Radiology in liver transplantation.

Imaging studies are becoming essential in the management of orthotopic liver transplantation (LT). They have a very important role in the preoperative evaluation and selection of suitable candidates. At the same time, they are essential in the early detection of postoperative complications, the recognition of which allows the prompt institution of appropriate therapeutic measures. Timely recognition of complications improves the success of LT; furthermore, some complications can be treated with interventional radiologic procedures, avoiding additional surgery. This article reviews the current application of diagnostic and interventional imaging in liver transplantation, both for cadaveric and living donor transplants.     

Anesthesia approach to hepatic transplantation

Anesthesia support for patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation can be complicated because of multiple medical problems in such patients and rapid hemodynamic, metabolic, and coagulation changes intraoperatively. Preoperative assessment should include careful review of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and hematologic systems. Use of isoflurane as the main anesthetic agent will minimize toxicity to the liver. During liver transplantation, hemodynamic monitoring and immediate laboratory studies should be available. In our experience during the first 100 liver transplantations performed at our institution, use of a rapid infusion pump and venovenous bypass has helped normalize hemodynamic and renal function.     

MR imaging in hepatic transplantation.

This article reviews the utility of MR imaging in the evaluation of liver transplantation. Issues related to the prospective transplant donor and recipient, such as inclusion and exclusion criteria, indications and contraindications, and imaging of donor anatomy and recipient pathology, are discussed. Post-transplantation complications and their imaging features are reviewed, with emphasis on the use of MR arteriography, venography, and cholangiography. MR is a single, noninvasive examination that allows a comprehensive investigation of anatomic and pathologic features in pre- and postoperative liver transplant patients, and may eventually replace many, if not all, of the numerous diagnostic examinations performed in this patient population.     

肝干细胞的来源与移植应用

目的：肝干细胞的研究已成为近年的热点，本文检索了肝干细胞的分类、诱导、分离、培养及移植后的鉴定方法，分析了它们与肝病的关系和临床应用前景。资料来源：应用计算机检索PUBMED 2000-01／2005—01和EBSCO2000-01／2005-01期间的相关文章，检索词为“hepatic stem cells”，并限定文章语言种类为英文。同时计算机检索万方数据库2000-01／2005—01期间的相关文章，检索词为“肝干细胞”，并限定文章语言种类为中文。资料选择：对资料进行初审，并查看每篇文献后的引文。纳入标准：文章所述内容应与肝干细胞的研究相关。排除标准：重复研究或Meta分析类文章。资料提炼：共收集到161篇相关文献，37篇文献符合纳入标准，排除的124篇文献中是由于内容陈旧或重复。资料综合：37篇文献中，28篇涉及肝干细胞的分类，6篇涉及肝干细胞的诱导、分离、培养及移植后的鉴定，3篇涉及肝干细胞的临床应用。一般认为肝干细胞是多源性的，可分为内源性和外源性两大类。目前已经建立的细胞分离方法主要是基于细胞表面标志的免疫分离法，包括应用流式细胞仪的荧光激活细胞分离法和免疫磁珠分离法，它们根据表面标志的有无和表达的高低来确定细胞的类型和特征。这样可能会忽略了一些标志阴性却具有肝细胞分化潜能的肝干细胞，所以肝干细胞的分离有待改进。在临床应用中，肝细胞移植为病损肝脏的细胞重建及衰竭肝脏的功能恢复提供了一种全新的治疗策略，具有移植技术简单、对受体影响小、价格相对低廉等优点，但免疫排斥、肝细胞的来源、移植肝细胞在体内的增殖等问题尚未完全解决。结论：目前对急性或晚期肝病引起的肝功能衰竭，最佳治疗方法是肝移植，包括原位肝移植、肝细胞移植和生物人工肝3种方法。原位肝移植受肝源缺乏和免疫排斥所限，受益者很少；后两者均因肝细胞来源问题，临床价值受限。而利用肝干细胞移植和肝组织工程治疗各种肝病其前景已得到肯定。     

