Subclinical cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus: To screen or not to screen

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has risen in recent decades, and cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in this population. Several clinical trials have demonstrated the benefit of tight control of risk factors on the incidence and mortality of cardiovascular disease. However, in clinical practice, few patients achieve the therapeutic goals. The current diagnostic procedures for subclinical cardiovascular disease in T2DM patients have not been shown to improve prognosis or mortality, probably because they do not categorize cardiovascular risk. Thus, clinical practice guidelines do not systematically recommend screening for subclinical atherosclerosis in these patients, although it is known that patients with extra-coronary atherosclerosis, microangiopathy and poorly-controlled cardiovascular risk factors are at high risk for cardiovascular disease. Improvements in the reliability of diagnostic tests, with fewer side effects and better cost efficiency, may better help to stratify cardiovascular risk in this group of patients, and further evaluation on this topic should be considered.     

Myocardial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is strongly associated with increased risk of myocardial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease (CVD), two separate conditions which often co-exist and influence each other’s course. The prevalence of myocardial dysfunction may be as high as 75% in T2DM populations but is often overlooked due to the initial asymptomatic nature of the disease, complicating co-morbidities such as coronary artery disease (CAD) and obesity, and the lack of consensus on diagnostic criteria. More sensitive echocardiographic applications are furthermore needed to improve detection of early subclinical changes in myocardial function which do not affect conventional echocardiographic parameters. The pathophysiology of the diabetic myocardial dysfunction is not fully elucidated, but involves hyperglycemia and high levels of free fatty acids. It evolves over several years and increases the risk of developing overt HF, and is suggested to at least in part account for the worse outcome seen in T2DM individuals after cardiac events. CAD and stroke are the most frequent CV manifestations among T2DM patients and relate to a large degree to the accelerated atherosclerosis driven by inflammation. Diagnosing CAD is challenging due to the lower sensitivity inherent in the diagnostic tests and there is thus a need for new biomarkers to improve prediction and detection of CAD. It seems that a multi-factorial approach (i.e. targeting several CV risk factors simultaneously) is superior to a strict glucose lowering strategy in reducing risk for macrovascular events, and recent research may even support an effect also on HF outcomes.     

全面防治2型糖尿病减少心血管危险因素

血糖水平尤其餐后高血糖可直接或间接影响心血管疾病的发生和发展,无论糖尿病患者还是非糖尿病个体,早期全面控制血糖达标,减少血糖波动至关重要。全面血糖控制包括降低空腹血糖、改善餐后血糖和糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平。本文重点介绍2型糖尿病加剧动脉粥样硬化的机制、血糖水平尤其餐后高血糖与心血管疾病的关系及2型糖尿病药物治疗进展。     

2型糖尿病肾病住院患者心血管疾病的发生情况

目的通过分析2型糖尿病肾病住院患者既往心血管疾病(cardiavascular disease,CVD)发生史、颈动脉粥样硬化及左心室肥厚的情况,探讨2型糖尿病肾病患者CVD的发生情况。方法入选上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院肾脏科住院治疗的2型糖尿病肾病患者共2 4 5例,根据肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR)水平分为早中期组[GFR30 ml/(min·1.73m~2)]、中晚期非透析组[GFR≤30 ml/(min·1.73m~2)]、透析组。收集入选患者CVD的发生情况、颈动脉多普勒超声及心脏彩超检查结果,并与临床相关资料进行比较分析。结果 245例入选患者,其中男性146例,女性99例,平均年龄64岁(55～70岁)。共有150例患者进行了颈动脉多普勒超声检查,其中88例(58.3%)发现颈动脉斑块,在33例早中期患者中,即有21例(63.6%)发现斑块。与正常参考值相比,各组患者的颈动脉内中膜厚度(intima-media thickhess,IMT)、颈总动脉阻力指数均显著增加。153例患者进行了心脏超声检查,其中120例(78.4%)存在左心室肥厚(left ventricular hypertrophy,LVH),在36例早中期患者中,即有21例(58.3%)有LVH。245例2型糖尿病肾病患者中,共147例既往发生CVD(60.0%),远高于普通人群的CVD发生率(36.3%)。各组患者CVD发生率均明显高于普通人群(36.3%),早中期患者的CVD发生率已达47.8%,中晚期患者CVD的发生率(67.9%)比早中期组显著性升高,差异有统计学意义(P=0.01 1)。结论 2型糖尿病肾病患者普遍存在颈动脉粥样斑块和LVH,其CVD发生率较普通人群明显升高,在早中期阶段CVD的发生率即存在增高趋势。     

