骨肉瘤组织中多药耐药基因mdr—1 mRNA和p—糖蛋白的表达及其与临 …

目的 研究多药耐药基因ｍｄｒ－１ ｍＲＮＡ与ｐ－糖蛋白（ｐ－ｇｐ）在骨肉瘤的表达及与临床的关系。方法 ４０例骨肉瘤及１０例正常组织冰冻切片,以地高辛ｍｄｒ－１;寡核苷酸探针及ｐ－ｇｐ单克隆抗体Ｃ２１９分别进行原位杂交及免疫组化染色,并对有关临床及病理指标综合分析。结果 骨肉瘤组ｍｄｒ－１ ｍＲＮＡ和ｐ－ｇｐ的阳性表达率分别为８５％和８０％,正常骨组织相应值为１０％和０,两组间比较差异有显著性差异。     

p21 ras和nm23-H1表达与胃癌淋巴结转移的关系

为探讨ｐ２１ｒａｓ和ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１表达与胃癌淋巴结转移的关系,采用ＬＳＡＢ法观察了８０例胃癌患者的ｐ２１ｒａｓ和ｎｍ２３Ｈ１的表达,并分析其与淋巴结转移的关系,结果：有淋巴结转移（ＬＮＭ）组ｐ２１ｒａｓ表达阳性率（６２．５％）明显高于无ＬＮＭ组（４２．５％）但ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１表达阳性率（２７．５％）则明显低于无ＬＮＭ组（４７．５％）ＬＮＭ数为１－３枚和ｐ２１ｒａｓ表达阳性率（３３．３％）明显低于４－     

MDR1基因产物在非小细胞肺癌中的表达研究

目的探讨ＭＤＲ１基因表达产物Ｐ－糖蛋白（Ｐ－ｇｐ）在非小细胞肺癌中的表达水平及其临床意义。方法采用免疫组织化学标记链亲和素－生物素法检测１２６例非小细胞肺癌标本中Ｐ－ｇｐ的表达。结果（１）Ｐ－ｇｐ总的阳性表达率为５６．３％（７１／１２６）；（２）腺癌与鳞癌之间，鳞癌与腺鳞癌之间Ｐ－ｇｐ的表达阳性率无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），但腺鳞癌Ｐ－ｇｐ的阳性表达率高于腺癌（Ｐ＜０．０５）；（３）Ｐ－ｇｐ的表达与性别、年龄、肿瘤生长部位、病理分期及是否伴有淋巴结转移无关。结论Ｐ－ｇｐ在非小细胞肺癌中有较高的阳性表达率，且与病理类型有一定关系，提示在非小细胞肺癌尤其是Ｐ－ｇｐ高度表达类型肺癌的化疗中，应重视Ｐ－ｇｐ介导的多药耐药性。     

p53基因和C—erbB—2基因在胃癌中的表达

为探讨ｐ５３基因和Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２基因与胃癌组织分型、浸润深度、淋巴结转移、肝转移、腹膜种植及预后关系，应用免疫组化方法检测了胃癌组织中的ｐ５３基因和Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２的表达情况，结果发现ｐ５３阳性染色率为２４／７２（３３．３％），Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２阳性染色率２０／１０６（１８．９％）。ｐ５３阳性染色与胃癌淋巴结转移、胃癌组织分型及Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２基因表达呈高度相关。Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２阳性染色与胃癌腹膜种植、肝转移以及肿瘤组织分型呈正相关。ｐ５３阴性表达５年生存率（４８．９％）显著高于阳性表达（１７．６％）（Ｐ＜０．０５）。Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２阴性表达５年生存率（３８．６％）高于阳性表达（２１．７％），但无统计学差异。单因素和多因素分析显示ｐ５３表达是一个独立的预后因素。单因素分析Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２表达对预后无影响。     

p53和c—myc异常表达与胃癌细胞多药耐药性关系的研究

应用ＬＳＡＢ免疫组织化学方法研究６７例胃标本中ｐ５３和ｃｍｙｃ的表达与多药耐药性（ＭＤＲ）的关系。结果显示：本组胃癌中ｐ５３阳性３２例，阳性率４７８％；ｃｍｙｃ阳性３７例，阳性率５５２％；Ｐｇｐ阳性３９例，阳性率５８２％。ｐ５３的异常表达与ｍｄｒ１基因表达呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０６３，Ｐ＜００５），而ｃｍｙｃ和ｍｄｒ１的表达无明显相关。提示ｐ５３异常表达可增加ｍｄｒ１基因的表达，从而使胃癌细胞获得ＭＤＲ表型。     

