面神经颞支在额肌内分布应用解剖学观察

在10侧成人头部标本上观察面神经颞支在额肌内的分布情况及其与颞浅血管之间的位置关系。面神经颞支进入额肌外缘的数目为6.3±0.9支。入肌点为10.3±2.2支,入肌点到外眦点的距离在外眦点斜上方2.88～5.35cm的范围内。手术在C-D-G线上,后方操作时较为安全。在额区,在不超越经外眦点垂线内侧1.73cm范围内手术时,不会损伤面神经分支进入额肌的肌外支。     

咬肌神经-面神经吻合：跨面神经移植手术的有效补充

目的初步阐述咬肌神经-面神经吻合手术的方法和疗效。方法2例听神经瘤术后完全性面瘫患者,进行跨面神经移植术和患侧部分咬肌神经-面神经吻合手术。结果术后3个月,患者咬牙后可将口角上提和闭合眼睛,咀嚼功能没有影响,面部未出现凹陷畸形。结论咬肌神经-面神经吻合可以有效、快速地重建面部肌肉的神经支配,是跨面神经移植手术的有效补充。     

面神经颊支和下颌缘支的解剖学研究及应用

目的 观察面神经颊支与下颌缘支肌外、肌内走行分布情况，为面瘫整复术中受区神经的选择和预防神经支损伤提供依据。方法 在24侧头部标本中，分别观测颊支和下颌缘支的分支数目、吻合情况、走行中的层次、颊支与腮腺导管以及下颌缘支与下颌骨下缘、面血管的关系，结合Sihler’s肌内神经染色，明确其支配肌肉和在肌内的分布规律；并在40例面瘫手术患者受区面神经分支的寻找和选择中进行验证。结果 腮腺导管体表投影较恒定，面神经颊支以2～3支为主，占87．5％，多数分布在导管上方10．7mm和下方9．3mm的范围内，支配中面部表情肌。下颌缘支以1～2支为主，占95．9％，多数分布在下颌骨下缘上方13．4mm和下方4．8mm的范围内，跨面动脉浅面，支配下唇诸肌。结论 面神经颊支与腮腺导管、下颌缘支与面动脉及下颌骨下缘有着紧密的关系。应用改良Sihler法，可以更为清晰的显示人面部表情肌的肌内神经分布情况。     

面神经腮腺外分支定位与损伤后的诊断及分级评价

<正>面神经是第七对脑神经,是以运动神经为主要的混合神经,主要支配面部的表情肌和传导舌前2/3的味觉和支配舌下腺、下颌下腺和泪腺的分泌。由于外伤或者手术操作不当,常造成面神经尤其是面神经腮腺外分支损伤,导致相应部位的肌肉功能减弱甚至瘫痪,出现面部表情功能障碍,影响面部正常功能[1-3]。本文就近年来面神经腮腺外分支损伤部位的定位及诊断综述如下。1面神经腮腺外分支的解剖学面神经主干进入腮腺后,穿行于实质深浅两部     

面神经的角神经解剖学研究

目的 了解面神经的角神经解剖位置,为皱眉肌、降眉肌及降眉间肌去神经化手术寻找最佳入路提供安全保证.方法 对10具(20侧)成人新鲜尸头标本行甲醛血管灌注固定后.在10倍手术放大镜下显微解剖,寻找面神经颧支与颊支的分支,确定角神经,观察其与周围血管的位置关系,并追踪角神经到皱眉肌、降眉肌及降眉间肌的入肌点,照像留存.结果 ①按照角神经的形成及分支将角神经分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型.颊支形成复杂的吻合网后又开始形成集中向内眦方向走行,形成单一的角神经,并接收从眼轮匝肌中穿出的颧支,称为角神经Ⅰ型(20%,4/20侧);颊支吻合网与颧支吻合网在"四肌间隙"中形成1支角神经,称角神经Ⅱ型(20%,4/20侧);在"四肌间隙"中形成角神经为上下2支时,称为角神经Ⅲ型(60%,12/20侧).②3种类型的角神经在下眶部都走行于眼轮匝肌支持韧带的下方,在内眦部走行于眼轮匝肌支持韧带的内侧,并与内眦血管伴行.③角神经在内眦韧带水平上方2.19～4.28 mm即有分支进入降眉肌或降眉间肌.角神经有反折支进入上唇鼻翼提肌,最上入肌点距内眦角下方垂直距离为6.89～9.38 mm.结论 在内眦水平线上方2.19 mm至下方6.89 mm的范围内、眼轮匝肌支持韧带的内侧,对角神经进行失神经手术,是最佳的手术入路.     

