食管鳞癌组织Survivin mRNA和蛋白表达的临床意义

目的:研究食管鳞癌组织中SurvivinmRNA与蛋白表达的相互关系,探讨两者在食管鳞癌发生和发展中的作用.方法:采用原位杂交技术检测30例食管鳞癌及相应的癌旁组织中Survivin mRNA的表达,同时采用免疫组织化学SP法检测相应标本中Sur-vivin蛋白的表达.结果:在食管鳞癌和相应的癌旁组织中Survivin mRNA表达的阳性率分别为66.7%和10.0%,Survivin蛋白表达的阳性率分别为76.7%和16.0%.食管鳞癌组远高于癌旁组,差异有统计学意义,P<0.01.Survivin mRNA与蛋白在食管鳞癌组织中的阳性表达具有一致性(P>0.05),其阳性率高低与性别、年龄、肿瘤大小无关,而与组织学分级、淋巴结转移、TNM分期有关.结论:Sur-vivin基因的异常表达可能对食管鳞癌的发生和发展起重要作用.     

食管鳞癌组织中FANCA基因表达及其临床意义的研究

目的:探讨FANCA基因在食管鳞癌组织中的表达及意义.方法:采用RT-PCR检测36例食管鳞癌癌组织、相应的癌旁组织和正常黏膜组织中FANCA mRNA的表达情况.PCR产物经凝胶电泳,比较3种组织中FANCA与GAPDH条带的灰度值之比,半定量分析FANCA mRNA的表达水平.结果:36例癌组织中有9例(25.0%)FANCA mRNA检测到阳性表达,27例(75.0%) FANCA mRNA缺失表达,其阳性表达率显著低于相应的癌旁组织(P=0.006)和正常黏膜组织(P=0.001);癌组织中FANCA mRNA表达水平为0.46±0.16,显著低于相应的癌旁组织的0.71±0.12(q=6.32)和正常黏膜组织的0.77±0.11(q=10.78),P＜0.05.随着肿瘤分化程度的升高,FANCA mRNA在癌组织中的阳性表达率也明显增加,P高vs低=0.015,P高vs中=0.024.但FANCA mRNA的阳性表达与食管癌TNM分期、淋巴结有无转移和病理类型均差异无统计学意义,P>0.05.结论:FANCA基因在食管鳞癌的发生发展中可能具有抑癌基因的作用.     

血清中CD44v5及c-met检测对食管鳞癌高危人群的筛检价值

目的:检测食管鳞癌患者CD44v5及c-met表达情况,并分析其在癌组织及癌旁组织的表达差异;探讨采用ELISA法检测两者在血清中含量用于食管鳞癌筛检的价值.方法:采用RT-PCR技术和Western-Blot法分别检测CD44v5及c-met基因在食管鳞癌组织及癌旁组织中的表达;并采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA法)测定CD44v5及c-met蛋白在100例食管鳞癌患者及60例健康体检者血清的含量.结果: CD44v5、c-met mRNA在食管鳞癌组织中IA值(0.737±0.116,0.748±0.122)高于相应癌旁食管组织(0.140±0.065,0.147±0.064),差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01);CD44v5及c-met蛋白相对表达量在癌组织(1.099±0.230,1.054±0.227)中亦高于相应癌旁组织(0.265±0.105,0.245±0.097)(P<0.01);CD44v5蛋白在食管鳞癌患者血清中的含量[(31.308±10.123) μg/L]高于健康体检者[(19.364±1.680) μg/L],差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01),c-met蛋白在食管鳞癌患者血清中的含量[(101.183±15.335) μg/L]亦高于健康体检者[(56.165±8.979) μg/L](P<0.01).CD44v5与c-met在食管鳞癌患者血清中的含量具有相关性(r=0.880,P<0.01).ELISA法检测CD44v5、c-met、二者并联及串联诊断食管鳞癌的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.865、1.000、0.800及0.950,灵敏度分别为91.0%、99.0%、100.0%、90.0%,特异度分别为60.0%、100.0%、60.0%、100.0%.结论:CD44v5与c-met的高表达与食管鳞癌的发生有关,二者具有相关性;ELISA法检测血清中c-met蛋白含量,并联合CD44v5蛋白检测,或许有助于在食管鳞癌高发地区对高危人群进行大规模筛检.     