肝细胞移植治疗肝衰竭的研究现状

细胞治疗是指将干细胞或由其分化产生的功能细胞植入病变部位代偿病变细胞丧失的功能，或将细胞经体外遗传操作后用于疾病治疗的方法。经过30多年的研究，肝细胞移植技术获得重大进展．可以起到原位肝移植同样的整体器官替代效果。肝细胞移植作为治疗暴发性肝衰竭的一种有效的方法在各种动物模型及临床应用中得到广泛证实。此外，应用治疗性肝干细胞可克服肝细胞的来源和数量、免疫排斥等问题，在治疗急慢性肝病有非常广阔的前景。由于肝干细胞研究还有许多问题，到目前为止。动物肝干细胞移植的研究资料较多，而应用该技术治疗人体肝病的病例数报道较少，对于人的肝干细胞研究尚属初步阶段，研究方法有待进一步发展和完善。     

肝干细胞的来源与移植应用

目的:肝干细胞的研究已成为近年的热点,本文检索了肝干细胞的分类、诱导、分离、培养及移植后的鉴定方法,分析了它们与肝病的关系和临床应用前景。资料来源:应用计算机检索PUBMED2000-01/2005-01和EBSCO2000-01/2005-01期间的相关文章,检索词为“hepaticstemcells”,并限定文章语言种类为英文。同时计算机检索万方数据库2000-01/2005-01期间的相关文章,检索词为“肝干细胞”,并限定文章语言种类为中文。资料选择:对资料进行初审,并查看每篇文献后的引文。纳入标准:文章所述内容应与肝干细胞的研究相关。排除标准:重复研究或Meta分析类文章。资料提炼:共收集到161篇相关文献,37篇文献符合纳入标准,排除的124篇文献中是由于内容陈旧或重复。资料综合:37篇文献中,28篇涉及肝干细胞的分类,6篇涉及肝干细胞的诱导、分离、培养及移植后的鉴定,3篇涉及肝干细胞的临床应用。一般认为肝干细胞是多源性的,可分为内源性和外源性两大类。目前已经建立的细胞分离方法主要是基于细胞表面标志的免疫分离法,包括应用流式细胞仪的荧光激活细胞分离法和免疫磁珠分离法,它们根据表面标志的有无和表达的高低来确定细胞的类型和特征。这样可能会忽略了一些标志阴性却具有肝细胞分化潜能的肝干细胞,所以肝干细胞的分离有待改进。在临床应用中,肝细胞移植为病损肝脏的细胞重建及衰竭肝脏的功能恢复提供了一种全新的治疗策略,具有移植技术简单、对受体影响小、价格相对低廉等优点,但免疫排斥、肝细胞的来源、移植肝细胞在体内的增殖等问题尚未完全解决。结论:目前对急性或晚期肝病引起的肝功能衰竭,最佳治疗方法是肝移植,包括原位肝移植、肝细胞移植和生物人工肝3种方法。原位肝移植受肝源缺乏和免疫排斥所限,受益者很少;后两者均因肝细胞来源问题,临床价值受限。而利用肝干细胞移植和肝组织工程治疗各种肝病其前景已得到肯定。     

原位肝移植治疗原发性肝癌

背景:肝移植可完整切除病肝,远期疗效优于肝切除,其5年存活率可达70%H1.此外,肝移植还可避免在肝功能不良的情况下肝切除带来的术后肝功能不全的严重风险.目的:回顾性分析原发性肝癌原位肝移植治疗效果及意义.方法:对解放军南京军区福州总医院肝胆外科1980-03/2008-12因原发性肝癌行原位肝移植术患者75例术后生存及肿瘤复发情况进行总结分析.结果与结论:75例患者术后1,2,3年的总体生存率及无瘤生存率分别为:86.6%,66.70%.53.3%及65.2%,53.9%,34.1%,平均生存时间25个月.其中符合Milan标准的手术患者术后1,2,3年的总体生存率及无瘤生存率分别为:88.4%,72.5%,57.9%及77.6%,62.3%,51.8%,平均生存时间39个月.超出Milan标准的6例患者均在术后1年内出现肿瘤的复发,有2例患者在术后1年内死亡,术后1年生存率为66.7%.其余4例患者于术后2年内相继死亡.平均生存时间14个月.提示原位肝移植是原发性肝癌的有效治疗方法之一,选择符合Milan标准的原发性肝癌患者行肝移植手术治疗将会取得最佳疗效.     

