瘙痒情况的调查

目的 分析维持性血液透析患者皮肤瘙痒的部位、程度及治疗情况.方法 对我院血液净化中心63例维持性血液透析患者的皮肤瘙痒发生部位、以视觉模拟评分法评估瘙痒程度并调查其治疗情况.结果 63例维持性血液透析患者常见的瘙痒部位依次为背部、下肢、胸部、上肢、头颈部;轻度、中度、重度瘙痒分别为22例(34.9%)、25例(39.6%)、16例(25.4%);合并皮肤感染5例.63例患者中有40例患者接受血液灌流和(或)血液透析滤过治疗,经规律血液灌流和(或)血液透析滤过治疗后症状缓解.单纯行血液透析治疗的23例瘙痒患者中有14例去皮肤科就诊,经局部对症治疗效果不明显.结论 维持性血液透析患者皮肤瘙痒多为中、重度并可能发生皮肤感染.规律血液灌流和(或)血液透析滤过治疗能有效地缓解维持性血液透析患者皮肤瘙痒,而单纯局部对症治疗无效.     

高龄维持性血液透析患者的临床分析

目的 评估高龄肾衰竭患者维持性血液透析（maintenance hemodialysis,MHD）的临床特点.方法 分析82例高龄肾衰竭患者（高龄组）行血液透析治疗前基线情况,包括血压、体质量指数、血红蛋白（haemoglobin,Hb）、尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（SCr）、血白蛋白（serum albumin,Alb）;同期进行血液透析治疗的156例非高龄患者设为对照组,定期监测2组患者透析阶段一般治疗情况、透析充分性、血红蛋白（haemoglobin,Hb）、血白蛋白（serum albumin,Alb）、甲状旁腺素、C反应蛋白、心功能测定、营养状况等,透析中合并症和治疗阶段心脑血管并发症的发生情况,统计分析高龄透析患者临床治疗特点.通过生存率和死亡原因分析,总结影响高龄患者透析生存质量的主要因素.结果 高龄组与对照组相比,病因以继发性（高血压、糖尿病）为主、整个透析阶段Alb和SGA低于对照组（P＜0.05）,Kt/V值低于对照组（P＜0.05）、心功能指标左心室舒张末内径、左心室射血分数低于对照组（P＜0.05）,透析中并发症发生率（40.8％）高于对照组（29.3％）,死亡原因1年内主要为脑血管意外及心血管疾病,超过1年的死亡原因主要为脑血管意外、感染、心血管疾病及严重营养不良,比较不同生存时间（3年以内和超过3年）的临床特征,影响高龄患者生存率的主要因素是糖尿病、低血压、透析前SCr水平高,Kt/V值不达标,贫血,营养不良.增加透析频次,联合采用血液透析滤过（hemodiafiltration,HDF）、血液灌流（hemoperfusion,HP）组合治疗有助于延长透析存活时间.结论 高龄MHD患者营养不良较为普遍,并伴随贫血程度重,心功能差,易感染,从而导致了患者并发症、合并症的发生率增加,生存时间减少,通过改善营养、纠正贫血、采取个体化的透析方案,组合治疗,可以减少高龄透析患者的并发症,提高生存率.     

高龄肾功能衰竭患者肾脏替代疗法的选择

对５６例高龄尿毒症患者采用不同肾脏替代疗法的结果进行分析。２３例采取肾移植，３３例为血液透析。结果移植组死亡率低于透析组，但近期死亡率高，生活质量移植组明显优于透析组，死亡原因与接受替代疗法前的伴随疾病有关。     

慢性肾功能衰竭血液透析患者合并感染的临床分析

目的 探讨慢性肾功能衰竭血液透析患者感染的临床特点和相关因素.方法 回顾分析60例慢性肾功能衰竭透析患者的感染部位、病原菌种类、免疫功能、营养状况、肾功能、原发病因等与感染的相关性.结果 感染组30例患者共发生感染42例次,以肺部感染和静脉导管感染最常见.行各类标本细菌培养40例次,培养阳性24例,病原学检查以革兰阴性...     

