热性惊厥诊治相关问题

热性惊厥是儿童时期常见的神经系统疾病之一, 是惊厥最常见的原因, 一般预后良好。近年来的研究对于热性惊厥诊断和治疗的诸多问题, 包括热性惊厥的定义、临床诊断及评估、药物治疗和预防等方面有一些新的认识。临床医生应认识热性惊厥及相关癫癎综合征的相关性及鉴别, 也要注意避免过度检查和过度治疗。与患者家长的良好沟通与宣教也是诊治的重点。     

热性惊厥对大鼠行为运动及空间学习记忆的影响

目的　探讨热性惊厥对大鼠行为运动及空间学习记忆能力的影响。方法　 6 0只雄性SD大鼠随机均分为热性惊厥组 (FS) ,发热对照组 (FG)及正常对照组 (NG)。动态观察各组大鼠在斜板试验、悬吊试验、旷场活动试验中行为运动的变化以及在Morris水迷宫中空间学习记忆能力的改变。结果　在斜板试验中 ,大鼠转体时间为FS组 (9 1± 2 6 )s ,FG组 (5 3± 2 1)s,NG组 (5 3± 2 0 )s,FS组和其他两组比较差异存在显著性 (P <0 0 1) ;悬吊试验中 ,大鼠的悬吊时间分别为FS组 (33 4±18 1)s,FG组 (5 0 1± 2 0 3)s,NG组 (5 9 0± 2 0 7)s,FS组和其他两组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1) ;旷场活动试验中 ,大鼠得分分别为FS组 (5 1± 2 0 )分 ,FG组 (10 4± 3 0 )分 ,NG组 (13 2± 2 3)分 ,FS组和其他两组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1) ;在Morris水迷宫实验中 ,同其他两组相比 ,FS组逃逸潜伏期延长 ,搜寻策略变差 ,平台所在区域内的游泳时间百分比降低 ,穿过平台的次数减少。结论　多次热性惊厥发作可使大鼠的行为运动能力和空间学习记忆能力受损     

热性惊厥发病机制及干预治疗的研究进展

热性惊厥是一种常见的小儿神经系统惊厥性疾病。临床上分为单纯性热性惊厥及复杂性热性惊厥。目前已在热性惊厥的定义、病因、发病机制、治疗和远期预后等方面进行了广泛而深入的研究，但尚存争议。该文就近年热性惊厥在遗传学、离子通道、免疫学、神经递质机制及治疗、预防对策等方面的研究进展进行综述，旨在提高广大医务人员对该病的正确认识。     

Recent Advances in Febrile Seizures

Febrile seizures are the most common seizures of childhood. A family history of febrile seizures is common, and the disorder is genetically heterogenous. While guidelines are available for management of simple febrile seizures, the management of complex febrile seizures is individualised. After a febrile seizure, it is important to rule out CNS infection and the decision to perform a lumbar puncture should be based on the clinical condition of the child. Neuroimaging and EEG are not required immediately in workup for simple or complex febrile seizures. Recurrence of febrile seizures may be managed at home by the parents with benzodiazepines. If the recurrences are multiple or prolonged and parents are unable to give home treatment, intermittent benzodiazepine prophylaxis may be given. Continuous antiepileptic prophylaxis may be given only to the children where intermittent prophylaxis has failed. Febrile seizures are also associated with increased risk of epilepsy, but this cannot be prevented by any form of treatment. There is also an increased risk of mesial temporal sclerosis, but whether this is an effect or cause of febrile seizures is as yet unclear. There is no increase in neurological handicaps or mortality following febrile seizures.     

Frequent fever episodes and the risk of febrile seizures: The Generation R Study

Aim

To examine the association between the number of fever episodes and the risk of febrile seizures.

Methods

This study was embedded in a population-based prospective cohort study from early foetal life onwards. Information about the occurrence of febrile seizures and fever episodes was collected by questionnaires at the ages of 12, 24 and 36 months. Analyses were based on 3033 subjects. The risk of febrile seizures was compared between children with frequent fever episodes (>2 per year), and children with only 1 or 2 fever episodes per year.

