管网水中环氧氯丙烷的吹扫捕集气质联用分析

目的建立吹扫捕集气相色谱质谱联用方法检测管网水中环氧氯丙烷,以满足GB 5749—2006生活饮用水卫生标准中对环氧氯丙烷限值的检测要求。方法采用自动吹扫捕集系统将样品导入后经过吹脱、吸附、烘烤、吹扫后,用气相色谱质谱联用仪进行环氧氯丙烷定量和定性测定,并对方法的精密度和回收率进行试验。结果采用自动吹扫捕集系统气质联用法检测管网水中环氧氯丙烷,采用与挥发性有机物分析相同的DB-VRX(20 m×0.18 mm×1.0μm)色谱柱及色谱条件,柱温40℃保持3 min,10℃/min升至100℃,保持0 min;25℃/min升至225℃,保持3 min,分流比50∶1,环氧氯丙烷峰形良好,出峰时间短,分析效率高,在0.00~10.00μg/L范围内方法线性良好,检出限为0.05μg/L,相关系数为0.999 6,RSD为2.7%~4.0%,平均回收率为96.5%~104.0%。结论本方法用于检测管网水中环氧氯丙烷,能够满足《GB 5749—2006生活饮用水卫生标准》中环氧氯丙烷卫生限值的检测要求,方法操作简便,精密度较好。     

泰州市饮用水及地表水中甲基叔丁基醚吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱测定法

目的建立泰州市饮用水及地表水中甲基叔丁基醚的吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)测定方法。方法在40 m L专用棕色顶空瓶中准确加入25 mL水样,同时加入氟苯内标,水/土模式55℃吹扫捕集18 min,190℃解吸2 min,经HP-VOC色谱柱分离后采用选择离子扫描模式进行质谱测定,内标法定量。结果该方法在0.012 5～5.0μg/L的浓度范围内线性关系良好,回归方程:y=0.030 17x+0.577 5,线性系数r=0.999 6,方法检出限为1.1 ng/L,加标浓度为0.25、1.0和2.0 g/L,平均回收率为84.0%～94.5%,RSD为3.18%～6.17%。结论该方法操作简便、快速,重现性好,适用于水中甲基叔丁基醚的测定。     

吹扫捕集气相色谱质谱法测定水中甲基叔丁基醚

目的建立吹扫捕集气相色谱质谱法测定水中甲基叔丁基醚的分析方法。方法采用吹扫捕集富集水中甲基叔丁基醚,解吸后用GC/MS测定,选用特征离子定量。结果在0～19.4μg/L浓度范围内,相关系数为0.999;检出限为0.005μg/L;日内、日间相对标准偏差小于14%(n=6);加标回收率在76%～124%之间。结论该方法灵敏度高、准确度好,适合于水中微量甲基叔丁基醚的测定。     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法测定饮用水中27种挥发性有机物

目的采用吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法建立同时测定27种生活饮用水中挥发性有机物的方法,为制定相应的国家标准提供实验参考。方法利用吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法联用技术,全扫描方式(SCAN)进行质谱定性,选择离子(SIM)内标法定量,测定生活饮用水中27种挥发性有机物。通过色谱条件优化,并对吹扫、解吸和烘焙等样品前处理条件的考察,建立了饮用水中27种挥发性有机物的吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法测定方法。结果各待测组分的线性范围在0~40μg/L之间,相关系数r0.996,相对标准偏差(RSD)在2.85%~13.5%之间,样品平均加标回收率为91.5%~117.3%,检出限为0.04μg/L~0.50μg/L,定量限为0.14μg/L~1.7μg/L。结论该方法简单快捷,灵敏度高,回收率好,各分析组分之间无干扰,且用于实际水样的检测结果令人满意,适用于27种生活饮用水中挥发性有机物的同时检测。     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱联用内标法分析水中8种嗅味物质

目的建立吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱联用内标法分析水中8种嗅味物质,为预警嗅味水质突发事件和开展相关研究奠定基础。方法采集5种水样,经脱氯、4℃冷藏和过滤,3d内尽快测定。加入氟苯内标与15%(m/v)氯化钠,置吹扫捕集装置,高纯氮40mL/min、60℃吹扫10min,200℃脱附2min。采用DB-624色谱柱,进样口温度270℃,分流比20∶1,载气高纯氦,流速3.8 mL/min。升温条件:35℃(5 min),6℃/min升至160℃(6 min),20℃/min升至210℃(2min)。传输线温度280℃。质谱离子源温度230℃,四极杆温度150℃,电子能量70eV。以保留时间和质谱全扫描模式定性,质量范围45~450m/z;选择离子监测模式定量,并用基质加标验证方法的准确度与精密度。结果 8种嗅味物质在0.1~2.0μg/L范围内线性良好。方法检出限0.04~0.07μg/L。5种水样基质,低、中、高3种加标浓度,回收率70%~117%、RSD2.1%~17.8%。结论该法有较好的准确性、稳定性和实用性,可用于地表水、地下水和生活饮用水等多种水体中嗅味物质的分析。     

