新疆维吾尔自治区白蛉的地域分布与地理景观的关系

目的：研究新疆境内白蛉的地域分布与地理景观的关系。方法：综合白蛉地域分布的调查材料，配以各调查地点的景观特征，分析各种白蛉的地域分布格局与地理景观之间的关系。结果：在不同的区域地带，均有１－２种对该区环境有较强适应性的代表蛉种。山地景观地带（棕钙土）以中华白蛉长管亚种为主要蛉种，与山麓相衔接的砾漠地带（棕漠土），亚历山大白蛉占蛉种组成的６９．７％－１００％，古老绿洲地带（绿洲潮土／黄土）以中华白蛉长管亚种为优势种，胡杨荒漠地带（荒漠森林土）以硕大白蛉吴氏亚种的比例为大（６０．９％－７７．６％），其次为微小司蛉新疆亚种（１４．３％－３９．１％），梭梭荒漠地带（半固定风沙土）安氏白蛉占８５．２％－９７．９％，而在植被主要是琵琶柴混生红柳的地带（灰漠土），蒙古白蛉占６７．３％－８４．４％，在海拔低的盐土荒漠地带，地表散见骆驼刺，阿帕克司蛉为唯一的蛉种。结论：不同的地理景观地带有不同的蛉种，反映了各种白蛉对生存环境有不同的需求。     

吴氏白蛉与斯氏白蛉形态特征的比较研究

目的　鉴别吴氏白蛉 (Phlebotomus wui)和斯氏白蛉 (Phlebotomussmirnovi)的主要形态特征 ,有助于区分该两种白蛉。　方法　用两种白蛉原描述的形态进行比较研究 ,以图、表对比的方法说明两种白蛉在形态特征上的不同。　结果表明吴氏白蛉与斯氏白蛉均属于劳蛉亚属的种类 ,是两个不同的独立种。　结论　吴氏白蛉与斯氏白蛉是两个形态特征完全不同的蛉种 ,存在着严格的地理隔离。吴氏白蛉是我国西北荒漠地区典型的野生野栖种类 ,是新疆、内蒙古黑热病自然疫源地的传播媒介。微小司蛉新疆亚种 (S.minutussinkiangensis)在描述上不需要更改的情况下 ,根据种名优先法勿需更名。     

中国白蛉科白蛉种类

该文对中国白蛉科(Phlebotomidae)已报道的67种白蛉作了剖析,表明我国有3属29种白蛉,其中白蛉属(Phlebotomus)11种,司蛉属(Sergentomyia)17种.异蛉属(Idiophlebotomus)1种.同物异名有19种,需待研究的白蛉有18种.司蛉属司蛉是多态型种类,鉴定和定种时,要严谨和避免同物异名的出现.     

吴氏白蛉与斯氏白蛉形态特征的比较研究

目的 鉴别吴氏白蛉(Phlebotomus wut)和斯氏白蛉(Phlebotomus smirnovi)的主要形态特征，有助于区分该两种白蛉。方法 用两种白蛉原描述的形态进行比较研究，以图、表对比的方法说明两种白蛉在形态特征上的不同。结果 表明吴氏白蛉与斯氏白蛉均属于劳蛉亚属的种类，是两个不同的独立种。结论 吴氏白蛉与斯氏白蛉是两个形态特征完全不同的蛉种，存在着严格的地理隔离。吴氏白蛉是我国西北荒漠地区典型的野生野栖种类，是新疆、内蒙古黑热病自然疫源地的传播媒介。微小司蛉新疆亚种(S．minutus sinkiangensis)在描述上不需要更改的情况下，根据种名优先法勿需更名。     