Results

The frequency of fever episodes was not associated with the risk of febrile seizures in the age range of 6-12 months. In the second and third year of life, having more than 2 fever episodes was associated with an increased risk of febrile seizures (odds ratios 2.02 [95% confidence interval 1.13-3.62] and 2.29 [95% confidence interval 1.00-5.24], respectively). In the age range between 6 and 36 months, we observed a significant trend between the frequency of fever episodes (<2, 3-4 or >4 per year) and the risk of febrile seizures (p-value for trend < 0.001). The association between the number of fever episodes and the occurrence of febrile seizures was stronger for children with recurrent febrile seizures.

Conclusion

Frequent fever episodes are associated with an increased risk of febrile seizures in the second and third years of life. Further studies are needed to identify the mechanisms underlying this association.     

Febrile seizures

Febrile seizures (FS) are the most common seizure disorder in childhood, affecting 2–5% of children between the ages of 3 and 60 months. Differentiation of FS from acute symptomatic seizures secondary to central nervous system infection is essential. Those with a focal onset, prolonged duration or which occur more than once within the same febrile illness are considered complex and have an increase in risk of subsequent epilepsy development. The vast majority of febrile convulsions are simple, lasting only a few minutes and without need of drug intervention. They have an excellent outcome with no increased risk of decline in IQ, subsequent epilepsy or increased mortality. Febrile seizure can recur, and as it often is a frightening and anxiety-provoking event for parents and caregivers, an understanding of the natural history and prognosis should enable the physician to reassure the parents providing an appropriate counselling and reassurance.
Conclusion: Febrile seizure can recur, and as it often is a frightening and anxiety-provoking event for parent and caregivers. An understanding of the natural history and prognosis should enable the physician to reassure the parents providing an appropriate counselling and reassurance.     

Parental anxiety and family disruption following a first febrile seizure in childhood

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the degree of parental anxiety and family disruption following a child’s first febrile seizure.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

The families of all children presenting with their first febrile seizure to any of the three emergency departments in the Saskatoon District, Saskatchewan, were invited to participate in a telephone interview to assess the degree of parental anxiety and family dysfunction that was experienced. Parameters measured included co-sleeping with the child, parental sleep disturbance, parental fatigue, monitor use, the number of night time checks on a child, child care use, parental outings, parental fear of missing a seizure, parental perception of a child’s increased vulnerability and the family’s stress level. The interview, which was conducted shortly after presentation at the emergency departments, compared anxiety and dysfunction experienced during the two weeks immediately preceding the visit with that experienced during the two weeks following a febrile seizure. Potential predictors of anxiety and dysfunction, including details of the presenting seizure, past medical illnesses, family history, the family’s socioeconomic status and parental perception of the risk of a febrile seizure were queried.

RESULTS:

Thirty-one (89%) of 35 families who were eligible for the study participated. Parental anxiety and family dysfunction were significantly greater for nearly all of the parameters assessed during the two weeks following a seizure. Socioeconomic factors correlated most closely with anxiety and dysfunction before a febrile seizure; however, socioeconomic factors were less predictive of anxiety and dysfunction during the two weeks following a seizure.

CONCLUSIONS:

Parental anxiety and family dysfunction are the rule following a child’s first febrile seizure. Neither higher socioeconomic status nor an understanding of the low risk of sequelae associated with febrile seizures was strongly predictive of improved coping during the two weeks following a seizure.     

Relationship between five common viruses and febrile seizure in children

Objectives

To examine the role of viruses in febrile seizures (FS) by comparing the relative risk (RR) of developing FS with common viral infections and subsequent risk of recurrence.

