131I标记重组人表皮生长因子在裸鼠体内的辐射生物学效应研究

研究131I标记的重组人表皮生长因子(131I-rhEGF)对荷人乳腺癌裸鼠的辐射生物学效应。通过131I-rhEGF在小鼠体内的分布实验找寻131I-rhEGF的主要浓聚组织,再通过生化检查和活组织病理检查检测131I-rhEGF对荷人乳腺癌裸鼠主要浓聚131I-rhEGF的组织的辐射损伤。131I-rhEGF在小鼠体内的分布实验显示,131I-rhEGF主要浓聚在肾、肝、脾、血。生化检查和活组织病理检查结果显示,注射131I-rhEGF2次(每次注射量相当于50kg人体注射14.58GBq,间隔为14d)对荷人乳腺癌裸鼠的肿瘤有较强的杀伤作用,而对肾、肝、脾和造血组织均无辐射损伤。因此,131I-rhEGF在受体介导放射性靶向治疗乳腺癌的过程中对正常组织是安全的药物。     

放射性碘标胰岛素在荷人肝癌裸鼠体内的趋瘤特性研究

目的 :观察放射性碘标胰岛素在荷人肝癌裸鼠体内的趋瘤特性。方法 :采用荷人肝癌裸鼠模型。用放射性碘标记胰岛素进行荷人肝癌裸鼠体内分布实验、抑制实验和显像研究。结果 :体内分布实验显示 ,肝癌组织摄取 [1 2 5Ｉ]-胰岛素明显高于本底组织 (肌肉 ) ;肿瘤与血和肿瘤与肌肉的放射性比值随时间延长而增高。体内抑制实验肿瘤组织的抑制率为 35%。接种肿瘤部位有明显的局部放射性浓聚 ,非标记胰岛素能明显抑制肿瘤组织中的放射性浓聚。结论 :放射性碘标胰岛素在荷人肝癌裸鼠体内 ,通过受体介导作用 ,能被肝细胞癌组织特异性摄取放射性碘标胰…     

~(131)I标记抗胃癌单克隆抗体导向治疗的实验研究

作者根据~(131)I-3H11在荷瘤裸鼠体内分布的摄取百分率,绘制肿瘤和主要器官每克组织摄取量关于时间的函数曲线(清除曲线),计算出不同剂量时肿瘤和各脏器的累积吸收剂量,从而选择安全,有效的注射剂量及治疗间隔时间。选择的剂量为150～250μCi/     

[~(125)I]-(A14)单碘胰岛素在荷人肝癌裸鼠体内的趋瘤特性研究

目的 :观察放射性碘标记胰岛素在荷人肝癌裸鼠体内的趋瘤或亲肿瘤 (tumor-seeking)特性。方法 :采用荷人肝癌裸鼠模型。用 [12 5I]- (A14)单碘胰岛素进行荷人肝癌裸鼠体内分布实验和抑制实验。结果 :体内分布实验显示肝癌组织摄取 [12 5I]- (A14)单碘胰岛素明显高于本底组织 (肌肉 ) ,肿瘤与血和肿瘤与肌肉的放射性比值随时间延长而增高。体内抑制实验发现肿瘤组织于 30min的抑制率为 35 .0 %。结论 :[12 5I]- (A14)单碘胰岛素在荷人肝癌裸鼠体内 ,通过受体介导作用 ,能被肝细胞癌组织特异性摄取。     