新疆阿克苏地区不同景观地带的白蛉及其传播黑热病的研究

在新疆阿克苏地区,不同景观地带有不同类型的土壤和蛉种组成。在地带性土壤为棕钙土的山地和灌淤土区的古老绿洲,中华白蛉长管亚种分别占91.1％和92.5％,棕漠土区的山麓砾质戈壁,亚历山大白蛉为优势种,占91.5％,而在林灌草甸土区的荒漠,则以硕大白蛉吴氏亚种为多,占60.9％.本文结合以往新疆的蛉种调查资料分析,认为土壤类型是影响白蛉分布的重要因素。白蛉人工感染实验和自然感染调查的结果表明,上述三种白蛉都是阿克苏地区黑热病的媒介,其传病作用则随景观地带的不同而异。     

甘肃省的白蛉区系

何观清于 194 8年首次记载了甘肃省的蛉种及其分布的一些资料 ,指出在永靖、临夏、皋兰、通渭、平凉和泾川 6县有中华白蛉的分布 ,在皋兰和永靖还查见了蒙古白蛉[1] 。 195 1年 ,甘肃省建立了黑热病防治所 ,在开展对该病防治工作的同时 ,也对白蛉的种属及其地理分布进行调查。此后 ,虽然分管黑热病 (内脏利什曼病 )防治工作的单位几经更迭 ,但对蛉的调查工作迄未间断 ,除甘南藏族自治州的西部高原地带尚待调查外 ,其它地带 ,包括陇中、陇东黄土高原、陇南山地和河西走廊荒漠 ,都曾先后用人工捕集、捕蛉器和粘性纸等方法收集白蛉并进行鉴定。…     

我国七种白蛉咽甲的超微结构研究

目的　研究不同地域的7种白蛉 (白蛉属5种,司蛉属2种)咽甲内侧壁的超微结构。　方法　采用扫描电子显微镜进行咽甲超微结构的分析。　结果　白蛉咽甲的内侧壁由一些齿形结构和横嵴组成 ,齿形结构和横嵴的形状、数目以及排列方式在各蛉种间表现不同。　结论　不同种属的白蛉咽甲在超微结构上有明显的差异 ,可为蛉种鉴定提供形态学依据     

我国七种白蛉咽甲的超微结构研究

目的研究不同地域的7种白蛉(白蛉属5种,司蛉属2种)咽甲内侧壁的超微结构.方法采用扫描电子显微镜进行咽甲超微结构的分析.结果白蛉咽甲的内侧壁由一些齿形结构和横嵴组成,齿形结构和横嵴的形状、数目以及排列方式在各蛉种间表现不同.结论不同种属的白蛉咽甲在超微结构上有明显的差异,可为蛉种鉴定提供形态学依据.     

新疆南部不同类型内脏利什曼病流行区媒介白蛉监测

目的了解新疆南部不同类型内脏利什曼病部分流行区媒介白蛉动态。方法选择库尔勒砾漠地带、喀什古老绿洲农业区和伽师荒漠农业区作为监测点;3种类型监测点采用粘性油纸法、诱蛉灯法、捕蛉管人工捕集法和白布灯照诱引法捕集白蛉;对捕集的白蛉观察密度、鉴定蛉种并检查雌蛉自然感染前鞭毛体。结果喀什、伽师和库尔勒捕蛉管人工捕集法白蛉密度分别为34.83、27.69和0.73只/人工小时;喀什解剖白蛉860只,其中吴氏白蛉占77.6%,长管白蛉占22.4%。伽师解剖白蛉604只,均为吴氏白蛉;库尔勒解剖白蛉11只均为亚历山大白蛉;吴氏白蛉是喀什古老绿洲农业区和伽师荒漠农业区夜间在有灯光的户外和人房外墙活动的优势蛉种;长管白蛉是喀什古老绿洲农业区白天主要在人房内和畜舍内活动的优势蛉种,夜晚也可在人房外墙捕到;亚历山大白蛉是库尔勒砾漠地带的优势蛉种。结论喀什和伽师白蛉密度甚高,应根据各自的特点,采取有效方法控制传播媒介,降低人群内脏利什曼病发病率。     