面神经的角神经解剖学研究

Objective To study the anatomy of angular nerve (AN), so as to provide safe approach for the denervation surgery of corrugator supercilii, depressor supercilii and proceeas. Methods 10 fresh cadaver (20 sides)were perfused and fixed with formalin. Dissection was performed in the 10 X operating microscope. The plexus of the zygomatic branch and the buccal branch were detected to confirm the AN. The relationship of AN with the surrounding blood vessels was observed. We tracked AN until it entered corrugator supercilii, depressor supercilii and procerus. Results ①AN was classified into Ⅰ, Ⅱ ,Ⅲ type according to its formation pattern. Type Ⅰ (20% , 4/20 sides) AN is single, which is mainly from the plexus of buccal branch plus the zygomatic branch from the orbicularis oculi muscle. In type Ⅱ (20% , 4/20 sides) , the single AN was formed by buccal branch plexus and zygomatic branch plexus in the "Four Muscle Gap". In type Ⅲ (60% , 12/20 sides) , the AN had two branches in the "Four Muscle Gap". ②The three types AN passed inferior to the support ligament at the suborbital part, and then transversed medial to the support ligament at the medial canthus, along the vessels of medial canthus. ③ The branch of AN enters the depressor supercilii or procerus 2. 19 to 4. 28 mm above the medial canthus ligament. The backward branch enters the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi 6. 89 to 9. 38 mm below the medial canthus ligament. Conclusions The approach of denervation surgery for AN should be performed medial to the support ligation, between 2. 19 mm above the medial canthus and 6. 89 mm below the medial canthus.     

面神经的角神经解剖学研究

Objective To study the anatomy of angular nerve (AN), so as to provide safe approach for the denervation surgery of corrugator supercilii, depressor supercilii and proceeas. Methods 10 fresh cadaver (20 sides)were perfused and fixed with formalin. Dissection was performed in the 10 X operating microscope. The plexus of the zygomatic branch and the buccal branch were detected to confirm the AN. The relationship of AN with the surrounding blood vessels was observed. We tracked AN until it entered corrugator supercilii, depressor supercilii and procerus. Results ①AN was classified into Ⅰ, Ⅱ ,Ⅲ type according to its formation pattern. Type Ⅰ (20% , 4/20 sides) AN is single, which is mainly from the plexus of buccal branch plus the zygomatic branch from the orbicularis oculi muscle. In type Ⅱ (20% , 4/20 sides) , the single AN was formed by buccal branch plexus and zygomatic branch plexus in the "Four Muscle Gap". In type Ⅲ (60% , 12/20 sides) , the AN had two branches in the "Four Muscle Gap". ②The three types AN passed inferior to the support ligament at the suborbital part, and then transversed medial to the support ligament at the medial canthus, along the vessels of medial canthus. ③ The branch of AN enters the depressor supercilii or procerus 2. 19 to 4. 28 mm above the medial canthus ligament. The backward branch enters the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi 6. 89 to 9. 38 mm below the medial canthus ligament. Conclusions The approach of denervation surgery for AN should be performed medial to the support ligation, between 2. 19 mm above the medial canthus and 6. 89 mm below the medial canthus.     

