结肠镜检查中盲肠插管率的预测因素分析

目的 研究结肠镜检查中影响盲肠插管率的预测因素。方法 回顾性分析该院2019年1月－2020年1月收治的87例接受结肠镜检查的患者临床资料。分析盲肠插管率,统计患者年龄、性别、体重指数（BMI）、肠镜史、肠道准备质量、焦虑自评量表（SAS）评分、清肠药物、排便习惯、慢性疾病、手术史、疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）等一般资料,采用多因素Logistic回归分析法分析影响结肠镜检查中盲肠插管率的独立危险因素。结果 87例接受结肠镜检查的患者中,有14例（16.09%）盲肠插管失败,纳为失败组;其余73例（83.91%）进镜成功,纳为成功组。两组患者性别、肠镜史、清肠药物、慢性疾病、手术史比较,差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;失败组高龄、肠道准备质量较差、便秘、低BMI占比明显高于成功组,SAS评分、VAS评分明显高于成功组（P < 0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,高龄（O = 3.122,95%CI：1.036～9.215）、肠道准备质量较差（O = 4.362,95%CI：1.789～10.968）、便秘（O = 3.165,95%CI：1.086～9.365）、低BMI（O = 2.795,95%CI：1.236～4.548）、高SAS评分（O = 1.965,95%CI：1.197～8.635）、高VAS评分（O = 3.426,95%CI：1.196～6.985）是影响结肠镜检查中盲肠插管率的独立危险因素（P < 0.05）。结论 高龄、便秘、肠道准备质量较差、高SAS评分、低BMI、高VAS评分与结肠镜检查中盲肠插管率密切相关,有一定预测价值。     

冷圈套息肉切除术与热圈套息肉切除术治疗结直肠小息肉疗效比较的Meta分析

目的 系统性评价冷圈套息肉切除术（CSP）与热圈套息肉切除术（HSP）治疗结直肠小息肉的有效性和安全性,并进行Meta分析。方法 检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Librabry、中国知网、万方数据和维普网等6个数据库,筛选研究CSP和HSP治疗结直肠息肉疗效的前瞻性随机对照试验（RCT）。采用RevMan 5.3统计软件进行分析,指标包括：息肉切除率、标本回收率、术后并发症和手术时间。结果 20项RCT纳入该研究,包含4 103例患者,6 890枚息肉。其中,CSP 3 452枚,HSP 3 438枚。CSP与HSP息肉完整切除率比较,差异无统计学意义（RR＾ = 1.00,95%CI：0.98～1.01,P = 0.596）;CSP与HSP整块切除率比较,差异无统计学意义（RR＾ = 0.98,95%CI：0.95～1.01,P = 0.222）。CSP与HSP标本回收率比较,差异无统计学意义（RR＾ = 1.00,95%CI：0.99～1.01,P = 0.824）。术后并发症（术中出血、迟发性出血及穿孔）：CSP术中出血风险高于HSP（RR＾ = 1.66,95%CI：1.24～2.24,P = 0.001）,CSP迟发性出血风险低于HSP（RR＾ = 0.31,95%CI：0.16～0.63,P = 0.001）,CSP与HSP穿孔发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（RR＾ = 0.33,95%CI：0.09～1.22,P = 0.097）。手术时间：CSP总操作时间短于HSP（MD = -7.15,95%CI：-8.25～-6.06,P = 0.000）,CSP息肉切除时间短于HSP（MD = -1.86,95%CI：-2.85～-0.86,P = 0.000）。结论 CSP切除结直肠小息肉的疗效与HSP相当,但能降低迟发性出血发生率,缩短手术时间,值得在临床推广应用。     

手套通路经肛全直肠系膜切除术与传统术式在直肠癌根治术中的应用效果及对患者术后排便功能的影响

目的 探讨手套通路经肛全直肠系膜切除术（taTME）与传统术式在直肠癌根治术中的应用效果及对术后排便功能的影响。方法 选取2017年3月－2021年4月该院收治的行直肠癌根治术的患者120例，分为手套通路taTME组（n = 53）和传统手术组（n = 67），比较两组患者的临床资料。观察术后3个月患者排便功能情况，根据术后是否出现排便功能障碍，将患者分为排便功能障碍组（n = 34）和无排便功能障碍组（n = 86）。对影响直肠癌根治术后发生排便功能障碍的相关因素进行单因素和多因素分析，筛选出影响术后排便功能的独立危险因素。结果 手套通路taTME组术后疼痛情况、肿瘤远切缘和肿瘤下缘距肛缘距离均优于传统手术组（P < 0.05）。排便功能障碍组体重指数（BMI）、肿瘤直径、术后吻合口距肛缘距离、同步放化疗、术中出血量和手术方式等因素与无排便功能障碍组比较，差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）；多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：肿瘤直径 > 5.0 cm（OR＾ = 1.879，95%CI：1.156～3.056）、术后吻合口距肛缘距离 < 2.0 cm（OR＾ = 3.367，95%CI：1.327～8.542）和手术方式（OR＾ = 4.536，95%CI：1.919～10.724）是影响直肠癌根治术后发生排便功能障碍的独立危险因素（OR＾ > 1，P < 0.05）。结论 手套通路taTME相比传统手术，虽然可获得更安全的远切缘，但术后排便功能障碍发生率更高。明确术后排便功能障碍发生的影响因素，并进行有效干预，不仅可提高手术效果，还能为术后排便功能障碍的防治提供指导依据。     