四十年来新疆维吾尔自治区白蛉的调查研究

总结了新疆４０年来（１９５８￣１９９８）对白蛉的调查研究工作。查见白蛉共１０种；大范围地调查了白蛉的地理分布及主要蛉种的分布规律；按ＷＨＯ的标准，确定了流行于天山以南荒漠地带内脏利什曼病（黑热病）以及在克拉玛依呈灶性流行的皮肤利什曼病的媒介蛉种；古老绿洲地带内脏利什曼病的媒介尚待进一步确认。针对不同媒介白蛉的生态习性使用不同的防制方法，收到了成效。在讨论中，对新疆今后白蛉的研究工作提出了建议。     

四川省黑水县中华白蛉季节消长及生态习性观察

对黑水县三个不同海拔高度（１８１０－２４００ｍ）的山洞内白蛉密度的变化情况进行了调查，并对捕获的白蛉作了鉴定，发现三个观察点的白蛉皆系中华白蛉，在一年内均有两个密度高峰期，白蛉全年持续活动时间约为四个半月。     

The effect of immune sera from hamsters immunized with sandfly gut and whole body extract antigens on the fecundity and mortality of Phlebotomus duboscqi (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Phlebotomus duboscqi were fed on hamsters previously immunized with different concentrations of homogenized crude sandfly gut antigen and supernatant obtained from whole body extract. The humoral response in the rodents was quantified at different times post-immunization by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sandflies were fed on either immunized or saline control hamsters and the effect of the blood meals on sandfly feeding, survival and fecundity was investigated. The humoral response in immunized hamsters as measured by the presence of P. duboscqi-specific IgG antibodies was significantly greater (P < 0.05) as compared to the controls. This difference was noted in sera collected on 15 and 25 days post-immunization. Sandflies fed on immunized hamsters had a significantly higher mortality (P < 0.05) and decreased egg production (P < 0.05) than those fed on unimmunized control hamsters.     

Sandfly fauna and ecological analysis of Phlebotomus orientalis and Phlebotomus martini in the lowland foci of visceral leishmaniasis in Somali Regional State,southeast Ethiopia

Objective: To identify the sandfly fauna and analyze ecology of sandfly vector(s) of visceral leishmaniasis in three districts of Somali Regional State, southeast Ethiopia. Methods: Sandflies were collected from four sampling habitats, including indoor, peri-domestic, farm field and mixed forest using light and sticky traps in July 2016, and February and April 2017 in Liben and Dawa zones in the Somali Regional State, southeastern Ethiopia. Results: In total, 4 367 sandfly specimens, belonging to 12 species(three Phlebotomus spp. and nine Sergentomyia spp.) were identified. Phlebotomus(P.) heischi, P. orientalis, and P. martini constituted 45.7%, 31.1%, and 23.1% of the sandfly collection, respectively. There were significant differences in the median number of P. orientalis, and P. martini captured per CDC trap/night between the three sampling districts(P0.05). In light trap capture, collection habitats had significant effects on the abundance of P. orientalis, and P. martini(P0.05). More median numbers of P. orientalis, and P. martini species were collected in agricultural fields followed by mixed forest and peri-domestic habitats. P. orientalis and P. martini were caught more in outdoor than indoor habitats, suggesting exophilic behaviour. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that the presence of P. orientalis and P. martini are probable vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in this new focus. The findings of our study will improve the understanding of the dynamics of visceral leishmaniasis transmission and will facilitate the implementation of integrated disease control measures based on ecological knowledge of visceral leishmaniasis vector in Liben and Dawa zones and its surrounding regions.     

The effect of immune sera from hamsters immunized with sandfly gut and whole body extract antigens on the fecundity and mortality of Phlebotomus duboscqi (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Phlebotomus duboscqi were fed on hamsters previously immunized with different concentrations of homogenized crude sandfly gut antigen and supernatant obtained from whole body extract. The humoral response in the rodents was quantified at different times post-immunization by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sandflies were fed on either immunized or saline control hamsters and the effect of the blood meals on sandfly feeding, survival and fecundity was investigated. The humoral response in immunized hamsters as measured by the presence of P. duboscqi-specific IgG antibodies was significantly greater (P < 0.05) as compared to the controls. This difference was noted in sera collected on 15 and 25 days post-immunization. Sandflies fed on immunized hamsters had a significantly higher mortality (P < 0.05) and decreased egg production (P < 0.05) than those fed on unimmunized control hamsters.     

