Feed a cold, starve a fever?

An English old wives' tale advises us to "feed a cold and starve a fever." Here we report that the nutritional status modulates the T helper 1 (Th1)-Th2 balance of activated T cells in human volunteers. Food intake resulted in increased levels of gamma interferon production, whereas food deprivation stimulated interleukin-4 release.     

The nexus of aβ, aging, and sleep

Roh et al. report a positive feedback loop between sleep-wake irregularities and aggregation of β-amyloid peptide, suggesting that sleep alterations could be an early event in Alzheimer's disease.     

Regucalcin, a calcium-binding protein with a role in male reproduction?

Regucalcin (RGN) is a calcium (Ca(2+))-binding protein which plays an important role in the regulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis and has been shown to catalyse an important step in L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis. It is encoded by an X-linked gene and differs from other Ca(2+)-binding proteins by lacking the typical EF-hand Ca(2+)-binding domain. RGN controls intracellular Ca(2+) concentration by regulating the activity of membrane Ca(2+) pumps. Moreover, RGN has been indicated to regulate the activity of numerous enzymes and to act in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. The importance of Ca(2+) homeostasis in spermatogenesis has been demonstrated by several studies, and its disruption has been shown to cause reversible male infertility. Recently, the expression of RGN in male reproductive tissues has been described and its localization in all testicular cell types was demonstrated. In addition, RGN expression is regulated by androgens, a class of steroid hormones recognized as male germ cell survival factors and of uttermost importance for spermatogenesis. Altogether, available information suggests the hypothesis that RGN might play a role in spermatogenesis, directly or as a mediator of androgen action. This review discusses this hypothesis presenting novel data about RGN expression in human testis.     

Inflammation: a highly conserved,Janus-like phenomenon—a gastroenterologist’ perspective

Inflammation is the result of the loss of host’s resilience towards the surrounding world. At gross tissue level, inflammation coincides with fluid leakage from vessels, swelling, and blood stasis and extravasation of mononuclear/macrophage cells. Biochemically, these events lead to anoxia and dramatic changes: interruption of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, influx of the M1 macrophage subset, which live on anaerobic glycolysis. Fall of ATP then leads to energy shortage and debt. In their chronic forms, these phenomena are now known to mark a number of degenerative disorders that have invaded the Western World since the last century: Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s syndromes, rheumatic diseases, metabolic diseases. Intriguingly, these affections seem to derive from the gut, along two possible pathways. A sort of ascending loss of function caused by accumulation of (and hyperreactivity to) proteins released to restrain spread of enteric viruses: the alpha-synucleins, now increasingly spotted in relation to Parkinson’s pathogenesis. The second pathway would entail the intellectual decline perhaps brought about by large use of food containing the proteins of red processed meat. The bacterium Bilophila wadsworthia, thriving in this meat, can erode the mucus layer on colon surfaces, allowing further bacterial flora to approach lining cells, so upgrading the alarm state. We discuss two strategies to prevent such instability from ending up to full-blown inflammatory bowel disease: physical exercise and systematic switch to fibre-containing diets.     

Antiallergic Function of KR62980, a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Agonist,in a Mouse Allergic Rhinitis Model

Purpose

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) has been shown to play an important role in the control of inflammatory responses acting on macrophages, mast cells, T cells and eosinophils. A novel PPAR-γ ligand, KR62980 have been recently focused on due to the lower undesirable effects than other PPAR-γ ligands such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of KR62980 on nasal symptoms and immunopathological profiles in allergic nasal mucosa in murine allergic rhinitis model.

Methods

BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged intranasally with ovalbumin (OVA). KR62980 was administered intraperitoneally or orally 3 hours before each intranasal OVA challenge.

Results

Administration of KR62980 significantly decreased the number of nasal rubbing, nasal sneezing, ova-specific IgE and total IgE in serum, secretion of Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-17 from the spleen and eosinophilic infiltration in the nasal mucosa. KR62980 decreased the expression of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 mRNAs in the nasal mucosal tissue, while, it elevated the level of IL-10 and IFN-γ in splenocyte culture. KR62980 seemed to decrease IL-17 level in local and systemic level even though it did not reach to statistical significance. The anti-inflammatory effect was more definite when the KR62980 was administered intraorally than intraperitoneally.