腮腺外面神经颊支的应用解剖研究

目的:观测面神经颊支出腮腺后的各级分支,为相关外科手术提供解剖学依据。方法:10例(20侧)防腐人头标本,描述面神经颊支出腮腺后的走行、定位及层次。结果:面神经颊支出腮腺后分为2～4支,均走行在SMAS筋膜下;颊Ⅰ、颊Ⅱ恒定出现,其一级分支距腮腺导管分别为(1.1±0.5)cm及(0.5±0.3)cm,且分别向前走行(1.3±0.9)cm及(1.8±0.5)cm后发出二级分支。结论:面神经颊支较为恒定,在面瘫治疗中健侧面神经颊支的二级分支可以作为受体神经,可不损伤面神经颊支主干。面神经颊支的分布及走行也可指导除皱术、扩张器植入、瘢痕切除等手术的剥离范围,不致产生并发症。     

面神经颧支支配颧肌的显微解剖学研究

目的 明确面神经颧支的终末分支进入颧肌的位置和体表标志.方法 将10具(20侧)10%甲醛固定的成人尸头标本,解剖观察面神经颧支的走行及分支情况,以经口角的水平线为X轴,经同侧外眦角的垂线为Y轴,测量并记录颧支入肌支在坐标轴上的位置并进行体表定位.结果 面神经颧支自腮腺前上缘出腮腺,分为1～3支型,以2支型为主(占65%,13侧).浅支经颧大肌头侧浅面支配眼轮匝肌,深支有2～6支为主干支,平均(3.40±1.06)支,从颧大肌上1/2深面呈节段"爪"形支配该肌,入肌神经数为3～8支,平均(6.00±1.49)支.结论 在行中面部手术时,在颧大肌下2/3表面进行分离是安全的,尽量避免在颧肌的深面进行分离,尤其是上1/2深面,极易损伤面神经颧支;在其下1/2深面分离时,应紧贴颧大肌,以免损伤从其深面经过的面神经颊支.     

腮腺及面神经急性损伤的急诊治疗体会

目的探讨腮腺及面神经急性损伤的诊断和治疗。方法 2012年6月至2013年6月,对21例腮腺及面神经急性损伤患者进行急诊处理。充分术前准备后,针对腮腺、腮腺导管、面神经主干及各分支损伤,采取不同判断方法,即时行破裂修补及吻合术。术后随访并统计疗效。结果 93%腮腺破裂及导管断裂的患者完全治愈,7%患者出现腮腺漏,经换药、抑制腺体分泌药物和加压包扎等治疗后康复;66%面神经吻合的患者基本恢复,24%的患者部分恢复,10%的患者未恢复。结论应对腮腺及面神经急性创伤进行严格检查,并对腮腺及面神经急性损伤进行及时诊断和治疗。     

Easy and Safe Method for Facial Nerve Identification in Parotid Surgery

Background A safe and easy anatomical landmark is proposed to identify the facial nerve in parotid surgery. The facial nerve forms the center point between the base of the styloid process and the origin of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle.Objective To evaluate the consistency, accuracy, and safety of the landmark in identifying the facial nerve.Methods The study was designed in three steps: a cadaver study, a radiologic study, and a prospective clinical study. Anatomy was initially studied in two cadavers. Then the images of 200 temporal styloid regions were studied for consistency of the presence of the styloid base. In the second part of the radiologic study, the distance between the styloid base and the origin of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle was studied in 50 parotid regions. The clinical study involved 25 patients who underwent parotidectomy.Results The styloid base was present in all the images studied. The mean distance between the styloid base and the origin of the posterior belly of the digastric was found to be 0.72 cm (range: 0.45–0.99 cm). The facial nerve could be identified consistently and safely in all patients.Conclusion This trident landmark provided safe, accurate, and easy identification of the facial nerve using two fixed bony landmarks.     

Facial Nerve Schwannomas of the Cerebellopontine Angle: The Mayo Clinic Experience

Background There is often controversy regarding the optimal management for patients with facial nerve schwannomas (FNSs) of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA).Methods The clinical and radiological outcomes in 14 patients with CPA FNS were retrospectively reviewed.Results Patients underwent resection with anatomic nerve preservation (n = 3), facial-hypoglossal nerve anastomosis (n = 4), gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) (n = 6), or observation (n = 1). A total of 83% of tumors that underwent GKS were stable or decreased in size. No patient who underwent resection showed evidence of tumor recurrence; the tumor under observation remained unchanged with normal facial function at the time of the last follow-up. Facial function was decreased in 57%, stable in 14%, and improved in 29% of those who underwent microsurgery. A total of 67% of patients who underwent GKS had stable facial function. Serviceable hearing was maintained in 50% of patients in the GKS group and 67% of the tumor resection group. Mean and median follow-up was 48 and 43 months, respectively (range, 12 to 95 months).Conclusion Observation should be the primary management when encountered with FNS of the CPA in those with good neurologic function. Microsurgery or radiosurgery may be used in those with poor facial function or tumor progression.     