水中14种挥发性有机污染物的吹扫捕集气相色谱质谱联用测定法

目的建立吹扫捕集气相色谱质谱联用法测定水中14种挥发性有机物的方法。方法采用吹扫捕集方法对样品进行吹脱,吸附,烘烤,吹扫后,用气相色谱质谱联用仪进行定性定量测定。结果利用吹扫捕集气相色谱质谱联用法测定水中14中挥发性有机物,最低检出限0.002～0.01μg/L,回收率97.9%～106.3%,相关系数均大于0.998,相对标准偏差2.26%～9.09%。结论该方法能同时分离水中14中挥发性有机物,线性良好,具有操作简便,快捷,灵敏度高等优点。     

吹扫捕集结合GC-MS测定水中甲基叔丁基醚

目的:建立适用于水中甲基叔丁基醚的吹扫捕集GC-MS测定方法。方法:水中甲基叔丁基醚吹扫富集到Tenax管中,解吸后经气相色谱柱分离,质谱检测器检测。结果:该方法甲基叔丁基醚的检出限为3.7μg/L,线性范围为3.7~59.2μg/L,其相关系数r=0.999,样品的加标回收率93.5%~108.9%,RSD为6.5%。结论:此方法能够用于分析水中甲基叔丁基醚。     

吹扫捕集-气质联用法测定广州市萝岗区井水中挥发性有机物

目的:应用吹扫捕集-气质联用技术,对广州市萝岗区井水中可能存在的挥发性有机污染物进行定性定量检测。方法:吸取样品溶液5 ml,在40℃条件下吹扫捕集11 min,190℃脱附4 min,经Rxi-5ms毛细管柱分离,电子轰击电离(EI)全扫描检测。结果:用该法检测井水中54种挥发性有机物,检出限为0.10μg/L～0.25μg/L,样品加标回收率为83.9%～114.5%,相对标准偏差为2.85%～9.67%。结论:用吹扫捕集-气质联用法测定井水中挥发性有机化合物,方法简便可靠,测定结果表明广州市萝岗区井水水质良好,仅部分井水检测出少量挥发性有机物。     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱-串联质谱法测定化妆品中1,4-二恶烷

目的建立化妆品中二恶烷的吹扫捕集-GC-MS/MS测定方法。方法利用吹扫捕集-GC-MS/MS联用仪,采用多级反应监测(MRM)扫描模式,选择m/z 88为母离子、定性子离子m/z 58和定量子离子m/z 57测定化妆品中二恶烷的含量。结果通过优化吹扫条件,减少解吸时间为0.25 min,得到的1,4-二恶烷的峰形最完美;减少吹扫时间为6 min,1,4-二恶烷吹扫效率最高。在所建立的实验条件下,二恶烷的线性范围为0μg/ml~100μg/ml,回归方程为y=2 327x-7 016,相关系数为0.999 5,方法的检出限为0.015μg/g。样品的加标回收率为92.4%~98.9%,相对标准差(RSD)为1.52%~3.06%。结论本方法采用的MRM扫描模式有效消除了复杂基质的干扰,所建立的分析方法操作简便、准确、灵敏、快速,可用于化妆品中痕量二恶烷的测定。     

吹扫捕集-气质联用技术测定饮用水中痕量环氧氯丙烷

目的建立测定饮用水中痕量环氧氯丙烷的吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱联用检测方法。方法利用吹扫捕集技术,通过对吹扫温度、吹扫时间、解析温度、解析时间等参数进行优化,对水中痕量环氧氯丙烷进行富集、解析,并经DB-624毛细管色谱柱分离,采用选择离子模式(single ion monitoring,SIM)进行检测,提取特征离子定量分析。结果饮用水中环氧氯丙烷在0.122 5~12.25μg/L的浓度范围内线性好,线性相关系数r为0.999 7,本法检出限为0.02μg/L,添加水平为0.122 5~6.125 0μg/L时,测得环氧氯丙烷的加标回收率在91.0%~105.4%,重复测定6次,RSDs为1.7%~5.7%。结论本方法简单、灵敏度高、准确、重现性好,适合饮用水中痕量环氧氯丙烷的测定。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.