食管鳞癌及贲门腺癌中分泌型卷曲相关蛋白4基因启动子区甲基化状态的联合检测

目的:检测食管鳞癌(esophageal squamous cell cancer,ESCC)和贲门腺癌(gastric cardia adenocarcinoma,GCA)中分泌型卷曲相关蛋白4(secreted frizzled related protein 4, SFRP4)的基因甲基化状态,探讨其与食管鳞癌和贲门腺癌发生的关系.方法:应用甲基化特异性PCR(methylation-specific PCR,MSP)及RT-PCR的方法检测49例食管鳞癌及58例贲门腺癌中SFRP4基因的甲基化状态及其mRNA表达情况,应用免疫组织化学法检测Wnt通路中心因子β-catenin蛋白的表达情况,并分析其与临床病理参数间的关系.结果: 在食管鳞癌及贲门腺癌中,SFRP4基因的甲基化率分别为42.6%(21/49)和72.4%(42/58),均明显高于癌旁非肿瘤组织(P<0.01).在贲门腺癌中SFRP4基因的高甲基化与肿瘤患者的临床分期相关,与病理分级无关;而在食管鳞癌中,该基因的甲基化与各临床病理指标均无关(P>0.05).SFRP4基因在食管鳞癌及贲门腺癌中mRNA阳性表达率分别为69.3%(34/49)和44.8%(26/58),均明显低于癌旁非肿瘤组织(P<0.05),且肿瘤组织中mRNA表达与该基因的甲基化状态明显相关(P<0.01).通路中心因子β-catenin蛋白在食管鳞癌及贲门腺癌中的异质表达率分别为65.3%(32/49)和86.2%(50/58),均明显高于癌旁非肿瘤组织(P<0.01),且其异质表达与SFRP4基因的甲基化状态相关(P<0.05).结论:SFRP4基因的高甲基化状态可能是引起贲门癌及食管癌发生的共同分子机制之一,并有可能通过Wnt/β-catenin信号转导通路发挥作用. 检测SFRP4基因甲基化状态对于贲门腺癌的预后评估有一定参考价值.     

The Expression of RECK mRNA and Protein in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Its Clinical Significance

目的:探讨食管鳞癌组织中RECK mRNA和蛋白的表达情况及其与临床病理因素的关系。方法:应用RT-PCR和免疫组化SP法检测62例食管鳞癌组织、31例癌旁不典型增生组织及62例正常食管粘膜组织中mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果:在食管鳞癌癌变过程中RECK在癌组织、癌旁不典型增生组织及正常粘膜组织中mRNA的含量依次增高,分别为1.052±0.078、1.274±0.235、1.306±0.121,组间比较有明显差异(F=49.936,P<0.05);不同分化程度、不同浸润深度及有无淋巴结转移的食管鳞癌组织之间RECK mRNA相对含量差异均有统计学意义(F=5.081,F=26.084,U=24.011,P均<0.05)。食管鳞癌组织及癌旁不典型增生组织中RECK蛋白表达均低于正常粘膜组织,表达量分别为59.7%(37/62)、71.0%(22/31)、85.5%(53/62),组间比较有明显差异(χ2=10.331,P<0.01);食管鳞癌组织中RECK蛋白表达与癌组织的分化程度、不同浸润深度及有无淋巴结转移密切相关(P<0.05)。结论:食管鳞癌组织中RECK mRNA和蛋白表达均降低,其低表达可能与食管鳞癌发生有关。检测RECK mRNA及蛋白的表达可望成为食管鳞癌早期诊断和判断预后的分子指标之一。     