干细胞移植治疗肝脏疾病的研究进展

背景：干细胞移植治疗肝病是近年来众多学者研究的热点,干细胞移植的基本理论和临床应用研究都取得了很大的进展。目的：对干细胞移植的理论依据、干细胞来源、移植方式、实验与临床研究、存在问题及前景进行简要综述。方法：应用计算机检索中国学术期刊全文数据库（CNKI）和Pubmed数据库中2001-01/2011-11关于干细胞移植治疗肝病的文章,检索主题词＂干细胞,移植,肝脏疾病,肝损伤＂或＂stem cell,transplantation,hepatic disease,hepatic injury＂。初检索到192篇文献,据纳入标准保留31篇进行分析、综述。结果与结论：干细胞来源充足,容易获取,可以体外增殖培养,干细胞移植操作简单,安全性高,尤其自体干细胞移植可完全避免移植排斥反应。但自体干细胞移植肝脏疾病的安全性和有效性尚无公识,需更长期的观察。     

Use of intraoperative ultrasonography during hepatic transplantation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate if intraoperative vascular ultrasonography is of clinical value in the perioperative management of hepatic transplant patients. Fifteen intraoperative ultrasonographic examinations were performed on 13 patients (five female, eight male) during transplantation. These patients had clinically suspected vascular compromise. Among the 13 patients studied intraoperatively, five were correctly diagnosed as having hemodynamically significant vascular compromise. Of the intraoperative vascular sonographic examinations, the results of 13 were in concordance with the surgical impression as to whether further intervention was necessary or if the procedure could be terminated. Intraoperative sonography demonstrates potential to be of aid to the surgeon in recognition of vascular compromise.     

Hemodynamic and metabolic changes in hepatic transplantation

In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the intraoperative hemodynamic, laboratory, and coagulation data on the first 83 patients who underwent an initial liver transplantation procedure at our institution. The major hemodynamic changes at the time of reperfusion of the donor liver were significant decreases in arterial blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and pulmonary artery temperature and significant increases in cardiac output and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. The alterations in laboratory values reflected intraoperative therapeutic manipulations. Citrate toxicity is a concern, and the amount of calcium chloride administered reflected the volume of blood transfused. On reperfusion, the fibrinogen concentration decreased and both the prothrombin time and the activated partial thromboplastin time increased. This coagulopathy was also evident in the thromboelastographic values. Aggressive monitoring and prompt intervention are necessary to maintain hemodynamic and metabolic homeostasis in these patients.     

肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的介入治疗

目的:对肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的早期诊断及介入治疗进行初步的探讨。方法:回顾性分析我院1999年9月~2005年2月进行的450例原位肝移植术后36例肝动脉并发症的诊断及介入治疗。其中肝动脉血栓形成5例,肝动脉狭窄28例,肝动静脉瘘1例,肝动脉狭窄伴吻合口破裂出血1例,假性动脉瘤形成1例。所有病例均经彩色多普勒及动脉造影证实。其中34例接受了介入治疗。结果:32例肝动脉并发症的介入治疗获得成功,未发生与介入治疗相关的并发症,术后肝功能有明显改善。2例肝动脉血栓形成接受血管内溶栓的患者死于肝功能衰竭。结论:介入方法对肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的早期诊断及治疗具有较大的应用价值。     