血液透析患者残余肾功能的保护

残余肾功能是影响透析患者生存率和生活质量的重要因素。在我国,血液透析是终末期肾病患者肾脏替代治疗的最主要方式,充分认识维持性血液透析患者残余肾功能的重要性,加强对其残余肾功能的保护,是肾脏病学家和患者共同关注的问题。本文对近年来关于残余肾功能对血液透析患者的临床意义、残余肾功能的保护措施等方面的研究进行论述,并重点对透析脱水调节和透析频率对残余肾功能影响的研究进行归纳总结,同时结合笔者临床经验阐述了血液透析容量控制与残余肾功能保护的关系,旨在加强临床医务工作者对保护血液透析患者残余肾功能的重视,并提供保护其残余肾功能的途径。     

Cholesterol metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis

Premature atherosclerosis is a major concern in patients on chronic dialysis and the identification of risk factors is important for preventive and interventional strategies. Other than the recognized atherogenic lipoprotein levels, little is known about overall cholesterol metabolism in patients on chronic hemodialysis (HD) and the best therapeutic intervention is still being debated. Therefore, we investigated intestinal cholesterol absorption, cholesterol and bile acid synthesis, and non-cholesterol plasma sterols in eight patients on dialysis and compared the results to those of 16 healthy male controls matched for body mass index and dietary cholesterol intake. Total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides did not differ between the groups, but dialysis patients had a significantly lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level (39 +/- 11 mg/dL vs. 48 +/- 10 mg/dL, p < 0.045). However, fractional cholesterol absorption, was significantly lower in dialysis patients (42.8 +/- 10.9% vs. 53.4 +/- 11%, p < 0.035), whereas plasma plant sterol concentrations and their ratios to cholesterol did not differ. Bile acid and total cholesterol synthesis were lower in dialysis patients (40% and -25%, respectively), although the differences were not significant. In contrast, lathosterol and its ratio to cholesterol in plasma was significantly lower in dialysis patients (0.176 +/- 0.084 mg/dL vs. 0.251 +/- 0.102 mg/dL, p < 0.024 and 0.733 +/- 0.353 microg/mg vs. 1.172 +/- 0.407 microg/mg, p < 0.017, respectively), indicating reduced hepatic de novo cholesterol synthesis. It is concluded that reduced HDL cholesterol and reduced bile acid synthesis contributes to atherosclerosis pathogenesis in dialysis patients, whereas intestinal cholesterol absorption and hepatic cholesterol synthesis did not seem dominant in this process at this stage of disease. Consequently, treatment with bile acid binding resins could be preferable to treatment with cholesterol absorption and synthesis inhibitors.     

残余肾功能对血液透析患者钙磷代谢的影响

目的观察不同残余。肾功能状态对维持性血液透析患者钙磷代谢的影响。方法将维持性血液透析患者80例,按照残余肾小球滤过率（residual glomerular filtration rate,rGFR）分为A组[rGFR〉2ml·min-1·（1．73rn2）。331例、B组[rGFR〈2ml·min-1·（1．73m2）-1]49例。比较2组空腹血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积、甲状旁腺素（parathyroid hormone,PTH）的差异。结果与B组比较,A组血磷、钙磷乘积、PTH低,且差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;2组血钙浓度无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论残余肾功能可有效的纠正维持性血液透析患者的钙磷代谢紊乱,临床上应重视残余肾功能在调节钙磷代谢异常方面的积极作用,保护好维持性血液透析患者的残余肾功能。     

Prognosis of bedridden patients with end-stage renal failure after starting hemodialysis