食管鳞状细胞癌中CDH1基因启动子区甲基化状态与β-catenin异质表达的相关性

目的:研究食管鳞状细胞癌(Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer,ESCC)中CDH1(cadherin 1)基因的甲基化状态,探讨其与Wnt中心因子β-catenin表达及与食管鳞癌发生的关系.方法:应用甲基化特异性PCR(MSP)及RT-PCR的方法检测91例食管鳞癌中CDH1基因的甲基化状态及其mRNA表达情况,应用免疫组织化学的方法检测β-catenin蛋白的表达情况,并分析与临床病理参数间的关系.结果:在91例食管鳞癌中,有72例CDH1基因发生了甲基化,甲基化率为79.1%,明显高于癌旁非肿瘤组织(P＜0.01);癌组织中CDH1基因的高甲基化与肿瘤患者的临床分期相关,与病理分级无关;癌组织中该基因mRNA的阳性表达率42.9%,明显低于癌旁非肿瘤组织(97.8%,P＜0.01);癌及癌旁组织中β-catenin蛋白的异质表达率分别为89.0%和24.2%,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01):癌组织中CDH1基因mRNA表达及β-catenin蛋白的异质表达均与该基因的甲基化状态明显相关(P＜0.05).结论:CDH1基因启动子区甲基化在食管鳞癌中频繁发生,该基因的高甲基化状态可能是引起食管鳞癌发生的分子机制之一,并有可能通过Wnt/β-catenin信号传导通路发挥作用.     

食管鳞癌及癌旁粘膜中核转录因子κB p65及IκBα基因和蛋白表达及意义

目的:探讨核转录因子κB(NF-κB)p65基因及其抑制基因IκBα的表达与食管鳞癌发生的关系。方法:用RT-PCR及免疫组化SP法检测了61例食管鳞癌及其正常粘膜上皮、癌旁粘膜上皮中NF-κBp65基因、IκBα基因mRNA及蛋白的表达。结果:食管鳞癌中p65mRNA、IκBαmRNA的表达量明显高于正常上皮(P<0.01),p65蛋白、IκBα蛋白胞浆表达或胞核表达率均明显高于正常上皮(P<0.01)。癌旁粘膜中,NF-κBp65蛋白、IκBα蛋白在癌旁正常上皮中的胞浆或胞核阳性率均明显低于不典型增生上皮、原位癌和浸润癌(P均<0.05)。结论:NF-κBp65、IκBαmRNA表达和蛋白表达均与食管鳞癌的发生有关。     

晚期糖化终产物受体在食管鳞癌组织中的表达及其意义

目的 探讨食管鳞癌组织中晚期糖化终产物受体(RAGE)的表达及意义.方法 采用免疫组化S-P法对50例食管鳞癌组织、30例癌旁不典型增生组织以及50例正常食管黏膜组织中RAGE蛋白表达进行检测;运用原位杂交方法对50例食管鳞癌组织、30例癌旁不典型增生组织以及50例正常食管黏膜组织中RAGE mRNA表达进行检测.结果食管鳞癌组织中RAGE蛋白、mRNA阳性表达率明显高于癌旁不典型增生组织及正常食管黏膜组织,三者两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05);食管鳞癌组织中RAGE蛋白、mRNA阳性表达率与肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移有关(P均＜0.05).结论RAGE高表达可能与食管鳞癌发生和发展有关.     

ADAMTS1、ADAMTS18基因在食管鳞癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的:分析食管鳞状细胞癌(esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,ESCC)组织中含凝血酶敏感素1型基序的解聚素样金属蛋白酶(a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 1,ADAMTS1)及ADAMTS18基因的表达,探讨ADAMTS1和ADAMTS18基因在ESCC发生、发展中的作用。方法:收集2008年6月至2011年8月河北医科大学第四医院手术切除的72例ESCC组织及癌旁组织,应用RT-PCR及免疫组化S-P法分别检测ESCC组织及癌旁组织中ADAMTS1、ADAMTS18 mRNA及其蛋白的表达。结果:1 ESCC组织中ADAMTS1 mRNA的表达显著低于相应的癌旁组织[(0.394±0.123)vs(0.895±0.276),P<0.01],有淋巴结转移组ADAMTS1 mRNA表达显著高于无淋巴结转移组[(0.482±0.157)vs(0.298±0.102),P<0.05];2ESCC组织中ADAMTS18 mRNA表达显著低于相应的癌旁组织[(0.361±0.115)vs(0.879±0.265),P<0.01),高、中分化鳞癌组ADAMTS18 mRNA表达显著高于低分化鳞癌组[(0.496±0.153)vs(0.232±0.088),P<0.05];3ESCC组织中ADAMTS1和ADAMTS18蛋白阳性表达率显著低于癌旁组织[38.9%(28/72)、34.7%(25/72)vs94.4%(68/72)、93.1%(67/72),均P<0.01],高、中分化组ADAMTS18蛋白阳性表达率显著高于低分化鳞癌组[45.4%(20/44)vs 17.8%(5/28),P<0.05];4ESCC组织中ADAMTS1与ADAMTS18的蛋白表达无明显相关性(χ2=1.338,P>0.05)。结论:ADAMTS1基因在ESCC中的异常表达可能与ESCC的发生及有无淋巴结转移有关;ADAMTS18基因在ESCC中的异常表达可能与ESCC的发生及组织分化程度有关;两种基因在ESCC组织中蛋白的表达不存在明显的相关性。     