Prandial glucose regulation and cardiovascular disease in Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. In recent years, prospective studies have indicated that, in addition to conventional risk factors, glycaemic control of diabetes predicts cardiovascular disease in both middle-aged and elderly patients with Type 2 diabetes. However, there are no consistent data from different studies to indicate that postprandial glucose is a better predictor for cardiovascular risk than fasting glucose level. Although no clinical trials are available to show that improving glycaemic control prevents cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, recent studies imply that hyperglycaemia in patients with Type 2 diabetes should be treated more intensively than recommended by current guidelines     

2型糖尿病患者外周血管病变的临床研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者外周动脉病变（PAD）的发生率及其危险因素。方法利用Huntleig Healthcare糖尿病足诊断箱检测我院184例2型糖尿病的ABI和PBI,同时检测血压、血小板、血脂、尿酸、HBA1C等相关指标,通过统计学方法探讨影响ABI的相关因素。结果ABI降低组（ABI〈0．90）40例（21．74％）,ABI升高组（ABI≥1．30）23例（12．5％）,ABI正常者（0．90≤ABI〈1.30）121例（65．76％）。与ABI正常组比较,ABI降低组患者病程及住院天数更长,吸烟率、HBA1C、SBP、2HPG、TC、LDL—C、血小板计数更高;病程、SBP、HBA1C、2HPG是ABI升高的危险因素。ABI异常组糖尿病的合并症及心脑血管事件的几率增高。结论ABI诊断T2DM伴PAD简便实用可靠,病程、高血脂、吸烟史、高血糖、高血压和高凝状态是PAD的主要危险因素。     

2型糖尿病患者周围血管病变的踝肱指数检测与相关因素分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者周围血管病变(PAD)的相关影响因素,为早期筛查提供临床参考。方法选取2014年9月-2015年2月在我院住院的2型糖尿病患者189例,采用超声多普勒血流探测仪进行下肢血管病变的踝肱指数(ABI)测定,排除掉ABI≥1.3(提示动脉钙化)患者16例,余下分为PAD组(ABI0.9)和非PAD组(0.9≤ABI1.3)。回顾性分析两组患者的临床资料、糖尿病并发症及降糖方案等情况,对可能发生糖尿病周围血管病变的相关因素进行Logistic多元回归分析。结果有26例患者发生周围血管病变,发病率为13.8%。Logistic多元回归分析提示:年龄、病程及低密度脂蛋白是糖尿病周围血管病变的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论 2型糖尿病患者有较高的PAD患病率,医务人员应做好早期筛查工作,教育和指导糖尿病患者加强血脂及血压控制。     

家庭赋权指导对老年2型糖尿病患者饮食行为依从性、自我感受负担的影响

目的:探讨家庭赋权指导对老年2型糖尿病患者血糖控制、饮食行为依从性、自我感受负担的影响.方法:选取2020年6月至12月老年2型糖尿病患者101例纳入对照组,2021年1月至6月老年2型糖尿病患者107例纳入观察组.对照组采取常规护理,观察组采用家庭赋权指导进行干预.比较两组干预前、出院后1个月、3个月、6个月患者的空...     

硝基酪氨酸与2型糖尿病冠心病的关系研究

目的观察血清硝基酪氨酸水平与2型糖尿病（T2DM）冠心病（CHD）的关系。方法应用ELISA免疫试剂盒测定109例糖尿病非冠心病患者（T2DM组）、152例糖尿病合并冠心病患者（T2DM-CHD组）和103名正常对照者（对照组）硝基酪氨酸浓度。结果（1）T2DM-CHD组血清硝基酪氨酸浓度为（78．17±10．68）nmol／L,高于T2DM组[（70．50±9．13）nmol／L]及对照组[（63．23±11．55）nmol／L],差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．01）。（2）对所有糖尿病患者进行相关分析发现,硝基酪氨酸与总胆固醇、甘油三酯、空腹血糖、Gensini积分相关（r=0．361,P=0．009;r=0．206,P=0．001;r=0．347,P=0．026;r=0．466,P〈0．001）。Logistic回归分析发现硝基酪氨酸是2型糖尿病合并冠心病的危险因素之一（OR=1．094,95％CI：1．053-1．137;P〈0．01）。结论硝基酪氨酸在2型糖尿病及2型糖尿病合并冠心病的发生过程中起重要作用。     

