不同产地寮刁竹药材中丹皮酚的含量的测定

目的：对不同产地的寮刁竹药材中丹皮酚含量进行测定,为更好地评价寮刁竹药材的质量提供依据。方法：用高效液相色谱法采用Promosil C18色谱柱（200mm×4.6mm,5μm）,以甲醇-水（55：45）为流动相,流速1．0ml·min^-1,检测波长为274nm,进样量为10μl。结果：丹皮酚在0．0494～0．7908mg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9999）,回收率为99．98％,RSD为0．17％,不同产地寮刁竹中。丹皮酚含量有明显差异。结论：该方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于不同产地寮刁竹药材中丹皮酚含量的测定。     

HPLC法测定不同厂家牡丹皮中丹皮酚的含量

目的：建立测定不同厂家牡丹皮药材中丹皮酚含量的高效液相色谱法。方法：以Hypersil C18柱（5μm,4．6mm×250mm）为色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-水（45：55）,流速为1．0mL/min,检测波长为274nm。结果：丹皮酚线性范围为0．026416～0．079248p．g,r2=0．9999;平均回收率为98．325％,RSD为1．22％。结论：采用HPLC以丹皮酚含量为指标比较牡丹皮饮片质量,该法简便易行。     

HPLC测定不同产地不同采收期牡丹皮中丹皮酚的含量

目的：用高效液相色谱法测定不同产地、不同采收期的牡丹皮中丹皮酚含量,并初步比较不同产地、不同采收期丹皮的质量差异。方法：采用高效液相色谱法测定丹皮酚的含量,色谱柱：Aglent TC—C18柱（4．6mm×250．0mm,5μm）,流动相：甲醇：水（60：40）,检测波长：274nm,柱温：25℃。结果：在选定色谱条件下线性范围良好,丹皮样品加样回收率为97．25％．RSD值为1．82％。结论：安徽凤凰山产区牡丹皮中丹皮酚的含量高于其他产区,其中以3年生10月含量为最高。     

高效液相色谱法测定济生肾气丸中丹皮酚的含量

目的:采用HPLC法测定济生肾气丸中丹皮酚的含量。方法:色谱柱为Diamonsil C18柱(250 mm×4．6 mm,5μm),以甲醇-水(70:30)为流动相,流速1．0 ml·min-1,检测波长274 nm。结果:丹皮酚在0．13-1．26μg范围内有良好线性关系r =0．999 9,平均回收率为97．5％,RSD=1．4％。结论:该法简单,快速,准确可用于济生肾气丸的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定丹皮酚脂质体药物含量与包封率

目的建立HPLC测定丹皮酚脂质体中丹皮酚含量和包封率的方法。方法采用Hypersil ODS柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）;流动相：甲醇-水（60：40）;柱温：30℃;流速：1．0ml·min^-1;紫外检测波长：274nm。超速离心法分离丹皮酚脂质体与游离药物。结果在本色谱条件下丹皮酚与辅料及溶剂峰分离良好,丹皮酚浓度在4．06—48．72mg·L^-1范围内与峰面积呈现良好的线性关系（r=0．9999,n=5）,平均回收率为99．0％。结论该测定方法准确可靠、简单快速,可用于测定丹皮酚脂质体的药物含量与包封率。     

肝胆双清口服液中丹皮酚的HPLC测定

目的:建立肝胆双清口服液中丹皮酚含量测定的HPLC方法。方法:岛津VP-ODS C18色谱柱(250 mm×4．6 mm,5μm),流动相:甲醇-0．4％磷酸溶液(60:40)检测波长为274 nm,流速1．0 ml·min-1;柱温25℃。结果:丹皮酚线性范围为0．11-0．54μg,平均回收率99．8％,RSD为2．1％。结论:方法可靠,简单可行,为控制肝胆双清口服液的内在质量提供了科学依据。     

HPLC法测定明目地黄胶囊中丹皮酚的含量

目的建立明目地黄胶囊中丹皮酚的含量测定方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法,以Hypersil BDSC18（5μm,4．6mm×250mm）为色谱柱;以甲醇：水（60：40）为流动相;检测波长：274nm;流速：0．8ml·min^-1。结果丹皮酚在0．512—10．24mg·L^-1范围内线性关系良好,r=0．9997,平均回收率为100．6％,RSD为1．3％。结论该方法快速、准确、重复性好,可用于明目地黄胶囊中丹皮酚的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定黄牡丹不同部位中没食子酸和丹皮酚的含量

目的建立黄牡丹中活性成分没食子酸和丹皮酚的含量测定方法,并考察黄牡丹不同部位中没食子酸和丹皮酚的含量差异。方法采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法,Agilent TC-C18柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱:0 min→25 min→45 min,乙腈0%→24%→36%,流速为0.8 m L·min-1;检测波长为274 nm;柱温为30℃。结果没食子酸、丹皮酚线性范围分别为0.10~2.00μg(r=0.999 8,n=6)、0.005 2~0.104 0μg(r=1.000 0,n=6),平均回收率(n=9)分别为102.16%(RSD=2.51%)、97.61%(RSD=1.34%)。没食子酸在不同部位的含量分布为果实>叶>皮部>栓皮>木部>茎;丹皮酚在不同部位的含量分布为栓皮>皮部>木部>茎,果实、叶中未检出。结论该方法准确、简捷,为黄牡丹药材提供更合理、可靠的质量控制方法。     

HPLC法测定桂枝茯苓软胶囊中丹皮酚的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法测定桂枝茯苓软胶囊中丹皮酚的含量。方法：色谱柱：迪马C18柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）;流动相：甲醇旬．1％磷酸溶液（60：40）;流速：1．0ml．Min^-1;检测波长：274nm。结果：丹皮酚在0．1094～1．0940μg之间线性关系良好（r=0．9998）,平均回收率为99．5％,RSD=1．91％（n=6）。结论：方法简单,结果准确,专属性强,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

菏泽地产不同规格牡丹皮药材中丹皮酚含量的研究

目的应用高效液相色谱法对不同规格牡丹皮药材进行丹皮酚含量测定,评价不同规格牡丹皮药材丹皮酚的含量。方法采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱:迪马C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相:甲醇-水(45∶55),检测波长:274 nm,流速:1.0 mL.min-1。结果所测定牡丹皮药材丹皮酚含量都符合2010年版《中国药典》(一部)规定,但不同规格间丹皮酚含量差异较大,有的品种丹皮酚的含量接近标准规定边缘。结论不同规格的牡丹皮及其加工方法对其丹皮酚的含量影响较大。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.