肝细胞癌组织Smad4基因表达及其临床意义的研究

目的:拟通过检测Smad4基因在肝细胞癌(HCC)中的表达,初步探讨TGFβ-Smad信号通路中Co-Smad(Smad4)与肝细胞癌的发生和发展之间的可能关系.方法:采用免疫组化ABC法及原位杂交法(ISH)检测41例肝细胞癌组织切片中癌与癌旁Smad 4蛋白和mRNA的表达,5例外伤性肝破裂手术切除标本作为正常对照.比较HCC组与对照组及HCC与癌旁Smad 4蛋白和mRNA表达的差异,并进行统计分析.结果:正常对照组Smad 4蛋白和mRNA均呈阳性表达;HCC组织Smad4蛋白阳性率为48.8%(20/41),癌旁组织中为78.0%(32/41),两者比较差异有统计学意义,P<0.01;HCC组织Smad4 mRNA阳性卒为51.2%(21/41),癌旁组织中为73.1%(30/41),两者比较差异有统计学意义,P<0.05;与正常肝组织比较,HCC组织中Smad4蛋白和mRNA阳性表达均显著降低,P<0.05;HCC组织Smad4 mRNA阳性表达在病理分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级与Ⅲ、Ⅳ级之间差异有统计学意义,P<0.05.结论:Smad 4基因表达缺失可能在肝细胞癌的发生和发展中发挥作用.     

Farnesyltransferase inhibitors: antineoplastic properties, mechanisms of action, and clinical prospects

Farnesyltransferase (FTase) inhibitors are among the current wave of molecularly targeted anti-cancer agents being used to attack malignancy in a rational manner. A large body of preclinical data indicates that FTase inhibitors block cancer cell proliferation through both cytostatic and cytotoxic effects. Interestingly, FTase inhibitors have rather limited effects on normal cell function, suggesting that they may target unique aspects of cancer cell pathophysiology. The development of FTase inhibitors was predicated on the discovery that the Ras oncoproteins must be post-translationally modified to transform cells. However, recent work indicates that the anti-neoplastic effects of FTase inhibitors depend on altering the post-translational modifications of non-Ras proteins as well. In particular, a critical target protein that responds to FTase inhibition by blocking tumor cell growth is RhoB, an endosomal Rho protein that functions in receptor trafficking. In this review, we survey the biological foundations for the clinical development of FTase inhibitors, and consider some of the latest mechanistic studies that reveal how these agents affect cellular physiology.     

Targeting tumor vasculature with homing peptides from phage display

Tumor vasculature expresses a number of molecular markers at much lower levels than those seen in the blood vessels of normal tissues, and in some cases, such markers are undetectable. The presence of these markers relates to angiogenesis; the same markers are shared by all blood vessels undergoing angiogenesis. The endothelial cells, pericytes and smooth muscle cells, and the vascular extracellular matrix in angiogenic vessels can each express such markers. Molecularly, they represent vascular growth factor receptors, cell adhesion proteins and their receptors. Screening of phage display libraries for peptides that home to tumor vasculature when injected into mice has recently provided a new tool for analyzing the distinguishing features of tumor vasculature. Tumor-homing peptides isolated in this manner, as well as an antibody against a form of fibronectin expressed in tumor blood vessels, have been found to serve as targeting devices to concentrate drugs and other therapeutic materials to tumors in in vivo models. Such a targeting strategy can therefore potentially improve the efficacy of drugs and reduce their side effects.     