多层螺旋CT测量肝脏体积在活体肝移植中的应用

目的：研究多层螺旋CT（MSCT）测量肝脏体积及对活体肝移植的应用价值。方法：MSCT扫描26例供体和受体亲体肝移植患者,并对所有病例采用阈值法和层切法对全肝肝叶体积进行测量,测量结果与标准化体积进行对比。结果：MSCT肝脏体积测量的供体和受体平均体积分别为1204.23cm3、1232.4cm3,供体和受体标准化平均体积分别为1207.02cm3、1220.1cm3,2种方法测量结果差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：MSCT可以准确评价肝脏体积,为活体肝移植术前提供重要依据。     

Variations of the left and middle hepatic veins: Application in living related hepatic transplantation

The anatomic variations of the middle hepatic vein (MHV) and left hepatic vein (LHV) in 200 patients with normal liver function were analyzed using ultrasonography to clarify the feasibility of resecting the left lobe or left lateral segment in living subjects for living related hepatic transplantation (LRHT). The MHV and LHV form a common trunk in 70% of cases but drain independently into the inferior vena cava (IVC) in 30%. In 7% of cases, the left median vein (LMV) drains into the MHV, in 32% of cases the anterior superior segmental vein (ASSV) that drains segment 8 flows into the MHV. The distance between the two confluence points (LHV flows into MHV or IVC and LMV flows into the MHV) ranged from 0.3 cm to 2.5 cm with an average of 0.75 cm. The diameter of the LMV at the point that flows into MHV ranged from 0.3 cm to 0.9 cm. with an average of 0.61 cm. The distance from the IVC to the confluence of the MHV and LHV ranged from 0 cm to 3.5 cm with an average of 1.5 cm in those cases whose MHV and LHV presented as common trunks. Preoperative delineation of this complex venous anatomy is of paramount importance because the hepatic veins have to be transected in the cutting plane of the liver. The location of this plane is determined by the optimal graft volume required, and both the graft and the remnant liver have to retain perfect function. The venous anatomy would change the cutting plane in the living donor and the surgical method of anastomosis for the recipient. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

关于肝移植围术期的用血原则

输血治疗曾经是外科手术中的重要治疗手段。时至今日，尽管已经有许多实验和临床证据表明不适当的和过量输血会导致不良的临床预后，然而血红蛋白〈100g／L或血细胞比容〈0．30的输血指征仍然被广大的临床医生普遍接受和应用。肝脏移植是最大型的腹部外科手术，手术过程复杂，患者凝血功能不良，大多数患者术前因合并消化道出血、脾功能亢进、营养不良、感染等诸多因素而已经存在贫血，因此术中需输入大量红细胞和血浆等血液制品。在肝移植开展的早期阶段，每例肝移植手术消耗的血资源均在10^4水平，随着外科技术和相关麻醉水平的提高，肝移植手术的输血量已经减少，但在多数情况下肝移植手术过程中仍要输入超过10U的红细胞，而且在多数医疗机构还得持着较为开放的输血标准。由于肝移植手术平均输血量大，除了存在血源紧张问题外，输血所带来的潜在危害，包括我们已知的输血相关疾病传播、输血反应等，还包括我们未予足够重视的输血相关性急性肺损伤（TRALI）、输血对微循环和免疫的不良影响等均是不争的事实。众多临床资料已证明，肝移植术中大量出血和大量输血是影响肝移植早期预后的独立危险因素，所以科学地选择输血指征不仅可以优化血资源的利用，更可以改善肝移植手术的临床预后。     

Hepatocellular transplantation in acute hepatic failure and targeting genetic markers to hepatic cells.