Background The mean age of starting hemodialysis (HD) in patients with end-stage renal failure is gradually increasing in Japan. It is not uncommon for HD to be commenced in bedridden elderly patients who cannot give informed consent, because of brain damage. However, we have not been able to provide useful advice to their families because there was no relevant information available about the prognosis of bedridden patients on HD. Therefore, we examined the prognosis of bedridden HD patients. Methods Two hundred and nineteen patients who received HD were enrolled. These subjects were divided into five groups; (aged <50, 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, and ≥80 years at the commencement of HD), and we compared the overall prognosis between bedridden and nonbedridden patients, as well as that for each age group. Results There were 76 bedridden patients among the 219 HD patients, and the main cause of their bedridden state before starting HD was cerebrovascular disease. The 50% survival time after the start of HD was 120 months for the nonbedridden patients versus 56 months for bedridden patients. However, the mean (±SD) age of the bedridden patients was higher than that of nonbedridden patients (70 ± 13 versus 64 ± 14 years). In patients under age 50 years at the start of dialysis, the survival rate was lower in the bedridden than in the nonbedridden patients, but there were no differences between survival rates for bedridden and nonbedridden patients in the other four age groups. Conclusions The prognosis of HD patients is poor compared with the general life expectancy of the Japanese population, but whether these patients are bedridden or not has little influence on their survival.     

长期血液透析患者内皮祖细胞变化与同型半胱氨酸的关系

目的检测长期血液透析患者内皮祖细胞（EPCs）数量和功能的改变,并探讨其与同型半胱氨酸的关系。方法采用密度梯度离心法分离培养长期血液透析患者和健康者的外周血单个核细胞,将其接种在人纤维连接蛋白包被培养板,7d后取贴壁细胞进行Dil—LDL和FITC—UEA-I双染色,并通过流式细胞仪检测其表面标志CD34、CD133、KDR,以鉴定EPCs。采用改良的Boyden小室、粘附功能检测评价其迁移和粘附能力,并与患者血清半胱氨酸含量进行相关性分析。结果患者EPCs的数量和迁移、粘附功能都低于健康者,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;患者血清半胱氨酸含量[（57．10±24．76）umol／L]显著高于健康者[（6．75±3．58）umol／L]（P〈0．05）,并且含量与患者EPCs的数量和迁移、粘附功能分别呈明显负相关（P〈0．05）。结论长期血液透析患者的EPCs数量减少,功能降低,可能与患者的高同型半胱氨酸血症有关。     

Oxalate elimination via hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis in children with chronic renal failure

. Oxalate elimination and oxalate dialysance via hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) has not been studied in detail in pediatric patients. We studied plasma oxalate, oxalate elimination, and oxalate dialysance in 15 infants and children undergoing CAPD (9 female, 6 male, aged 9 months to 18 years) and in 10 children on HD (4 female, 6 male, aged 7 – 18 years). Two children in each group had primary hyperoxaluria (PH). The mean duration of dialysis prior to examination was 12±11 months in CAPD and 31±23 months in HD patients. Bicarbonate HD was performed 5 h three times a week, CAPD consisted of five daily exchanges in 5 patients and four changes in the remaining 10 children (dwell volume 40 ml/kg body weight, 2.3 g/l glucose). Although oxalate dialysance was significantly higher in HD (mean 115.6 ml/min per 1.73 m² in HD versus 7.14 ml/min in CAPD), mean oxalate elimination per week was not different between both renal replacement therapies (3,478 μmol/1.73 m² surface area/week in CAPD versus 3,915 μmol/1.73 m² per week in HD). Oxalate elimination in patients with PH was between 6,650 and 9,900 μmol/week. Plasma oxalate remained elevated in both procedures [28 – 84 μmol/l in CAPD (92/148 in PH) and 33 – 101 μmol/l in HD (70/93 in PH)]. Oxalate elimination can be increased by a more frequent hemodialysis regimen. Received May 24, 1995; received in revised form and accepted October 31, 1995     