胃肠道腺癌P-糖蛋白和P53蛋白表达的关系

目的 探讨多药基因产物Ｐ糖蛋白（Ｐ－ｇｌｙｃｏｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ,Ｐ－ｇｐ）和Ｐ５３蛋白在胃肠道腺癌中协同表达的意义。方法 应用免疫组织化学方法检测术前未进行化疗的２５９例胃癌和１４０例结肠癌组织中的Ｐ－ｇｐ和Ｐ５３蛋白的表达。结果 Ｐ－ｇｐ和Ｐ５３在胃癌中的表达分别为２６．２５％（６８／２５９）和３７．０７％（９６／２５９）;在结肠癌在的表达分别为２３．５７％（３３／１４０）和４０％（５６／１４０）     

脑转移瘤中mtp53,二磷酸核苷激酶／nm23—H1的表达和临床 …

目的 探讨突变体ｐ５３蛋白（ｍｔｐ５３）和二磷酸核苷激酶（ＮＤＰＫ）／ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１在脑转移瘤中的表达和预后关系。方法 采用免疫组织化学卵白素－生物素复合物（ＡＢＣ）法检测ｍｔｐ５３和ＮＤＰＫ／ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１在３１例脑转移瘤中的表达。结果３１例中１９例（６１．３％）ｍｔｐ５３、４例（１２．９％）ＮＤＰＫ／ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１表达阳性细胞。ｍｔｐ５３与ＮＤＰＫ／ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１表达呈负相关。ｍｔｐ５３阳性     

乳癌中p16,c-erbB-2的表达及意义

探讨ｐ１６和ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２蛋白表达与乳癌临床病理因素及预后的关系。方法 采用免疫组化和ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ技术,分别检测５０例乳癌ｐ１６,ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２蛋白的表达和２０例乳癌ｐ１６基因的纯合性缺失及突变。结果 ５０例乳癌中,１７例（３４．０％）ｐ１６蛋白表达阳性,２４例（４８．０％）ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２蛋白表达阳性。２０例乳癌中无ｐ１６基因的纯合性缺失,１例ｐ１６基因外显子２有点突变。结果表明,ｐ１６     

凝血酶敏感蛋-1、血管内皮生长因子及微血管密度对骨肉瘤复发转移的判断价值

目的探讨凝血酶敏感蛋-1（TSP-1）、血管肉皮细胞生长因子（VEGF）、微血管密度（MVD）在判断骨肉瘤患者复发转移中的价值。方法采用免疫组织化学法检测65例骨肉瘤手术切除标本的VEGF、TSP-1蛋白的表达情况并计数MVD，对上述指标与术后复发转移率之间的关系进行回顾性分析。结果全组病例TSP-1、VEGF蛋白表达阳性率分别为30．77％（20／65）和61．54％（40／65）；MVD平均值为（23．68±9．42）／200倍视野；VEGF阳性组的术后复发转移率高于VEGF阴性组（P〈0．05）；TSP-1阳性组的术后复发转移率低于TSP-1阴性组（P〈0．05）；多因素分析表明，MVD和淋巴结状况为判断骨肉瘤术后复发转移的独立因素（P〈0．05）。结论MVD是判断骨肉瘤术后复发转移的独立因素，具有判断术后复发转移的风险及预后的价值。     

转移抑制基因maspin在骨肉瘤中的表达及其意义

目的探讨肿瘤转移抑制基因maspin在骨肉瘤中的表达及意义。方法收集自1996年至2004年在中国医科大学附属第一医院骨科诊治的骨肉瘤患者的完整资料及手术标本，以及术后保留的瘤旁正常骨组织，共62例。骨肉瘤标本依据Enneking分期分组，分别予1％多聚甲醛固定和深低温冷藏及脱钙。采用逆转录一聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）和免疫组织化学方法（SP法）检测maspin基因在骨肉瘤和正常骨组织中的表达，探讨其表达与骨肉瘤的临床特性之间的关系。结果RT-PCR：maspin mRNA在正常骨组织中的表达量明显高于在骨肉瘤中的表达量，组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。免疫组织化学：maspin在骨肉瘤和正常骨组织中的阳性率分别为76．1％和59．5％，组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。maspin基因的表达与骨肉瘤患者的临床分期呈负相关（P〈0．05）。结论转移抑制基因maspin的表达下调在骨肉瘤发展中起着一定作用，maspin的表达变化可能对骨肉瘤的转移具有抑制作用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.