二甲硅油的不同配伍方案在胶囊内镜肠道准备中的随机对照研究

目的 比较二甲硅油与肠道清洁剂的不同配伍方案在胶囊内镜肠道准备中的效果,以探寻最佳的肠道准备方法。方法 将90例拟行胶囊内镜的患者随机分为3组,每组均于检查前4 h常规服用2 L的复方聚乙二醇电解质散导泻清肠。A组（n = 30）检查前30 min口服二甲硅油2.5 g;B组（n = 30）检查前30 min口服二甲硅油5.0 g;C组（n = 30）检查前30 min口服二甲硅油2.5 g,确认胶囊进入小肠后再口服2.5 g。主要评价指标为小肠清洁度和气泡量评分;次要指标为阳性病变诊断率、全小肠检查完成率、胃/小肠通过时间和不良反应发生率。结果 3组患者小肠清洁度比较,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;3组患者小肠上段的气泡量比较,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;当胶囊进入小肠中下段后,B组和C组的气泡量较A组减少（P < 0.05）;且C组的气泡量在小肠下段较B组进一步减少（P < 0.05）;C组阳性病变诊断率较A组和B组高,差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;3组患者全小肠检查完成率、胃/小肠通过时间和不良反应发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 使用二甲硅油5.0 g去泡效果更佳;且在检查前30 min及确定胶囊进入小肠后分次口服较检查前30 min顿服,可增强小肠的去泡效果,改善视野清晰度,提高阳性病变诊断率,值得临床推广。     

甲苯磺酸瑞马唑仑复合小剂量丙泊酚应用于无痛胃镜诊疗中的临床观察

目的 探讨甲苯磺酸瑞马唑仑复合小剂量丙泊酚在无痛胃镜诊疗中的安全性和有效性。方法 选取150例择期行无痛胃镜的患者,随机分为3组（n = 50）：甲苯磺酸瑞马唑仑组（R组）、丙泊酚组（B组）和甲苯磺酸瑞马唑仑复合丙泊酚组（RB组）。R组和B组分别静脉给予甲苯磺酸瑞马唑仑0.20 mg/kg和丙泊酚2.00 mg/kg,RB组依次静脉给予甲苯磺酸瑞马唑仑0.15 mg/kg及丙泊酚0.50 mg/kg,30～40 s内缓慢推注,均于用药前5 min使用芬太尼1 μg/kg预镇痛进行静脉麻醉。睫毛反射消失之后,由同一医师进行内镜操作。记录并比较3组患者镇静成功率、体动情况和围术期不良事件,以及3组患者诱导起效时间、唤醒时间、离室时间。结果 3组患者镇静均未失败,成功率为100.0%。RB组术中体动发生率（8.0%）低于R组（28.0%）,与B组（4.0%）比较,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。RB组低血压、心动过缓和低氧血症发生率均低于B组（P < 0.05）,与R组比较,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。RB组的注射痛发生情况少于B组（P < 0.05）,与R组比较,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。术后恶心、呕吐及头晕方面,3组患者比较,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。RB组诱导起效时间较R组短（P < 0.05）,与B组相比,诱导起效时间长（P < 0.05）。3组患者唤醒时间和离室时间比较,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 甲苯磺酸瑞马唑仑复合小剂量丙泊酚的安全性及有效性优于两者单独使用,应用于无痛胃镜诊疗有重要的临床价值。     