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) represents the only therapeutic option for many patients with end-stage liver disease as well as many inborn genetic errors of hepatic metabolism. Despite dramatic progress in methods for OLT, the utilization of this procedure is limited by its considerable morbidity and mortality, by a chronic shortage of organs for transplant, and by difficulty arranging funding for many patients. Many children with fulminant hepatic failure do not receive OLT because this technology is unavailable or unaffordable. Hepatocellular transplantation (HCT), in which isolated, heterologous hepatocytes from a donor liver would be infused into the diseased organ in order to provide essential hepatic functions, could provide a much needed therapeutic alternative to OLT in the treatment of some causes of hepatic insufficiency. Experiments in animals have demonstrated that several genetic deficiencies of hepatic metabolism as well as experimental induced hepatic failure in animals can be reversed by HCT. Despite this experience, HCT has never been attempted in human subjects. This protocol represents the first proposed clinical trial of HCT. We are proposing a clinical trial in which HCT would be attempted as a therapeutic intervention in children with acute hepatic failure who have no other medical or surgical options. This proposal is intended to establish surgical methods for HCT and to evaluate the feasibility of this procedure for treating hepatic disease in humans. It is our expectation that HCT may provide short-term support for patients awaiting organ availability, a "bridge to recovery" allowing patients with fulminant hepatic failure to recover, or a long-term repopulation of the patient's liver with healthy donor cells. One of the major limitations of many animal studies in HCT is that, since the donor hepatocytes are often indistinguishable from those of the host, it has often been difficult to demonstrate a clear correlation between engraftment and the therapeutic effect. In order to verify engraftment independent of the therapeutic response, we propose to "mark" the donor hepatocytes by transducing these cells with a recombinant retroviral vector (LNL6) carrying a marker gene (NEO-R, neomycin phosphoribosyl transferase). The presence of this marker will enhance the ability to identify transplanted cells in the host using assays for the NEO-R gene or transcribed NEO-R mRNA. The LNL6 vector has been approved for human use and has been used as a marker gene for transplanted cells in human subjects without any reported adverse effects. We would like to emphasize that this is a proposal with therapeutic intent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

肝中静脉的解剖及其在活体肝移植中的应用

肝移植是治疗各种终末期肝病的有效手段,但世界性的供肝短缺问题导致每年全球约有10%的患者在等待移植过程中死亡。活体肝移植(1iving donor liver transplantation,LDLT)是在尸体供肝短缺的背景下产生的,成人间的LDLT多需切取供体的右半肝作为移植物。尽管活体右半肝移植取得了令人振奋的效果,但是关于活体右半肝移植时是否保留供体的肝中静脉(middle hepatic vein,MHV)问题上一直存在争议。同时,不包含MHV的活体右半肝移植在MHV引流的V、VIII段属支的处理问题上一直存在争议。本文就MHV的局部应用解剖、LDLT手术时MHV的供体或受体归属、不带MHV的半肝移植时MHV属支重建与否等问题结合华西医院肝脏移植中心的经验及相关文献做一综述。     

肝干细胞移植在肝病治疗中的应用

背景:目前,肝移植存在供体短缺、手术损伤、手术并发症发生率高以及费用高昂等问题,而肝干细胞移植为终末期肝病的治疗提供了崭新的思路.目的:介绍肝干细胞的来源与分类、肝干细胞移植治疗终末期肝病的研究现状及面临的问题,并展望了其临床应用前景.方法:应用计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI:1999/2009)和Medline database数据库(1999/2009)相关文献,检索词分别为"肝干细胞,肝脏疾病,移植"和"hepatic stem cells,liver disease,transplantation",语言分别设定为中文和英文,共检索到87篇文章,阅读文题和摘要进行筛选,选择具有原创性,论点论据可靠且分析全面的与肝干细胞移植临床应用密切相关的文章,排除重复研究及质量较差的文献,最后纳入30篇进行总结综述.结果与结论:肝干细胞可分为肝源性和非肝源性.肝源性肝干细胞包括肝卵圆细胞、成熟肝细胞和间充质干细胞等,非肝源性肝干细胞主要来源于胚胎干细胞、骨髓造血干细胞和胰腺干细胞等.目前肝干细胞治疗肿病的研究尚处在初期阶段,从肝干细胞的发现到分离、纯化、全面鉴定、体外培养、定向分化及临床试验等,仍存在许多难题需要研究解决.不过作为一种新兴的种子细胞来源,肝干细胞不但可替换受损组织,而且可刺激受体组织再生以达到自身修复的目的,所以相比现在临床常用的原位肝移植和生物人工肝而言,肝干细胞在治疗各种原因引起的肝脏疾病中都具有十分广阔的前景.