高通量透析对尿毒症维持性血液透析患者血管内皮功能的影响

目的 探讨高通量血液透析( high-flux hemodialysis,HFHD)对尿毒症维持性血液透析患者血管内皮功能的影响.方法 采用自身对照研究,选取33例维持性常规低通量血液透析的尿毒症患者,接受HFHD治疗6个月.治疗前(0个月)及治疗6个月分别采血测定血脂、白介素-6(IL-6)、超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)、糖基化终末产物(AGEs)和β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)水平,同时采用高分辨血管外超声检测肱动脉血流介导的内皮依赖性血管舒张功能( flow-mediated dilation FMD).分析比较HFHD对上述指标的影响及其相关性.结果 HFHD治疗后,患者高密度脂蛋白升高、胆固醇及低密度脂蛋白水平下降,IL-6、32-MG、AGEs水平降低,均具有统计学差异;FMD较治疗前有上升趋势(6.61％±4.93％,6 85％±4.4％),但无统计学意义;相关性分析显示FMD与高密度脂蛋白呈正相关,与β2-MG呈负相关(r值分别为0.323和-0.328,P＜0.05).结论 HFHD可改善尿毒症维持性血液透析患者脂质代谢,升高高密度脂蛋白,降低胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白;同时增加炎症介质,糖基化终末产物及β2-微球蛋白的清除;HFHD能够延缓血液透析患者血管内皮功能损伤,可能与有效清除炎症介质,降低氧化应激和改善脂质代谢相关.     

The influence of hemodialysis on serum sialic acid levels in chronic renal failure

Background. It has been observed that there is an increase in serum sialic acid level in chronic renal diseases and endstage renal failure requiring hemodialysis, and the hemodialysis procedure causes increased cytokine production. Thus, it is expected that hemodialysis causes increases in the serum levels of acute phase reactants and sialic acid. Nevertheless, the changes in serum sialic acid level in hemodialysis have not been examined sufficiently. In our study, we examined the effect of hemodialysis on serum sialic acid level. Methods. A total of 54 patients on hemodialysis therapy for chronic renal failure (32 men; 22 women) were examined. The patients were evaluated in four groups according to their age, sex, duration of hemodialysis, and whether they were diabetic. Serum sialic acid levels before and after hemodialysis, done with a hemophane membrane, were measured by the thiobarbituric acid method described by Warren. Results. The serum sialic acid levels of chronic renal failure patients requiring hemodialysis were increased with respect to the healthy control group, independent of age, duration of therapy, and whether there was accompanying diabetes. Hemodialysis did not provide clearance of sialic acid; to the contrary, it caused an insignificant increase in serum sialic acid levels. Conclusions. In chronic renal failure, the improved serum sialic acid level probably reaches a definite value, and this value is not affected by factors such as diabetes, age, or sex. Serum sialic acid level is minimally influenced by hemodialysis performed with a hemophane membrane. Received: August 20, 2001 / Accepted: May 10, 2002     

Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis

To characterize uremic cardiac autonomic neuropathy, we measured plasma catecholamines, analyzed the 24-hour heart rate variability (HRV), and acquired serial images with (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) in 44 patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis and in 14 controls. Time-domain measures were calculated using the Marquette HRV program. MIBG clearance rates from the heart and lung were evaluated on planar images, and the regional MIBG uptake in the left ventricular myocardium was evaluated with single-photon emission computed tomography. Compared with controls, plasma dopamine and norepinephrine levels were elevated (p < 0.001 and p = 0.03, respectively), and all the time-domain measures of HRV were reduced in the patients (p < 0.001). The MIBG clearance rate from the heart was higher (p < 0.001), that from the lung was lower (p < 0.001), and the myocardial MIBG distribution was more heterogeneous in patients than in controls (total uptake score p 相似文献   

Tumor markers in chronic renal failure and hemodialysis patients

Serum levels and the incidence of elevated levels of several tumor markers were measured in 30 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) of different degrees, as well as in 36 hemodialyzed (HD) patients without clinical evidence of neoplasia. The tumor markers evaluated were carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA 125, CA 15.3, CA 19.9, CA 50, alpha-fetoprotein, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC), prostatic acid phosphatase and prostatic-specific antigen. Serum levels of CEA were above the cutoff limit in 33% of patients with CRF and 47% of HD patients, CA 50 was higher than normal values in 37 and 44% of patients, respectively. SCC was elevated in 43 and 72% of patients, respectively. Serum levels of CA 125 were elevated in 18% of patients with CRF and NSE in 36% of HD patients. In CRF several tumor markers (CEA, SCC, CA 50 and NSE) show a high false positive rate and may be unreliable for monitoring malignancies in uremic patients, while the other markers evaluated appear to maintain their specificity in this situation.     