Correlates of total homocysteine plasma concentration in type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND: Although well-defined in the general population, correlates of total homocysteine (tHcy) plasma concentration have not been sufficiently evaluated in diabetes. We investigated factors potentially associated with tHcy concentration in a cohort of type 2 diabetic subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The common methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism, fasting tHcy, vitamin B12 and folate plasma levels were assessed in 312 diabetic subjects, whose clinical, metabolic and lifestyle information was also available. RESULTS: The MTHFR genotype distribution was comparable to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with an overall TT homozygous frequency of 22%. Fasting tHcy concentration was significantly higher in men than in women (P < 0.001). Multivariate-adjusted tHcy concentration was significantly different across the quartiles of age (P < 0.001), folate (P = 0.01), vitamin B12 (P = 0.03), creatinine concentrations (P = 0.001) and smoking (P = 0.02). Overall, significant trends were noted for creatinine clearance (P for trend = 0.02) and systolic blood pressure (BP) (unadjusted P for trend = 0.01), whereas no differences were noted according to BMI, diastolic BP, presence of hypertension, and diabetes-related variables, such as diabetes duration, fasting glucose and glycated haemoglobin concentrations, current treatment and diabetes long-term complications. Total homocysteine levels significantly correlated with age, systolic BP, vitamin B12, creatinine and creatinine clearance, but only age, creatinine, folate and vitamin B12 levels were independently associated with tHcy concentration in stepwise regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Age, creatinine, folate, vitamin B12, and to a minor extent, sex, smoking, TT genotype and systolic BP were significantly associated with Hcy plasma concentration in type 2 diabetes, whereas no significant associations were noted with diabetes-related variables.     

脑钠肽对2型糖尿病患者心血管危险预测作用的临床研究

目的 探讨脑钠肽(BNP)与2型糖尿病患者的心血管危险因素的关系、BNP水平与糖尿病患者合并冠心痛的严重程度及其近期预后的关系,探寻一种评价2型糖尿病患者心血管危险的方法.方法 以154例2型糖尿病患者作为研究对象,其中合并原发性高血压65例,合并冠心痛95例.合并冠心病者按临床类型分为稳定型心绞痛组30例、不稳定型心绞痛组33例、急性心肌梗死组32例.观察入选患者的BNP水平和各种心血管危险因素的关系;对合并冠心痛者,观察BNP水平和冠心病不同类型之间的关系,随访6个月观察BNP对合并冠心痛患者死亡的预测作用.结果 入选患者的BNP平均为(397.34±217.79)ng/L,2型糖尿病患者的BNP水平与患者的年龄、CRP、高血压及冠心病正相关(Spearman等级相关指数分别为0.631、0.672、0.762、0.857,P均<0.05);2型糖尿病患者BNP水平随患者年龄升高而升高(r=0.896,P<0.01):<50岁组(57.6±12.3)ng/L,50～59岁组(146.2±53.4)ng/L,60～69岁组(388.4±67.5)ng/L,≥70岁组(423.8±132.6)ng/L(P<0.01或P<0.05);2型糖尿病患者合并原发性高血压者较无高血压合并症者BNP明显升高[(314.7±125.3)ne/L与(136.8±98.7)ng/L,P<0.01];合并冠心病的患者BNP高于无冠心病合并症的患者[(425.03±200.80)ng/L与(37.64±21.57)ng/L,P<0.01],合并冠心痛BNP水平与近期预后关系密切,BNP浓度≥485 ng/L为1个月内心源性死亡的独立预测因素.结论 糖尿病患者的BNP水平和患者的心血管危险相关,对合并冠心病者BNP可作为预测心血管危险的指标.     

家属参与健康教育在2型糖尿病管理中的应用

目的 探讨家属参与健康教育在2型糖尿病患者管理中的应用效果.方法 将100例2型糖尿病患者随机分为试验组与对照组,试验组在常规教育的基础上,采取家属参与教育模式;对照组使用常规教育方法,对患者进行入院宣教、出院指导及随访等.干预时间半年,观察两组患者干预前及干预6个月的空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)及自护行为能力的变化.结果 教育后,试验组的空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、HbA1c值均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);试验组的自护行为能力评分均高于对照组,两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 家属参与教育更有利于糖尿病患者血糖的控制,对患者自护行为能力提高有明显促进作用,但在实施中要有针对性,注重患者和家属的个体化需求.     

2型糖尿病合并恶性肿瘤的基本情况及护理重点

探讨2型糖尿病合并恶性肿瘤的护理重点.调查2型糖尿病患者的基本情况,分析糖尿病患者中恶性肿瘤的患病率、分布情况和临床特点.2型糖尿病患者恶性肿瘤患病率较高(9.18%),男性糖尿病患者恶性肿瘤首位为肺癌(2.15%),女性糖尿病患者肿瘤首位为子宫内膜癌(1.06%).2型糖尿病合并肿瘤患者病死率明显较单一糖尿病患者高(P<0.05).提示应加强对2型糖尿病并恶性肿瘤患者的护理及临终关怀.     

个性化健康教育在2型糖尿病患者中的应用研究

目的 观察个性化健康教育对2型糖尿病患者代谢指标的影响,探索改变患者生活方式的有效措施.方法 由糖尿病专科护士对58例2型糖尿病患者一对一制定个性化健康教育计划,并观察实施计划后患者BMI、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2 hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)等代谢指标的变化.结果 健康教育实施6,12个月后患者BMI、FPG、2hPG、HbAlc等代谢指标均较基线值有所下降,差异均有统计学意义,90％以上的患者能自觉坚持饮食和运动治疗.结论 个性化健康教育能更好地改善2型糖尿病患者的代谢指标.对糖尿病患者进行个性化健康教育,能增强其有效性,并自觉养成良好的生活习惯,从而延缓糖尿病患者慢性并发症的发生和发展.     