Changing epidemiology of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in Brazil: a disease of the urban-rural interface

American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) was first reported from the south-western region of the state of Rio Grande do Norte in 1987. S?o Miguel municipality and adjacent areas have accounted for 90% of the American cutaneous leishmaniasis cases in the region since then. A population survey conducted in S?o Miguel and adjacent areas was undertaken to identify individuals with a history of ACL. The incidence of ACL, distribution by age and gender, clinical characteristics, family clustering, relationship to animals, association with skin test responses, and development of mucosal lesions were determined. Males and females were equally likely to be infected by Leishmania. Thirty-eight percent of the individuals tested were found to be Montenegro skin test positive. No difference in the Montenegro skin test was observed with gender, but the response increased with age. Among the 140 ACL cases treated in a 4-year period in S?o Miguel, five (3.6%) developed mucosal involvement. Sandflies capable of transmitting Leishmania were captured inside households and in the areas surrounding them. The high density of sandfly species potentially able to transmit Leishmania species and the age distribution of cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis suggest that transmission of the parasite occurred inside or in close proximity to houses.     

Transmission Dynamics of Punique Virus in Tunisia

A novel phlebovirus, Punique virus (PUNV), was discovered and isolated in 2008 from sandflies from Northern Tunisia. PUNV is now classified as a unique member of the Punique phlebovirus species within the Phlebovirus genus in the Phenuiviridae family (order bunyavirales). In this study, we aimed to investigate the transmission dynamics of PUNV in Tunisia. Sandflies were collected during two consecutive years, 2009 and 2010, by CDC light traps. In 2009, a total of 873 sandflies were collected and identified to the species level. Phlebotomus perniciosus was the most abundant species. One pool of P. perniciosus females collected in autumn contained PUNV RNA, yielding an infection rate of 0.11%. The population densities of circulating sandfly species were assessed during May–November 2010 in Northern Tunisia by using sticky traps. Phlebotomus (Larroussius) perniciosus (71.74%) was the most abundant species, followed by Phlebotumus (Larroussius) longicuspis (17.47%), and Phlebotumus (Larroussius) perfiliewi (8.82%). The densities of dominant sandfly species were found to peak in early spring and again in the autumn. In 2010, species identification was not performed, and sandflies were only discriminated on the basis of sex and collection date. Out of 249 pools, three contained PUNV RNA. Each positive pool allowed virus isolation. The three pools of female sandflies containing PUNV RNA were collected in autumn with an infection rate of 0.05%. These findings provide further evidence that P. perniciosus is the main vector of PUNV in Tunisia, and this phlebovirus is endemic in Tunisia. Our findings provided strong evidence of intensive circulation of PUNV in sandflies and hosts through a viral infection buildup process between sandfly vectors and hosts starting at the beginning of the activity of sandflies in spring to reach a maximum during the second main peak in autumn.     

PHLEBOTOMINE SANDFLIES IN RURAL LOCATIONS IN THE STATE OF PARANA,SOUTHERN BRAZIL

SUMMARY

This study reports the fauna and frequency of sandflies in domestic animal shelters, residences and other ecotopes in rural areas of the municipality of Bandeirantes, Paraná State. Sandflies were collected twice in eight rural villages by using Falcon traps from 8pm to 6am in 2008. In these localities 4,790 sandflies were collected, which were represented by ten sandfly species, prevailing of Nyssomyia neivai and Nyssomyia whitmani species. It was observed that animal shelters are the domestic ecotopes where there is the greatest frequency of these insects. The localities where the collections were made had the environmental characteristics that allow the persistence of transmission of parasites from the American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Although the fauna and the behavior of sandflies species are similar in different localities, the method of controlling these insects should be adjusted to the environmental characteristics of each one of the most diverse endemic areas of American tegumentary leishmaniasis in the municipalities of Paraná State.     