Prediction of Facial Nerve Displacement in Extralarge Vestibular Schwannoma

Summary  The primary objective in the surgery of extra large vestibular schwannoma is the total removal of the tumour mass while preserving the facial nerve. Preservation of the facial nerve in extra large tumours is reported as being notoriously difficult in the majority of cases  This study was undertaken to evaluate the accuracy in predicting displacement of the facial nerve by preoperative radiological imaging studies in 19 cases of extra large vestibular schwannoma. The direction of displacement of the facial nerve was predicted with preoperative axial and coronal MRI scans and verified intra-operatively.  We achieved total removal of tumours in 84.2%, facial nerve displacement was predicted in 80% and we accomplished anatomical preservation in 80%. Prediction of displacement was difficult in tumours with little or no intracanalicular components or with severe bony destruction of the internal acoustic meatus.  The preoperative prediction of facial nerve displacement in extra large tumours allows safe internal decompression of the tumour and careful dissection near the predicted area of the facial nerve during the operation. Consequently, a high rate of anatomical preservation of the facial nerve can be achieved.     

家兔面神经损伤后穴位针刺对神经生长因子及其受体表达的影响

目的 :观察穴位电针刺激对家兔面神经再生过程中神经生长因子及其受体表达的影响。 方法 :日本大耳白兔面神经压榨伤后 ,电针刺激翳风、颧、地仓、颊车、四白、阳白、合谷穴 ,每天 30min ,2周为 1疗程。设对照组。经 1、2、3疗程治疗后 ,应用原位杂交及RT PCR技术检测针刺组及对照组面神经核、面神经、表情肌中神经生长因子及其受体mRNA表达水平的变化。 结果 :两组三种组织中 ,神经生长因子及其受体表达高峰均出现在神经损伤后第 6周 ;表情肌组织中 ,针刺组神经生长因子及其受体TrkA、TrkCmRNA的表达明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5或 0 .0 1 ) ,另一受体TrkB无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;神经组织中 ,受体TrkCmRNA的表达显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,其它指标无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。 结论 :在面神经再生过程中 ,穴位电针刺激能明显增强表情肌组织中神经生长因子及其受体TrkA、TrkC及神经组织中受体TrkCmRNA的表达 ,从而对神经再生起促进作用。     

Radiological and Clinical Factors Predicting the Facial Nerve Outcome following Retrosigmoid Approach for Large Vestibular Schwannomas (VSs)

Objective The aim of our study was to identify the radiological and clinical factors that predict postoperative facial nerve outcome following retrosigmoid approach for large vestibular schwannomas (VSs).Methods A total of 72 patients with large (≥ 3 cm) vestibular schwannomas was included in this retrospective study. Various parameters evaluated were age, gender, clinical presentation, tumor diameter in three planes, intrameatal extension, and pattern of growth.Results Age of the patient and presenting symptoms such as headache, ataxia, or preoperative facial nerve dysfunction correlated with poorer facial nerve outcome (p < 0.05). Patients with larger tumor volumes and extrameatal growth experienced a worse outcome (p < 0.05). Anterior and caudal extension (p = 0.001) correlated with poorer outcome, as well. Intrameatal extension and bony changes of the internal acoustic meatus did not correlate with the outcome (p > 0.05). Of the various examined factors, preoperative facial nerve function independently predicted postoperative facial nerve outcome.Conclusion Our study suggests that young patients with small tumor volume and normal facial nerve function at presentation are more likely to experience a good postoperative facial nerve outcome. These clinical and radiological parameters can be used to predict facial nerve outcome prior to surgery.     