透明帽辅助水交换结肠镜联合窄带成像内镜检查的临床应用价值

目的 探讨透明帽辅助水交换结肠镜联合窄带成像内镜（NBI）检查在临床中的应用价值。方法 纳入2019年6月－2020年3月该院内镜中心拟行结肠镜检查的初诊患者240例,随机分为空气组、水交换组及水交换联合NBI组,每组各80例。空气组为注气结肠镜检查;水交换组为注水结肠镜检查,退镜时采用白光观察;水交换联合NBI组为注水结肠镜检查,退镜时采用NBI观察。结肠镜检查均在非麻醉状态下进行,3组患者结肠镜检查时肠镜头端均携带同一型号的透明帽,由同一位技术熟练的高年资医师完成结肠镜操作。分析比较3组患者的肠镜进镜时间、达盲率、退镜时间、肠道清洁度、腹痛情况、腺瘤检出率、麻醉需求率及愿意再次行肠镜率的差异。结果 水交换组肠镜进镜时间为（5.02±0.70）min、水交换联合NBI组为（5.05±0.85）min,均较空气组肠镜进镜时间（4.02±0.80）min长,3组患者比较,差异有统计学意义（F = 43.72,P < 0.01）;3组患者达盲率比较,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;空气组退镜时间为（6.53±0.90）min,短于水交换组的（8.72±0.72）min和水交换联合NBI组的（8.84±0.77）min,3组患者比较,差异有统计学意义（F = 208.46,P < 0.01）;3组患者肠道清洁度（Boston评分）比较,差异无统计学意义（F = 0.53,P > 0.05）;空气组腹痛评分为（2.88±1.91）分,高于水交换组的（1.93±1.48）分和水交换联合NBI组的（1.94±1.49）分,3组患者比较,差异有统计学意义（F = 8.67,P < 0.01）;水交换联合NBI组的腺瘤检出率最高（38.8%,31/80）,与其他两组比较,差异有统计学意义（χ² = 5.84,P < 0.05;χ² = 4.91,P < 0.05）;空气组麻醉需求率（21.3%,17/80）高于水交换组（8.8%,7/80）和水交换联合NBI组（6.3%,5/80）,两两比较,差异有统计学意义（χ² = 4.90,P < 0.05;χ² = 7.61,P < 0.05）;空气组愿意再次行肠镜率（71.3%,57/80）低于水交换组（86.3%,69/80）和水交换联合NBI组（88.8%,71/80）,两两比较,差异有统计学意义（χ² = 5.39,P < 0.05;χ² = 7.67,P < 0.05）。结论 透明帽辅助水交换结肠镜联合NBI检查可提高腺瘤的检出率,减轻患者腹痛感,降低麻醉需求率,提高患者愿意再次行肠镜率。     

内镜与显微镜下经单侧鼻蝶入路手术切除垂体腺瘤的效果和对T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的 探讨内镜与显微镜下经单侧鼻蝶入路手术治疗垂体腺瘤的效果。方法 选取2018年10月－2020年10月该院垂体腺瘤患者112例,依据随机数表法分为内镜组与显微镜组,每组各56例。内镜组采取内镜下单侧鼻蝶入路手术,显微镜组采取显微镜下经单侧鼻蝶入路手术。统计两组患者肿瘤切除效果、手术情况、T淋巴细胞亚群指标、应激反应指标［肾素（R）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（ATⅡ）、肾上腺素（E）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）］、生存质量和并发症发生率。结果 内镜组肿瘤全切率（91.07%）高于显微镜组（76.79%）（P < 0.05）,手术时间和住院时间较显微镜组短,术中失血量较显微镜组少,住院费用较显微镜组少（P < 0.05）,术后1和3 d内镜组CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD⁸⁺水平较显微镜组高,血清R、ATⅡ、E和NE水平较显微镜组低（P < 0.05）,术后1周内镜组鼻部相关生存质量评分较显微镜组低（P < 0.05）,内镜组并发症发生率（5.36%）较显微镜组（17.86%）低（P < 0.05）。结论 与显微镜下经单侧鼻蝶入路手术相比,内镜下手术治疗垂体腺瘤具有肿瘤切除效果好、患者术后恢复快等优势,可减轻应激反应及缓解免疫抑制,值得临床推广。     