Identification of EBV transforming genes by recombinant EBV technology

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is able to infect primary B-lymphocytes but usually does not proceed to replicate more virions. Instead, EBV persists as an incomplete virus and expresses 12 gene products that transform the growth of these cells into continuously proliferating lymphoblastoid cell lines. Because EBV is associated with several human malignancies, there is intense interest in delineating the molecular functions of these EBV gene products in transformation. This review focuses on the recombinant EBV technologies that have been developed to introduce specific mutations into EBV and test the functions of these EBV genes in primary B-lymphocyte growth transformation.     

Matrix metalloproteinases in tumor invasion and metastasis

Extensive work on the mechanisms of tumor invasion and metastasis has identified matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as key players in the events that underlie tumor dissemination. Studies using natural and synthetic MMP inhibitors, as well as tumor cells transfected with cDNAs encoding the MMPs characterized thus far have provided compelling evidence that MMP activity can induce or enhance tumor survival, invasion and metastasis. Because of the ability of MMPs to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, the principal mechanism whereby MMPs promote tumor development has been thought to be the proteolytic breakdown of tissue barriers to invasion and the associated facilitation of circulating tumor cell extravasation. However, recent evidence stemming from the use of novel experimental approaches indicates that MMPs do not play a major role in the process of extravasation itself. Rather, they appear to promote intravasation (the process of penetrating the circulation following invasion of blood vessels) and regulate the relationship between tumor cells and host tissue stroma subsequent to extravasation. In addition, the discoveries that a growing number of proteolytically active MMPs may localize to the cell surface in association with adhesion receptors, and that MMP substrates include latent cytokines and growth factors, provide a new conceptual framework for the mechanisms whereby MMPs influence tumor behavior.     

New aspects of integrin signaling in cancer

Members of the integrin family of cell adhesion receptors influence several important aspects of cancer cell behavior, including motility and invasiveness, cell growth, and cell survival. Engagement of integrins with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins can activate members of the Rho-family of small GTPases; conversely, Rho- and Ras-family proteins can influence the ability of integrins to bind their ligands. These events impinge on the control of cell motility, and ultimately on invasive and metastatic behavior. Integrin engagement with ECM also has important effects on cell survival, particularly for cells of epithelial origin. In some cases, specific integrins have selective effects on the efficiency of signal transduction in cell survival pathways.     

Role of LMP1 in immune control of EBV infection

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encoded latent membrane protein (LMP1) plays a crucial role in the long-term persistence of this virus within the cells of the immune system. Not only is this protein critical for the transformation of resting B cells by EBV, it also displays pleiotropic effects on various cellular proteins expressed in the host cell. These include up-regulation of expression of B cell activation antigens, adhesion molecules and various components of the antigen processing pathway. Here we discuss how LMP1 acts like an expression 'switch' which, depending on the stage of EBV infection, manoeuvres various pathways that either modulate the immune system towards or against its survival.     

腹部压块对膈肌运动影响的研究

目的 :研究腹部压块对膈肌运动的影响。方法 :选择拟行立体适形放疗患有肺癌或肝脏肿瘤的患者 2 0例。按治疗体位仰卧于体部立体放疗定位负压袋内 ,待患者呼吸平稳后 ,将灯光野的中心点置于膈顶运动的最低点 ,在膈肌运动至最高位时拍摄照片 ,测量膈肌运动的最大幅度 ;然后 ,将心形腹部压块放置于患者剑突下 ,并用定位框架的腹带交叉固定 ,按压程度以不引起患者呼吸困难或其他不适为标准 ,5min后按上述方法再次测量膈肌运动的最大幅度。结果 :2 0例患者未加腹部压块的运动幅度为0 6 2～ 2 6 7cm ,平均 (1 4± 0 6 4)cm ,加腹部压块后的膈肌运动幅度为 0 2 8～ 2 0 8cm ,平均 (1 0±0 5 5 )cm ,加腹部压块后膈肌运动幅度平均减小 (0 4± 0 34)cm ,P =0 0 0 0。加腹部压块后 90 % (18/2 0 )的患者膈肌运动幅度受到不同程度的限制 ,但有 10 % (2 /2 0 )的患者膈肌运动幅度增加。结论 :腹部压块可使大部分患者膈肌运动的幅度减小 ,但少部分患者例外 ,即腹部压块并不能使所有膈肌周围肿瘤的照射容积减少。建议在制定放射治疗计划前应预先进行测量和评价     