Habitats of the sandfly vectors of Leishmania tropica and L. major in a mixed focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeast Tunisia

From 2009 to 2010, 3129 sandflies were caught in CDC light traps placed in various habitats in Ghomrassen, Tataouine governorate, southeast Tunisia, a mixed focus of human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major. Species diversity was quantified in anthropogenic, semi-anthropogenic and semi-natural locations. Sandflies were identified according to morphological characters and also by the comparative sequence analysis of a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene to distinguish between two putative local vectors of L. tropica, namely Phlebotomus chabaudi and Phlebotomus riouxi. The lowest sandfly diversities were found in L. major sites, where the incriminated vector P. papatasi predominated in the burrows of the rodent reservoir hosts (Meriones) as well as inside and outside houses of human cases. In L. tropica sites, the incriminated peri-domestic vector Phlebotomus sergenti was the most abundant species inside houses, whereas P. riouxi or P. chabaudi was the dominant species in the semi-natural rocky habitats favoured by the putative rodent reservoir, Ctenodactylus gundi. All specimens of P. chabaudi identified molecularly had the diagnostic cytochrome b characters of P. riouxi, indicating either that the latter represents only a geographical variant of P. chabaudi or that these two species may sometimes hybridize.     

新发现的内脏利什曼病流行区新疆民丰县Ⅱ. 传播媒介的初步研究

目的 在新发现的流行区新疆塔里木盆地南缘民丰县调查内脏利什曼病（黑热病）的媒介蛉种。方法 在民丰县安迪尔乡雅通古斯村居民点和附近野外采集白蛉,经鉴定后计算蛉种组成和数量比例; 定人、定点、定时观察白蛉数量统计密度;观察白蛉昼夜活动的数量变动;解剖白蛉,分析雌蛉生殖营养周期;检查白蛉有无前鞭毛体自然感染。结果 捕获白蛉1 210只,其中99.17%（1 200/1 210）为吴氏白蛉; 6月上中旬是该蛉季节消长的第一高峰; 生殖营养周期分析表明吴氏白蛉为野生野栖蛉种,夜间活动的白蛉主要在户外吸血,有较强的亲人性;在2只白蛉体内查到自然感染前鞭毛体。 结论 塔里木盆地南缘民丰县安迪尔乡雅通古斯村存在内脏利什曼病传播媒介吴氏白蛉,并有利什曼前鞭毛体自然感染,表明当地存在内脏利什曼病自然疫源地。     

Bionomics of phlebotomine sandflies at a peacekeeping duty site in the north of Sinai, Egypt

A longitudinal entomological survey for sandflies was conducted from 1989 to 1991 at a focus of enzootic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Northeast Sinai, Egypt, within the border region monitored by multinational peacekeepers. Standardized sampling with CDC light traps, oiled paper "sticky traps", and human landing collection was employed to determine monthly trends in species composition, density, sex ratio, and reproductive status of vector sandflies. Each collection method independently defined sandfly seasonality as the period May-November in 1990, and March-October in 1991. Plebotomus papatasi was the only anthropophagic species found and comprised more than 94% of the sandfly population. Two population peaks (May, July) were observed for this species in both survey years. Density of P. papatasi in underground bunkers was higher than outside but inflated by a greater proportion of male flies. During 1990, the proportion of gravid P. papatasi increased progressively during the 5 months period from May to September and averaged 29.5% and 29.7% for interior and exterior collections, respectively. Density of P. papatasi was greater during 1991, but proportions of gravid flies were significantly lower in each survey month and averaged 14.9% and 12.3% for interior and exterior collections, respectively. Seasonal rates of Leishmania-infected P. papatasi averaged 0.8% and 0.9% in 1989 and 1990, but fell to zero in 1991, suggesting an unstable focus of Leishmania major transmission. Proportions of gravid flies may be a valid indicator of the physiological age and epidemiologic importance of the vector sandfly population at this focus. The strong correlation of sticky trap indices to human-landing/biting rates shows that this is an accurate, inexpensive, and no-risk alternative to human bait collections.