Adrenal function in patients with chronic renal failure

Previous studies have reported divergent findings on the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). The low-dose adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) test offers the possibility of unmasking adrenal dysfunction, which might remain undiscovered using the ACTH test with the standard 250-microg dose. Furthermore, the choice of renal replacement therapy (either hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis [CAPD]) might have an impact on adrenal function. To investigate these possibilities, ACTH tests were performed with three different doses (ie, 1, 5, and 250 microg) in 14 CRF patients and in seven healthy controls. Seven of the CRF patients were receiving chronic hemodialysis and seven were receiving CAPD. Basal plasma concentrations of cortisol were comparable in the three groups tested (5.3+/-0.4 microg/dL in the controls, 6.6+/-0.7 microg/dL in the hemodialysis patients, and 7.9+/-1.0 microg/dL in the CAPD patients), whereas basal ACTH concentrations were significantly elevated in the CRF patients (28.5+/-3.8 pg/mL in the hemodialysis patients and 33.0+/-6.0 pg/mL in the CAPD patients) when compared with normal controls (17.0+/-1.4 pg/mL; P < 0.05). All three doses of ACTH resulted in a rapid increase of plasma cortisol concentrations that was comparable in all three groups. In the hemodialysis patients, a trend toward a diminished response to the lowest dose of 1 microg was noticed. We conclude, therefore, that adrenal response to ACTH in various doses is unaffected in CRF independent of whether hemodialysis or CAPD is chosen for renal replacement therapy.     

An unsuspected cause for metabolic acidosis in chronic renal failure: sorbent system hemodialysis

A severe metabolic acidosis was produced in a patient with chronic renal failure by hemodialysis using a sorbent system to regenerate bicarbonate dialysate with an initial bicarbonate concentration of 60 mEq/L. The acidosis resolved with standard single-pass hemodialysis. In five additional patients, the bicarbonate concentration of the dialysate with the sorbent system was noted to be low and quite variable (mean +/- SD, 16.5 +/- 8.3 mEq/L, range 5 mEq/L to 39 mEq/L). The low dialysate bicarbonate failed to correct metabolic acidosis and, in fact, was capable of further lowering the serum bicarbonate. The capacity of the regenerating cartridge to release protons makes this form of dialysis a potential cause for metabolic acidosis. The safety of the sorbent system dialysis, at least in the bicarbonate mode, requires further evaluation.     

Prescription of psychotropic drugs in patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis

Objective: Patients on hemodialysis commonly have comorbid depression and require treatment with psychotropic drugs. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of the use of psychotropic drugs among patients on hemodialysis and to elucidate the factors associated with use of each class of psychotropic medication. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 195 hemodialysis patients with a mean age of 58.5 years. Patients were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Chalder Fatigue Scale and Short-form Health-related Quality of Life. We analyzed the frequency of psychiatric outpatient department visits within six months prior to interview and psychotropic drugs use within one month prior to interview, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, benzodiazepines (BZDs) and hypnotics. Results: Of the 195 patients, 47 (24.1%) fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD). Only 6.4% of patients diagnosed with MDD visited the psychiatry outpatient department within six months prior to interview. Of the total patients, the proportions with use of antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, BZDs and hypnotics were 5.6%, 1.0%, 3.1%, 42.6% and 20.0%, respectively. Having MDD was an independent factor associated with taking antidepressants (adjusted OR?=?3.98, p?=?0.036) and taking hypnotics (adjusted OR?=?2.75, p?=?0.011). Conclusions: Depression is generally undetected or not well-managed among hemodialysis patients in the clinical setting. Only a small proportion of depressed patients received antidepressant treatment. BZDs and/or hypnotics might be exorbitantly prescribed. Clinicians should pay more attention to patients’ emotional distress and provide appropriate treatment.     