ABCG2在肺癌中表达的定量研究

目的 观察ABCG2在肺癌和癌周肺组织的表达,从量化角度阐明其在肺癌组织中表达的病理学意义.方法 常规石蜡包埋、HE切片确诊,用免疫组化SP法检测ABCG2在肺癌和癌周肺组织的定位和表达,用LeicaQ500MC图像分析系统对其表达强度进行定量分析,并用表达的阳性单位(positive unit PU)反映其表达强度.结果 ABCG2蛋白在肺癌和癌周正常肺组织中的表达主要定位在细胞质和细胞膜.在癌周正常肺组织的支气管和细支气管上皮呈弥漫表达,腺上皮呈灶性表达;肺鳞癌和肺腺癌弥漫或大片表达,肺鳞癌表达的PU值高于肺腺癌(P＜0.001),肺大细胞癌和肺小细胞癌不表达,PU值接近于零.癌周肺组织表达的PU值高于各型肺癌(P＜0.05).ABCG2蛋白表达的PU值在肺癌原发灶和转移灶之间无差别(P＞0.05),且与肺癌患者的性别、年龄、转移和TNM分期未见明显相关性(P＞0.05),与肺癌分化程度有关(P＜0.001).分化程度越高,PU值越高,但高分化肺癌和癌周肺组织的表达PU值差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 ABCG2蛋白表达程度与肺癌类型及分化程度具有相关性,可能成为判断其指标之一.     

Telomerase and human tumorigenesis

Human cancer cells, unlike their normal counterparts, have shed the molecular restraints to limited cell growth and are immortal. Exactly how cancer cells manage this at the molecular level is beginning to be understood. Human cells must overcome two barriers to cellular proliferation. The first barrier, referred to as senescence, minimally involves the p53 and Rb tumor-suppressor pathways. Inactivation of these pathways results in some extension of lifespan. However, inactivation of these pathways is insufficient for immortalization. As normal cells undergo repeated rounds of DNA replication, their telomeres shorten due to the inability of traditional DNA polymerases to completely replicate the end of the chromosomal DNA. This shortening continues until the cells reach a second proliferative block referred to as crisis, which is characterized by chromosomal instability, end-to-end fusions, and cell death. Stabilization of the telomeric DNA through either telomerase activation or the activation of the alternative mechanism of telomere maintenance (ALT) is essential if the cells are to survive and proliferate indefinitely. Conversely, loss of telomere stabilization by an already-immortalized cell results in loss of immortality and cell death. Together this indicates that telomere maintenance is a critical component of immortality. In this review we attempt to describe our current understanding of the role of telomere maintenance in senescence, crisis, and tumorigenesis.     

Post-translational regulation of COX2 activity by FYN in prostate cancer cells

While increased COX2 expression and prostaglandin levels are elevated in human cancers, the mechanisms of COX2 regulation at the post-translational level are unknown. Initial observation that COX2 forms adduct with non-receptor tyrosine kinase FYN, prompted us to study FYN-mediated post-translational regulation of COX2. We found that FYN increased COX2 activity in prostate cancer cells DU145, independent of changes in COX2 or COX1 protein expression levels. We report that FYN phosphorylates human COX2 on Tyr 446, and while corresponding phospho-mimetic COX2 mutation promotes COX2 activity, the phosphorylation blocking mutation prevents FYN-mediated increase in COX2 activity.