基膜管－自体神经嵌合体修复大鼠周围神经缺损的实验研究

目的 寻找一种简单有效,修复长段周围神经缺损的方法.方法 在两段同种异体大鼠的脱细胞坐骨神经之间置入一段自体坐骨神经,形成基膜管-自体神经嵌合体,与单纯基膜管、硅胶管带自体神经、单纯硅胶管、自体神经等其他桥接物比较修复神经缺损的效果.结果 分组动物实验显示基膜管-自体神经嵌合体组的神经功能、形态恢复最佳.结论 基膜管-自体神经嵌合体修复周围神经缺损简单有效,并能延长修复长度,在修复长段周围神经缺损方面有着良好的应用前景.     

耳后隐蔽切口逆向解剖面神经在腮腺部分切除术中的临床应用

目的:探讨耳后隐蔽切口沿下颌缘支逆向解剖面神经在腮腺部分切除术中的临床疗效。方法:选取2015年1月-2018年1月收治的62例腮腺肿瘤患者进行观察,随机分为观察组和对照组,对照组采用传统“S”形手术方法,观察组采用耳后隐蔽切口沿下颌缘支逆向解剖面神经方法,术后对患者进行随访,比较两组术后面神经功能、手术并发症、切口瘢痕评分及患者对术后切口美容效果的满意度。结果:术后随访6~12个月,两组面神经功能分级情况比较,观察组面神经功能分级以Ⅰ~Ⅲ级为主,明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组涎瘘、Frey综合征、耳垂麻木以及口干等并发症发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后6个月和术后12个月观察组评分均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后12个月,观察组患者满意度大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:耳后隐蔽切口沿下颌缘支逆向解剖面神经的腮腺部分切除术面神经功能保护较好,并发症少,切口美容效果好,值得临床推广应用。     

Neuronal Loss After Transsection Of The Facial Nerve: A Morphological And Neurophysiological Study In Monkeys

Functional recovery after nerve lesions seems to depend on peripheral as well as central factors. To investigate the central neuronal loss after transsection of a pure motor nerve, the middle branch of the facial nerve on one side was transsected and immediately repaired microsurgically by epineural suturing. After a period of 6-15 months, a quantitative neurophysiological recording was made to estimate muscle response. A nerve tracer was injected into the mimic muscles innervated by the nerve to label the surviving motor neurons within the facial nucleus. The opposite side was used as the control in all cases. After the regenerative period, a mean loss of 15% of the total cell number was observed within the facial nucleus compared with the opposite side. The cell loss comprised all types of neurons. This amount of neuronal loss was followed by an even greater loss of muscle response when a quantitative neurophysiological recording was made after nerve regeneration. The results are discussed in relation to loss of nerve elements after nerve lesions and its effect on functional recovery.     

阴茎背神经局部解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的:研究正常人阴茎背神经数目、走行和分布及其在阴茎背神经选择性切断术治疗原发性早泄手术中的应用价值。方法:解剖38具成年男性尸体阴茎,显露阴茎背神经,记录阴茎背神经的数目及走行、分布。选择314例原发性早泄患者行阴茎背神经选择性切断术,患者年龄20～45岁,病程1～22年。结果:38具尸体阴茎背神经平行分布于阴茎背侧和两侧面,4具尸体阴茎背神经分支分布到阴茎腹侧面;38具尸体阴茎背神经数目为(3.6±1.2)支,其中7支1例,6支1例,5支6例,4支9例,3支14例,2支7例。314例原发性早泄患者阴茎背神经数目为(7.0±1.9)支:其中5支64例,6支56例,7支52例,8支40例,9支33例,10支28例,11支25例,12支11例,13支5例。手术后阴道内射精潜伏期为(4.31±1.87)min,性生活满意度为(61±17)%,与手术前[(1.24±0.32)min;(23±6)%]相比,差异有显著性(P均<0.01)。结论:阴茎背神经数目异常增多可能是原发性早泄的病理学基础,阴茎背神经选择性切断术治疗原发性早泄安全、有效。