Conclusions

A novel PPAR-γ ligand, KR62980 can attenuate OVA-induced allergic inflammation in mice mainly through modulation of Th2 cytokines. This finding suggests that PPAR-γ might have a role in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.     

Neonatal hyperphenylalaninemia, perinatal hemochromatosis, and renal tubulopathy: a unique patient or a novel metabolic disorder?

A neonate presented with hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA), with a persistently elevated phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio. The HPA was responsive to tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). His clinical course was dominated by liver failure, associated with perinatal hemochromatosis. He also developed renal tubulopathy. HPA has not previously been reported in association with any of these features. We investigated the etiology of his condition, and discuss the possibility that this represents a novel single-gene disorder.     

Adenosine,inflammation and asthma – a review

Adenosine is a ubiquitous molecule present in every cell of the human body. It has a wide range of physiological functions mediated predominantly through specific cell surface adenosine receptors. Adenosine has both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects and acts on inflammatory and resident immune cells and antioxidant enzymes. The elevation of adenosine in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of asthmatics combined with its bronchoconstrictor effect on the airways in asthmatics has led to increased research into the contribution of adenosine in the pathophysiology of inflammation and asthma. This review looks at the airway response to adenosine and at the interaction of adenosine with mast cells and basophils.Received 3 October 2003; returned for revision 2 December; accepted by A. Falus 23 December 2003     