Methods

We matched the medical records of all children admitted with FS over 5 years and the contemporary records for all admissions for febrile illnesses associated with influenza, adenovirus, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rotavirus to calculate the RR of FS following these viral infections. For patients admitted for a first FS, we carried multivariate analysis for type of viral infection, age of onset, family history, complex FS features and maximum temperature during the episode, to identify the risk factors for recurrence.

Results

There were 923 admissions for FS, of which 565 were for first seizures. The five most common viruses in FS were influenza (163/923, 17.6%), adenovirus (63/923, 6.8%), parainfluenza (55/923, 6%), RSV (25/923, 2.7%) and rotavirus (12/923, 1.3%). Incidences of FS in febrile illnesses due to these viruses were 20.8% (163/785) for influenza, 20.6% (55/267) for parainfluenza, 18.4% (63/343) for adenovirus, 5.3% (25/468) for RSV and 4.3% (12/280) for rotavirus. Complex FS occurred in 20.6% (n = 191) and the risk of developing complex FS was similar for the five viruses. Overall recurrence rate was 20.5% and was not predicted by type of viral infection.

Conclusion

The risk of developing FS is similar with influenza, adenovirus or parainfluenza and is higher than with RSV or rotavirus. Type of viral infection is not important in predicting complex features or future recurrences.     

Familial History and Recurrence of Febrile Seizures; a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective

Febrile seizure (FS) as the most common form of seizures in childhood, affects 2-5% of all children across the world. The present study reviews available reports on FS recurrence frequency and evaluates its associated risk factors in Iran.

Methods

We searched the Persian database such as: SID, MagIran, Medlip, Irandoc, Iranmedex as well as English databases PubMed, ISI, and Scopus. Random effects models were used to calculate 95% confidence intervals. Meta regression was introduced to explore the heterogeneity between studies.

Findings

The overall FS recurrence rate was 20.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 12.3-29.5%]. The frequency of FS simple and complex types was 69.3% (95% CI: 59.5-79.0) and 25.3% (95% CI: 19.6-31.0), respectively. A positive familial history of 28.8% (95% CI: 19.3-38.4%) was observed for childhood FS including 36.2% (95% CI: 27.3-39.6%) for the simple and 29.4% (95% CI: 23.1-33.5%) for the complex type. The heterogeneity of recurrent FS was significantly affected by sample size (P=0.026).

Conclusion

Almost one-third of FS children had a positive familial history. The increased risk of recurrence in patients with symptomatic seizures needs to be fully considered by parents, physicians, nurses and health policy makers.     

Actual insights into the clinical management of febrile seizures

Febrile seizures (FS) are a benign epileptic manifestation of infancy occurring between 3 months and 5 years of age and affecting an estimated 2–5 % of children. They have usually no important negative effects on motor and cognitive development. Simple FS (generalized seizures, lasting less than 10 min and single episodes during the same febrile event) have a benign prognosis in almost all cases and do not require an extensive diagnostic workup. In complex FS (focal semiology and lasting more than 10 min, more than one episode during the same febrile event), a more detailed clinical, electroencephalographic, laboratory, and neuroimaging evaluation is necessary because of a higher percentage of underlying detectable causes and a mildly higher risk for later development of epilepsy. Febrile status epilepticus is the most severe type of complex FS even if its morbidity and mortality is extremely low. Simple FS plus (more than one convulsive episode in 24 h) have the same benign prognosis of simple FS. Neither intermittent nor continuous prophylaxis is actually recommended both in simple and complex FS because its side effects outweigh its possible benefits. Conclusion: This review summarizes recent developments into the clinical management of FS including a suggested algorithm for simple and complex FS, the concept of simple FS plus, the controversies about the relationships between FS and hippocampal sclerosis, the relationships between FS and complex syndrome such as Dravet syndrome, genetic epilepsy with FS plus or febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome, and the results of recent epidemiologic studies on febrile status epilepticus.     