抗人肝细胞肝癌单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

目的 制备高特异性和高亲和力的抗人肝细胞肝癌（HCC）的单克隆抗体（MAb）,为肝癌的靶向诊断及治疗提供依据.方法 用人肝细胞肝癌细胞株HepG-2经＂尾静脉.脾脏联合方法＂免疫BALB/c小鼠.取其脾脏细胞与同源小鼠骨髓瘤细胞SP2/0-Ag14融合,经ABC免疫组化初筛抗体、有限稀释法亚克隆化、染色体分析、免疫组化鉴定抗体特异性、共聚焦显微镜扫描技术（LSCM）进行组织定位、ELISA分析鉴定抗体的亚型及荷人肝癌裸鼠牛物分布等进一步鉴定其生物学特性.结果 （1）获得一株分泌抗人肝细胞肝癌单克隆抗体的杂交瘤;该抗体与肝癌组织结合的特异性高达98.5%（67/68）;（2）注射131I-MAb后瘤部位放射性分布有逐渐增加的趋势,血液、肝脏、肾脏和肺脏放射性有逐渐减低的趋势,72 h肿瘤/血液和肿瘤,肝脏比值分别为15.76±3.28和7.23±1.70.结论 成功制备抗人肝细胞肝癌的单克隆抗体,具有较好的肝癌特异性、靶向性,对原发性肝癌有潜在的诊断及治疗作用.     

抗人肝细胞肝癌单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

目的 制备高特异性和高亲和力的抗人肝细胞肝癌(HCC)的单克隆抗体(MAb),为肝癌的靶向诊断及治疗提供依据.方法 用人肝细胞肝癌细胞株HepG-2经"尾静脉.脾脏联合方法"免疫BALB/c小鼠.取其脾脏细胞与同源小鼠骨髓瘤细胞SP2/0-Ag14融合,经ABC免疫组化初筛抗体、有限稀释法亚克隆化、染色体分析、免疫组化鉴定抗体特异性、共聚焦显微镜扫描技术(LSCM)进行组织定位、ELISA分析鉴定抗体的亚型及荷人肝癌裸鼠牛物分布等进一步鉴定其生物学特性.结果 (1)获得一株分泌抗人肝细胞肝癌单克隆抗体的杂交瘤;该抗体与肝癌组织结合的特异性高达98.5%(67/68);(2)注射131I-MAb后瘤部位放射性分布有逐渐增加的趋势,血液、肝脏、肾脏和肺脏放射性有逐渐减低的趋势,72 h肿瘤/血液和肿瘤,肝脏比值分别为15.76±3.28和7.23±1.70.结论 成功制备抗人肝细胞肝癌的单克隆抗体,具有较好的肝癌特异性、靶向性,对原发性肝癌有潜在的诊断及治疗作用.     

131I-c(RGD)2在原位荷脑胶质瘤裸鼠模型中的靶向定位研究

目的 对131I-c(RGD)2在原位荷脑胶质瘤动物模型中的靶向定位作用进行研究,以探讨其应用于脑胶质瘤诊断与治疗的可能性.方法 采用U87-MG人脑胶质瘤细胞接种在裸鼠右脑尾状核内,建立了原位荷脑胶质瘤动物模型;采用氯氨T法将131I标记c(RGD)2,于原位荷脑胶质瘤裸鼠中进行生物分布研究,计算131I-c(RGD)2在脑胶质瘤中的摄取率及肿瘤与正常脑组织摄取率的比值(T/NT).结果 给药后3 h及6 h,肾的摄取均为所有器官中最高;给药后3 h肿瘤未累及的脑组织的摄取率为(0.16±0.10)％ID/g,胶质瘤组织的摄取率为(0.41±0.26)％ID/g,脑胶质瘤中的摄取率显著高于正常脑组织摄取率(P值为0.025);给药后6 h肿瘤未累及的脑组织的摄取率为(0.08±0.04)％ID/g,胶质瘤组织的摄取率为(0.44±0.23)％ID/g,脑胶质瘤中的摄取率亦显著高于正常脑组织摄取率(P值为0.011);给药后3 h T/NT比值为3.36±1.86,给药后6 h T/NT比值增高至5.55±1.75.结论 c(RGD)2具有靶向颅内胶质瘤的能力,在胶质瘤的靶向诊断与治疗中具有潜力,但其在脑胶质瘤中的摄取率相对较低,有待于进一步提高.     