“Mycobacterium tilburgii,” a Newly Described,Uncultivated Opportunistic Pathogen

Molecular methods are increasingly used to identify pathogens that are difficult to cultivate. We report a case of disseminated infection with “Mycobacterium tilburgii,” a proposed species that has never been cultivated. The case illustrates the diagnostic utility of sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene directly from clinical specimens.Molecular methods are increasingly used to detect pathogens that are difficult to cultivate or have thus far not been cultivated. Amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene directly from clinical specimens can produce data that enable rapid detection of such organisms and their identification to the species level (2, 5). “Mycobacterium tilburgii” is a proposed species that has not been cultivable and has been reported in only four previous patients. It was first described by Buiting et al. in a previously healthy woman with acid-fast smear-positive infection of her bowels and bladder (1, 9). The organism had a unique 16S rRNA gene sequence and was named for the Dutch city in which it was first detected, Tilburg. The only other published cases are those of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS who developed enteritis (8, 9) and pulmonary nodules (6) due to noncultured mycobacterial species. Comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences against those in GenBank identified the organisms in all three cases as “M. tilburgii”.We report an additional case of disseminated “M. tilburgii” infection in an HIV-negative patient seen at the National Institutes of Health (NIH).A 53-year-old man from New Hampshire with a history of sarcoidosis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease was admitted to the NIH for evaluation of abdominal pain and diarrhea.The patient had undergone a partial right lower lobectomy 13 years earlier for pulmonary nodules diagnosed histologically as sarcoidosis. He was treated with prednisone for 1 year with resolution of the residual nodules. He also had recurrent esophageal strictures treated with endoscopic dilation.The patient was in stable health until a year prior to admission, when he developed daily episodes of severe nonradiating periumbilical abdominal pain and intermittent watery diarrhea with occasional streaks of blood. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy findings were normal, but small bowel enteroscopy demonstrated yellow duodenal and jejunal plaques. Acid-fast smear of the biopsy samples of the plaques revealed numerous acid-fast bacilli, but cultures were negative.He was treated empirically for disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection with clarithromycin, ethambutol, and rifabutin with transient improvement of his symptoms. A computed tomography (CT) scan performed for recurrent abdominal pain 3 months before admission to the NIH demonstrated a mesenteric abscess. A needle biopsy yielded pus that had a positive acid-fast smear but was again culture negative. Following the biopsy, he was treated with clarithromycin, rifabutin, and amikacin. His CD4⁺ T-cell counts ranged from 140 to 350/μl (normal, >400/μl). He was repeatedly negative for HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. He had lost more than 14 kg over a year. The patient had fatigue but no fevers, chills, or night sweats. He had never traveled outside North America and had a past history of heavy tobacco and alcohol use.On examination at NIH, he was afebrile with normal vital signs. He appeared well nourished but mildly ill. He was barrel chested and had diffusely decreased breath sounds with scattered expiratory wheezes. There was moderate tenderness to palpation at the left periumbilical region with no palpable masses or liver edge. The spleen was palpable just below the left costal margin. Hemoccult-positive brown stool was in the rectal vault. He had mild peripheral clubbing and leukonychia. Cardiac, neurologic, and lymph node examination results were normal.His erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 22 mm/h. His white blood cell count was 5,600/μl. He was negative for HIV-1 and -2 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A CT scan showed several large, low-density, ring-enhancing masses in the mesentery, the largest of which was 5.1 by 3.6 cm and involved the small bowel wall (Fig. ​(Fig.1).1). Upper endoscopy with push enteroscopy found scattered yellow plaques in the jejunum and duodenum (Fig. ​(Fig.2).2). After failed percutaneous drainage, the patient underwent a laparotomy. He had a thickened, nodular jejunal mucosa with matted purulent mesenteric lymph nodes, the largest of which measured 4.5 cm. A partial small bowel resection, including removal of the associated mesentery, was performed.Open in a separate windowFIG. 1.Abdominal CT scan of our patient, demonstrating the largest of several mesenteric masses (arrow), measuring 5.1 by 3.6 cm.Open in a separate windowFIG. 2.Endoscopic photograph of the jejunal wall, which had scattered yellow plaques.Biopsy samples from the small bowel abscesses showed granulomatous changes and numerous acid-fast organisms. Cultures remained sterile. The patient was treated with clarithromycin, ethionamide, moxifloxacin, and subcutaneous gamma interferon (50 μg/m² three times weekly). His symptoms and CT findings resolved over several months. CT scans 1, 2, and 3 years postoperatively showed continued resolution of his abscesses. After 2 years, gamma interferon was discontinued and the patient has remained well on secondary prophylaxis with moxifloxacin and clarithromycin.A total of 14 clinical specimens were submitted for mycobacterial culture (two each of blood, sputum, and a mesenteric abscess; one each of urine, stool, and a left foot ulcer; and biopsy samples of the colon, small bowel, duodenum, skin, and a mesenteric lymph node). Variable numbers of acid-fast bacilli were seen, by auramine-rhodamine staining (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD), on the direct smears of the colonic, jejunal, and duodenal biopsy samples and of the lymph node and mesenteric abscess materials.All samples were plated on BACTEC 12B, Middlebrook 7H11 agar, and Mitchison 7H11 agar (Middlebrook 7H11 with carbenicillin, polymyxin B, amphotericin B, and trimethoprim; Remel, Lenexa, KS). In an attempt to isolate fastidious mycobacterial species known to have specific nutritional requirements, material from some specimens was inoculated onto one or more of the following media: Lowenstein-Jensen slants, Herrold''s egg yolk agar with mycobactin J, sheep blood agar, horse blood agar, and charcoal yeast extract agar (Remel). Multiple BACTEC 12B vials were also inoculated for each specimen; various supplements were added to individual vials, including reconstituting fluid (BD), egg yolk (BD), mycobactin J (Allied Monitor, Fayette, MO), and hemin solution (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Solid media were incubated either at 30°C in ambient air or at 35°C in 5 to 8% CO₂; BACTEC 12B vials were incubated at both 30 and 35°C. Cultures were incubated for 10 to 16 weeks and remained negative, except for single colonies of Mycobacterium mucogenicum, Mycobacterium gordonae, and Acremonium species from the colonic biopsy sample. These organisms were not considered pathogens in this patient, given the source, the species, and the fact that only a single colony of each was isolated.For DNA extraction, amplification, and sequence analysis, organismal DNA was extracted from mesenteric abscess fluid by a modification of a previously described procedure (4). Briefly, the fluid sample was lysed in guanidinium thiocyanate buffer. The DNA was extracted with phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol, purified with the Gene Clean II kit (MP Biomedicals, Solon, OH), and eluted with Tris-EDTA buffer.A 1,236-bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced as previously described (3, 4). Sequences were assembled by SeqMan II software (DNAstar, Madison, WI). Related sequences were identified by the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST; National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda, MD). No material other than the abscess fluid was available for molecular analysis.Numerous specimens from this patient were positive for acid-fast bacilli, but no pathogens could be isolated despite the use of a variety of culture methodologies. The sequence of the 1,236-bp region of the 16S rRNA gene amplified from the abscess material contained no ambiguous bases and showed 100% similarity to the sequence of “M. tilburgii,” a proposed species submitted to GenBank in 1995 (GenBank accession no. {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"Z50172","term_id":"1480398","term_text":"Z50172"}}Z50172). Given the perfect sequence match and the failure of any likely pathogen to grow from this patient''s specimens, it is most probable that “M. tilburgii” was the cause of his infection.“M. tilburgii” has been reported four times previously as a human pathogen. The original report described a patient with cutaneous anergy but no other evidence of immune compromise (1). The three subsequent cases occurred in profoundly immunosuppressed patients with HIV/AIDS. Our patient is similar to the one in the original report; he had no known immune defect, the infection was visceral, and therapy was successful. It is possible that his earlier diagnosis of sarcoidosis was due to an abnormal immune reaction to this organism. However, his improvement with steroids makes this unlikely. Steroid therapy could have put him at risk for acquiring this infection, but that seems improbable, as it preceded the infection by many years.The molecular study of organisms difficult or impossible to cultivate, or difficult to identify by phenotypic testing, has led to the recognition of many new microbial species, including new species of mycobacteria (7). “M. tilburgii” is representative of organisms currently identifiable only through molecular techniques.There are at least two cogent reasons for thinking that “M. tilburgii” was, in fact, a pathogen in this case. First, numerous acid-fast organisms were seen in the biopsy samples and abscess material, so one would have predicted the pathogen to be a species of Mycobacterium. Second, the “M. tilburgii” sequence has only been reported four times previously and only from human patient material, not from animal or environmental sources.In addition to providing a fifth report of “M. tilburgii” infection, this case illustrates the diagnostic utility of organismal DNA extraction from clinical lesions, particularly those in which organisms can be visualized but from which no likely pathogen can be cultivated, followed by amplification and sequencing of an appropriate genetic target.     