Indications for intermittent diazepam prophylaxis in febrile seizures

BACKGROUND: In a prospective controlled study we evaluated the efficacy of intermittent diazepam prophylaxis in the recurrence rate of febrile seizures (FS). PATIENTS: A total of 139 children aged between 6 and 36 months, who had a first FS, were enrolled in the study and were randomly allocated to two groups: group (A) that received diazepam prophylaxis and group (B) without prophylaxis. METHODS: All children were followed up for at least 3 years after their first FS. The prophylaxis group (n = 68) received rectal diazepam the first two days of a febrile illness, whenever the temperature was > 38 degrees C (0.33 mg/kg every 8 h on the first day, and 0.33 mg/kg every 12 h on the second day of fever, max. dosage 7.5 mg). The no-prophylaxis group (n = 71) did not receive any prophylaxis at all. Each group was stratified to low, intermediate and high risk subgroups according to the following clinical data: age at the first febrile seizure 相似文献   

Circadian and seasonal variation of first febrile seizures

Time of occurrence of 188 first febrile seizures (FS) was recorded, both by four 6-hour periods and by hourly intervals. The frequency of events was significantly ( P < .001) increased from 6 to 11.59 pm with a peak between 5 and 8 pm . A seasonal peak was observed in January.     

Febrile seizures

Febrile seizures are the most common convulsive disorder in children. The definition, epidemiology, genetics, clinical features, evaluation and management are reviewed. The importance of evaluating the very young child with febrile seizure for an underlying CNS infection is reviewed. The current standard of treatment is discussed. The importance of recognizing and alleviating parental anxiety is discussed.     

儿童热性惊厥临床特征及其变化趋势

目的 探讨热性惊厥(FS)患儿的临床特征及其变化趋势.方法 回顾性总结2004~2013年10年间收治的1 922例FS患儿的临床资料,分析其临床特征及前后5年的变化趋势.结果 1 922例FS患儿中,男女比例为2.27 : 1,平均发病年龄3.0±1.8岁,发病年龄高峰为1~3岁.单纯型1 556例(80.96%),复杂型366例(19.04%).2008~2013年FS患儿1 202例,比2004~2008年(720例)增长了66.9%,且复杂型FS患儿比例升高(21.13% vs 15.56%)(P<0.05).与2004~2008年相比,2009~2013年单纯型FS患儿在惊厥发病年龄、发作时体温、抽搐持续时间及合并症发生率等方面差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);而复杂型FS患儿的发病年龄更小,发作时体温更低,抽搐时间更长,且出现心肌损伤、低钠血症等合并症的发生率更高(均P<0.05).结论 10年间FS患儿病例数呈上升趋势,复杂型FS发生率升高,且各临床特征均向不利方向变化,应重视复杂型FS的及时诊断和治疗.     

Thalassemia major may decrease the frequency of febrile convulsions in children

Aim: We aimed to determine the relative frequency of febrile convulsion in children with major thalassemia to theorize that higher serum iron levels could reduce the incidence of febrile convulsion. Background: Febrile convulsion is the most common type of seizure in childhood that its causes are not fully understood. However, some risk factors have been cited such as the serum iron level. Materials and methods: Three hundred and fifty-nine children aged more than 5 years with major thalassemia who were receiving blood were enrolled as the case group. The control group consisted of 357 children without thalassemia aged 4–7 years (151 boys, 206 girls) who were referred to healthcare centers for routine health monitoring. Included data were the history of febrile convulsion, age of onset and type and the frequency of convulsions. Results: Children in control group significantly experienced more febrile convulsions than thalassemic children [4/359 (1.1%) in the thalassemic children and 14/357 (3.9%) in the control group had experienced febrile convulsions (P = 0.017)]. Conclusion: The frequency of febrile convulsion in children with major thalassemia is less than that of normal children. Children with thalassemia major may have higher serum levels of iron and such high serum iron levels might have a protective role in the children who have a vulnerability for febrile convulsions.     