Radiolabeling of Anti-human Prostatic Specific Membrane Antigen Antibody with 99Tcm and its Biodistribution in Nude Mice Bearing Human Prostate Cancer

目的 研究99Tcm-抗前列腺特异性膜抗原(PSMA)抗体(J591)对前列腺癌细胞体外结合性能、在荷人前列腺癌裸鼠体内生物分布.方法 用改进的Schwarz方法进行99Tcm标记,经Sephadex G-50柱分离纯化;用纸层析法和三氯醋酸法测定标记率与放化纯;用流式细胞术测定抗体与肿瘤细胞在体外的结合性能;PSMA阳性的C4-2前列腺癌裸鼠为实验组,PSMA阴性的PC3前列腺癌裸鼠为对照组,裸鼠静脉注射7.5 MBq(25μg/只)99Tcm-J591,分别于2、6、12及24h测定体内放射性分布,计算每克组织百分注射剂量率(％ ID/g)及T/NT比值.结果 表明99Tcm - J591标记率为(78.9±6.2)％,放化纯＞90％.J591与99Tcm - J591在体外能结合PSMA阳性的C4-2细胞,与PSMA阴性的PC3细胞不结合,显示出J591具有良好的特异性.生物分布实验显示:实验组裸鼠肿瘤部位出现99Tcm浓聚,对照组则没有.肿瘤组织百分注射剂量率(％ ID/g)在12h达高峰,为(15.91±5.16)％ID/g,与对照组(3.22±1.33)％ID/g相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其余组织和器官的百分注射剂量率在两组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 J591具有良好的免疫活性和对前列腺癌的靶向定位性能,可望用于前列腺癌的导向诊断及导向治疗.     

[125I]-(A14)单碘胰岛素在荷人肝癌裸鼠体内的趋瘤特性研究

目的：观察放射性碘标记胰岛素在荷人肝癌裸鼠体内的趋瘤或亲肿瘤（tumor-seeking）特性。方法：采用荷人肝癌裸鼠模型。用[¹²⁵I]-(A14)单碘胰岛素进行荷人肝癌裸鼠体内分布实验和抑制实验。结果：体内分布实验显示肝癌组织摄取[¹²⁵I]-(A14)单碘胰岛素明显高于本底组织（肌肉）,肿瘤与血和肿瘤与肌肉的放射性比值随时间延长而增高。体内抑制实验发现肿瘤组织于30 min的抑制率为35.0%。结论：[¹²⁵I]-(A14)单碘胰岛素在荷人肝癌裸鼠体内,通过受体介导作用,能被肝细胞癌组织特异性摄取。     

131I标记重组人表皮生长因子体内抑制乳腺癌生长的实验研究

研究 1 31 I标记重组人表皮生长因子 (1 31 I- Recombinant hum an epiderm al growth factor,1 31 I- rh EGF)对荷人乳腺癌裸鼠肿瘤生长的抑制作用。1 31 I- rh EGF在荷人乳腺癌裸鼠体内的组织分布实验证实 1 31 I- rh EGF的生物活性及乳腺癌组织对 1 31 I- rh EGF的摄取 ,通过给药后荷人乳腺癌裸鼠肿瘤的生长实验观察 1 31 I- rh EGF对肿瘤生长的影响 ,用透射电镜和病理组织学检查分别观察 1 31 I- rh EGF治疗后肿瘤细胞的超微结构变化和组织病理学变化。1 31 I-rh EGF的组织分布显示 ,荷人乳腺癌裸鼠的肿瘤组织对 1 31 I- rh EGF有明显摄取。肿瘤生长观察结果显示 ,静脉注射和瘤体内注射 1 31 I- rh EGF均能明显抑制肿瘤的生长 ,抑瘤率 (82 .0 0 %和 80 .70 % )显著大于 1 31 I(7.4 9% )和 1 31 I- HSA(6 .91% ) (P<0 .0 5 )。透射电镜和病理学观察均显示 ,静脉注射和瘤体内注射 1 31 I- rh EGF均能明显杀伤、杀死肿瘤组织细胞。实验表明 ,1 31 I- rh EGF能抑制裸鼠体内的人乳腺癌细胞生长 ,可望成为受体介导放射性靶向治疗乳腺癌的新药物     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.