实施无缝隙护理对2型糖尿病病人的影响

目的:探讨2型糖尿病病人实施无缝隙护理服务的效果。方法:对90例2型糖尿病病人采用自身对照法实施传统护理服务和无缝隙护理服务各1年。在实施6、12个月时对病人的糖尿病防治知识知晓率、遵医行为、自我管理能力、坚持规律运动、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白等指标进行评估和检测。结果:对2型糖尿病病人实施无缝隙护理服务模式后上述各项指标评价均有显著性差异(P0.01)。结论:对2型糖尿病病人实施无缝隙护理服务模式可以提高病人对糖尿病相关知识的掌握程度,提高病人自我管理能力,并有效控制血糖,降低血糖的波动幅度,减轻或延缓并发症的发生。     

护理干预对2型糖尿病患者服药依从性的影响

目的：探讨护理干预对2型糖尿病患者服药依从性的影响.方法：选择2010年2月～2012年11月我院收治的84例糖尿病患者为研究对象,随机分为对照组和观察组各42例.对照组患者采用常规护理,观察组患者给予优质护理干预措施,比较两组患者的服药依从性.结果：观察组患者护理后,服药依从性优31例,良10例,优良率97.62％,明显高于对照组患者的66.67％（28/42）,P＜0.05,差异有统计学意义.结论：对2型糖尿病患者给予护理干预措施可以有效改善患者的服药依从性,并缓解其不良情绪.     

血清黏附分子和细胞因子与2型糖尿病患者血管病变的关系

目的 探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者血清黏附分子与细胞因子水平以及与血管病变的关系.方法 选择96例T2DM患者按照血管病变情况分为无血管病变组（28例）、微血管病变组（33例）、大血管病变组（35例）,选择同期健康体检者30名作为对照组,ELISA法检测血清细胞间黏附分子1（ICAM-1）和血管细胞黏附分子1（VCAM-1）,细胞因子包括白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）和假性血友病因子（vWF）浓度,同时检测治疗半个月后T2DM患者黏附分子和细胞因子的表达.结果 与对照组比较,T2DM患者不同血管病变组ICAM-1、VCAM-1、IL-6和TNF-α水平都明显增高,差异有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）,且随着患者血管病变的严重,其表达也有升高趋势,差异有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）;治疗半个月后,患者血清ICAM-1、VCAM-1、IL-6和TNF-α水平显著性降低,差异具有统计学意义（t值分别为16.281、8.712、7.697、8.445,P均＜0.05）,各指标分别从治疗前（505.34±56.42） μg/L,（570.85±59.54）μg/L,（94.51±18.04） ng/L,（70.57±18.34） ng/L降到治疗后（390.53±45.23） μg/L,（482.93±69.85） μg/L,（77.31±15.49） ng/L,（50.45±12.66） ng/L;T2DM患者血清ICAM-1、VCAM-1、IL-6及TNF-α水平与vWF的表达都呈明显的正相关（r值分别为0.482、0.453、0.576、0.534,P均＜0.05）.结论 黏附分子和细胞因子共同参与了T2DM恶化以及血管病变的发生发展.     

家庭护理干预对1型糖尿病患者长期携泵治疗的影响

目的探讨家庭护理干预对1型糖尿病患者长期携泵治疗的影响。方法 对2例1型糖尿病出院后长期携泵治疗的患者，建立家庭支持系统，给予心理护理、相关知识宣教与测试，并结合家庭病情一览表及患者的定期随访机制等一系列护理干预措施观察干预前后患者的血糖状况。结果 2例患者的家庭护理干预后血糖水平均较干预前有所下降，糖化血红蛋白亦有所下降，低血糖发生次数减少。结论 家庭护理干预延续院内了护理工作，提高了患者的治疗效果和生存质量，受到患者及家属的欢迎。     

2型糖尿病64例下肢动脉病变的超声诊断分析

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声对2型糖尿病(2DM)下肢动脉病变(LEAD)的诊断价值。方法 2DM患者(2DM组)64例与38例非2DM患者(对照组)进行下肢动脉彩色多普勒超声检查,分析比较LEAD的形态学特征、分布特点和检出率。结果 2DM患者的LEAD超声表现主要是内-中膜厚度(IMT)增厚,管腔狭窄,管壁顺应性降低,IMT增厚、斑块、狭窄的检出率以及管腔狭窄部位与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论彩色多普勒超声是2DM患者LEAD检查的有效手段,可评估病变部位、阻塞的性质、病变长度,对早期诊断、预防及治疗2DM具有重要的临床应用价值。