Breathing Resistance and Ultrafine Particle Deposition in Nasal–Laryngeal Airways of a Newborn, an Infant, a Child, and an Adult

As a human grows from birth to adulthood, both airway anatomy and breathing conditions vary, altering the deposition rate and pattern of inhaled aerosols. However, deposition studies have typically focused on adult subjects, results of which may not be readily extrapolated to children. This study numerically evaluated the age-related effects on the airflow and aerosol dynamics in image-based nose?Cthroat models of a 10-day-old newborn, a 7-month-old infant, a 5-year-old child, and a 53-year-old adult. Differences in airway physiology, breathing resistance, and aerosol filtering efficiency among the four models were quantified and compared. A high-fidelity fluid-particle transport model was employed to simulate the multi-regime airflows and particle transport within the nasal?Claryngeal airways. Ultrafine particles were evaluated under breathing conditions ranging from sedentary to heavy activities. Results of this study indicate that the nasal?Claryngeal airways at different ages, albeit differ significantly in morphology and dimension, do not significantly affect the total deposition fractions or maximum local deposition enhancement for ultrafine aerosols. Further, the deposition partitioning in the sub-regions of interest is different among the four models. Results of this study corroborate the use of the in vivo-based diffusion parameter (D ^0.5 Q ^?0.28) over the replica-based parameter in correlating nasal?Claryngeal depositions of ultrafine aerosols. Improved correlations have been developed for the four age groups by implementing this in vivo-based diffusion parameter as well as the Cunningham correction factor.     

Towards a single-chip,implantable RFID system: is a single-cell radio possible?

We present an overview of progress towards single-chip RFID solutions. To date heterogeneous integration has been appropriate for non-biological systems. However, for in-vivo sensors and even drug delivery systems, a small form factor is required. We discuss fundamental limits on the size of the form factor, the effect of the antenna, and propose a unified single-chip RFID solution appropriate for a broad range of biomedical in-vivo device applications, both current and future. Fundamental issues regarding the possibility of single cell RF radios to interface with biological function are discussed.