右美托咪定联合酮咯酸氨丁三醇麻醉在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用效果分析

目的 分析右美托咪定与酮咯酸氨丁三醇联合应用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）的麻醉效果。方法 选取2018年1月－2020年1月该院行LC的患者120例,随机分为对照组（60例）和观察组（60例）。手术过程中,对照组给予酮咯酸氨丁三醇超前镇痛,观察组给予右美托咪定联合酮咯酸氨丁三醇超前镇痛。比较两组患者不同时间点心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、镇痛评分、镇静评分、氧化应激情况及不良反应。结果 切胆时（T₂）,两组患者HR和MAP水平均明显低于术前（T₁）（P < 0.05）,观察组HR和MAP水平明显高于对照组（P < 0.05）;气管拔管时（T₃）,对照组HR和MAP水平明显高于T₁时点（P < 0.05）,观察组HR和MAP水平明显低于对照组（P < 0.05）。术后6 h（T₅）和12 h（T₆）,两组患者Ramsay评分均明显高于术后1 h（T₄）（P < 0.05）;T₄、T₅和T₆时点,观察组Ramsay评分明显高于对照组（P < 0.05）,数字分级评分（NRS）的动态评分明显低于对照组（P < 0.05）。T₅时点,两组患者血清丙二醛（MDA）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）水平均明显高于T₁时点（P < 0.05）,总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）水平明显低于T₁时点（P < 0.05）,且观察组SOD和T-AOC水平明显高于对照组（P < 0.05）,MDA水平明显低于对照组（P < 0.05）。两组患者不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P = 0.648）。结论 在酮咯酸氨丁三醇基础上辅以右美托咪定超前镇痛,有助于提高镇痛镇静效果,纠正LC患者机体血流动力学紊乱,控制机体氧化应激反应,且安全性较高。     

内镜下冷圈套器和热圈套器切除结直肠小息肉疗效和安全性研究的Meta分析

目的 评价采用冷圈套器或热圈套器切除结直肠小息肉（直径≤10 mm）的有效性和安全性,并进行Meta分析。方法 计算机检索2010年－2020年中国知网、维普和PubMed等数据库发表的关于比较冷圈套器和热圈套器切除结直肠小息肉疗效的临床研究,根据纳入和排除标准筛选文献。采用RevMan 5.3软件对符合纳入标准的文献进行Meta分析。观察指标包括：完整息肉切除率、息肉回收率、术后并发症和手术时间。结果 共纳入研究11篇,包括6 196例息肉。冷圈套器和热圈套器切除的完整息肉切除率比较,差异无统计学意义（91.96% vs 91.38%,P > 0.05,O = 0.79,95%CI：0.49～1.26）;息肉回收率比较,差异无统计学意义（97.63% vs 98.21%,P > 0.05,O = 0.91,95%CI：0.61～1.36）;术后并发症包括术后腹部不适、迟发性出血和穿孔,冷圈套器切除术（CSP）术后腹部不适发生率明显高于热圈套器切除术（HSP）（2.61% vs 0.34%,P < 0.05,O = 9.75,95%CI：1.16～82.11）,HSP的穿孔率高于CSP（0.17% vs 0.00%）,但两者比较,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05,O = 0.21,95%CI：0.01～4.49）;HSP的迟发性出血率高于CSP（0.87% vs 0.08%,P < 0.05,O = 0.23,95%CI：0.07～0.80）;手术时间包括总操作时间和仅息肉切除时间,CSP的总操作时间（P < 0.05,MD = -7.44,95%CI：-9.29～-5.60）和仅息肉切除时间（P < 0.05,MD = -0.33,95%CI：-0.39～0.26）均短于HSP。结论 冷圈套器和热圈套器的息肉完整切除率和回收率比较,差异均无统计学意义;两种术式的穿孔率比较,差异亦无统计学意义;CSP术后腹部不适的发生率较HSP高,但迟发性出血率较低,且手术时间较短。建议切除≤ 10 mm的小息肉,优先选择CSP。     

腹腔镜下胃癌D2根治术联合射频消融应用于胃癌肝转移的临床疗效

目的 探讨腹腔镜下胃癌D2根治术联合射频消融肝转移瘤应用于胃癌肝转移的临床疗效。方法 选取该院2017年1月－2020年1月收治的可切除胃癌肝转移需行胃癌D2根治术联合射频消融的患者62例,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组各31例。对照组采用开腹胃癌D2根治术联合射频消融治疗,观察组采用腹腔镜下胃癌D2根治术联合射频消融治疗。比较两组患者手术指标、血清肿瘤标志物指标、免疫相关指标和并发症情况。结果 对照组术中出血量多于观察组,肠功能恢复时间、住院时间明显长于观察组（P < 0.05）,手术时间短于观察组（P < 0.05）;术后两组患者血清甲胎蛋白（AFP）、癌胚抗原（CEA）水平降低（P < 0.05）,观察组血清AFP、CEA水平均低于对照组（P < 0.05）;术后两组患者CD4⁺、CD8⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺水平均较术前降低（P < 0.05）,观察组CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺水平明显高于对照组（P < 0.05）;观察组并发症发生率12.90%低于对照组41.94%（P < 0.05）。结论 腹腔镜下胃癌D2根治术联合射频消融治疗胃癌肝转移有利于患者术后康复,可明显改善血清肿瘤标志物水平及机体免疫功能,降低围术期并发症发生率。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.