残余肾功能对维持性血液透析患者营养状况及左心功能的影响

目的探讨残余肾功能（residual renal function,RRF）对维持性血液透析（MHD）患者营养状况及左心功能的影响。方法选择52例MHD患者,按RRF分为2组：有RRF组（A组）29例,RRF≥2．0ml／mim无RRF组（B组）23例,RRF〈2．0ml／min。比较2组观察开始时及观察1年后RRF、营养指标及左心功能指标。结果观察开始及1年后,A组RRF高于B组（P〈0．05）;观察开始及1年后体质量标准化蛋白质代谢率（nPCR）、血浆白蛋白、转铁蛋白、血红蛋白,A组均显著高于B组（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）;观察1年后A组的左心室射血分数（LVEF）和左心室短轴缩短率（LVFS）均高于B组（P〈0．05）。结论RRF对MHD患者营养状况及左心功能有显著影响。随着透析时间的延长,保护和监测RRF对促进MHD患者营养不良的改善及左心功能的保护均具有重要意义。     

Impact of residual renal function in children on hemodialysis

Residual renal function (RRF) contributes to dialysis adequacy as well as lower mortality and morbidity in dialysis patients. Even very small changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) account for considerable improvements in complications of dialysis. The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to determine the possible contribution of RRF to hemodialysis clearance and to compare the biochemical markers of this patient group with anuric patients. Ten patients with RRF on chronic hemodialysis for more than 6 months were enrolled in the study. Duration of dialysis was not different between the two patient populations. Average GFR was 3.4±2.6 ml/min in the group with RRF. Cholesterol, albumin, and triglyceride levels were not different between the groups. Residual renal urea clearance enhanced mean Kt/V of patients from 1.29 to 1.52. However erythropoietin and renin levels were higher in the group with RRF (P=0.019, P=0.044, respectively). There was a positive correlation between erythropoietin, renin levels, and average GFR of all patients (r=0.69, P=0.002, r=0.60, P=0.014). We conclude that RRF plays a greater role in pediatric patients on hemodialysis than previously recognized, and knowledge about patients’ RRF should assist in improved overall management. Received: 31 January 2001 / Revised: 27 June 2001 / Accepted: 28 June 2001     

Risk of sudden death in patients with chronic renal failure and hemodialysis

Cardiovascular mortality in uremic patients treated by hemodialysis overrates ten times cardiovascular mortality in general population. Approximatively 40% of patients on iterative hemodialysis die from cardiac diseases, half of cases by sudden death. Several risk factors for sudden death are well known: QTc interval prolongation, decrease of RR interval <750 msec, decrease of heart rate variability, presence of late ventricular potentials (LVP), presence of high risk ventricular extrasystoles, decrease of ejection fraction (EF) <40 %, presence of left ventricular hypertrophy. Our study evaluated the above-mentioned risk factors for sudden death in patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis. We studied 37 patients, 22 males and 15 females, with mean age of 42 years old, without diabetes, heart failure and arrhythmias, without myocardial ischemia on ECG, being on hemodialysis (HD) programme for minimum 1 year (HD parameters are: 4 h x 3/week, qB = 300 ml/min, buffer = bicarbonate, Ca dialysate = 1.75 mmol/l, K dialysate = 2.1 mmol/l, conductivity = 135 mS). The patients were evaluated by echocardiography, standard and Holter ECG. Statistics evaluation was performed in SPSS v.9.0. Program. The results proved that 80% of patients on HD have risk factors for sudden death, which are closely related with age and hyperhydration. Statistics proved that presence of high-risk arrhythmias is connected with heart rate variability and prolongation of QTc interval (favored by HD). 50% of our patients have 2 to 4 risk factors for sudden death, which increase incidence of sudden death in patients on HD.