Prediction of febrile seizures in siblings: a practical approach

To quantify the risk of febrile seizures (FS) in relatives of children with FS and to predict the risk of FS in siblings, we calculated cumulative risks of FS in first degree relatives of 129 children with FS. The study was conducted as a prospective follow up study of FS recurrences at the outpatient clinic of the Sophia Children's Hospital in Rotterdam. Thirteen parents and 12 siblings had experienced FS, accounting for a 6-year cumulative risk of 7%. The risk of FS was increased in relatives of children with recurrent FS (12%). The risk of FS in siblings (10%) in our study was more than twice the average risk in a similar population (4%). A positive FS history in a parent, young age at onset in the proband, and recurrences in the proband were selected in a multivariable prediction model. If two or more of these risk factors were present, the risk of West European siblings to develop FS was 46% (hazard ratio 5.4). Conclusion The cumulative risk of FS in siblings of children with FS is increased. The age attained risk of FS can be estimated using a practical model incorporating three readily available risk factors. Received: 12 September 1996 and in revised form 19 August 1997 / Accepted: 5 September 1997     

Intermittent oral diazepam prophylaxis in febrile convulsions: its effectiveness for febrile seizure recurrence.

In order to evaluate the effectiveness of diazepam for the reduction in the recurrence of febrile seizures we carried out a prospective study in two groups of children; Group A: 45 children (25 female, 20 male), receiving oral prophylaxis with diazepam, and Group B: 65 children (35 female, 30 male) who did not receive any oral prophylaxis. All subjects of both groups were followed for at least 4 years and finally re-evaluated at the mean age of 6.7+/-1.4 years. Among the patients of Group A, recurrent febrile seizures (FS) occurred in five of the 45 children (11.1%). Among the 65 children of Group B, 20 (30.7%) went on to have one or more additional episodes. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that oral diazepam, given only when fever is present, is an effective means of reducing the risk of recurrences of FS.     

Omicron变异株感染导致儿童热性惊厥的临床特征分析北大核心CSCD

目的分析儿童感染Omicron变异株后发生热性惊厥的临床特征。方法回顾性收集2022年12月1—31日(Omicron变异株流行期间,设为Omicron组)和2021年同期(非Omicron组)就诊于首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院神经内科热性惊厥患儿的临床资料,分析比较两组患儿的临床特征。结果Omicron组381例,男性250例,女性131例,平均年龄(3.2±2.4)岁。非Omicron组112例,男性72例,女性40例,平均年龄(3.5±1.8)岁。Omicron组人数明显增多,是非Omicron组的3.4倍。Omicron组1岁~和6~10.83岁两个年龄段患儿占比高于非Omicron组,4岁~和5岁~两个年龄段患儿占比低于非Omicron组(P<0.05)。Omicron组丛集性发作和惊厥持续状态比例高于非Omicron组(P<0.05)。热性惊厥复发患儿中,Omicron组6~10.83岁占比高于非Omicron组,3岁~、4岁~、5岁~占比低于非Omicron组(P<0.05)。结论儿童感染Omicron变异株后热性惊厥的特征是年龄范围更广,在一次发热病程中丛集性发作和惊厥持续状态的比例增加。     

Recurrence of febrile seizures in the respiratory season is associated with influenza A

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association of viral infections and febrile seizures (FS). STUDY DESIGN: From April 1998 to April 2002, a prospective, population-based study was carried out among general practitioners to assess the incidence of FS in their practices. Data thus obtained were compared with the incidence of common viral infections recorded in a national registry. Poisson regression analysis was performed to investigate whether the season or the type of infection was associated with the variation observed in FS incidence. RESULTS: Throughout the 4-year period, 267 of 303 (88%) of general practitioners in the Dutch province of Friesland participated in the study. The estimated observation period was approximately 160,000 patient-years. We registered 654 cases of FS in 429 children. The estimated incidence of FS was 2.4 in 1000 patient-years. Poisson regression analysis revealed a positive correlation between recurrent FS and influenza A ( P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests a relation between recurrent FS and influenza A. Influenza vaccination should be considered in all children with a history of FS.