Validation of biocides against duck hepatitis B virus as a surrogate virus for human hepatitis B virus

The use of a surrogate virus, namely duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV), has been recommended for testing the virucidal activity of chemical biocides against hepatitis B virus. To date, however, this model has not been recognized as a standard test in European countries, as its laboratory use is associated with considerable difficulties. As previous studies have demonstrated, several alternative procedures may improve the validation of DHBV infection in a cell culture system. Using indirect immunofluorescent antigen staining and the light cycler real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, the virucidal activity of peracetic acid (PAA), povidone-iodine (PVP-I) and formaldehyde was tested against DHBV obtained from congenitally infected ducks or prepared from the transfected hepatoma D2 cell line. The results demonstrated that inactivation of DHBV from the D2 cell line was achieved with lower concentrations of the biocides and within shorter exposure time intervals. These lower concentration-exposure time values for DHBV from D2 cells in comparison with DHBV from infected ducks indicated a higher sensitivity of the virus derived from D2 cells. In addition, concentrations of PAA and PVP-I that significantly inactivated DHBV in suspension tests were not able to destroy the viral genome. In conclusion, DHBV from congenitally infected ducks should be used for virucidal testing of chemical biocides against DHBV; DHBV prepared from D2 cells is unsuitable due to its higher sensitivity to biocides. Indirect immunofluorescent staining allows reliable detection of DHBV infectivity, whereas the hepadnavirucidal effect can be evaluated by quantitative PCR.     

温度对血清中乙型肝炎病毒感染力的影响

目的 探索温度对血清中乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染力的影响.方法 将含有高浓度HBV DNA(1.33×108拷贝/ml)的HBV阳性血清分装于1.5 ml无菌离心管内,每管100 μl,共23管,密封后各有5管置37、56、65 ℃恒温水浴箱内孵育,分别于0、30、60、120、600 min后各取出1管;各有4管放置在98 ℃恒温水浴箱孵育和沸水锅中,放置0、5、10、30 min后各取1管,进行HepG-2细胞感染试验,共孵育18 h后洗弃接种液加新鲜培养基,48 h后收集细胞,实时荧光定量PCR(FQ-PCR)检测HBV DNA,以0 min处理组为对照组.结果 HBV阳性血清在低热处理30、60、120、600 min后感染HepG-2细胞,细胞内HBV DNA拷贝数在37 ℃时分别是(4.85±1.71)×105、(3.85±1.76)×105、(1.67±0.67)×105、(7.86±1.03)×104拷贝/ml,56 ℃时是(4.01±0.16)×105、(9.77±0.97)×104、(6.36±0.65)×104、(5.05±0.24)×103拷贝/ml;65 ℃时60、120 min处理组感染细胞内HBV DNA拷贝数分别是(5.15±7.28)×103、(7.56±10.60)×102拷贝/ml,是对照组[(6.79±1.48)×105拷贝/ml]的1%、1‰,不同温度处理HBV阳性血清后感染HepG-2细胞,细胞内HBV DNA的含量差异有统计学意义(F=104.4,P<0.001),不同处理时间后的感染细胞内HBV DNA的含量差异有统计学意义(F=144.0,P<0.001),温度和处理时间有交互作用(F=23.6,P<0.001),高温处理时,98 ℃孵育10 min、煮沸5 min处理时感染细胞内HBV DNA拷贝数分别为(3.02±4.26)×102、(4.31±6.09)×102拷贝/ml,约为对照组[(6.79±1.48)×105拷贝/ml]的1‰,98 ℃孵育30 min、煮沸10 min后感染细胞内6次检测均未检出HBV DNA.结论 血清HBV感染力在低热条件下相对稳定,相对高温条件下短时间即可使其感染力降低.

Abstract：

Objective This article was to explore the impact of temperature on hepatitis B virus infectivity.Methods HBV positive serum with a HBV DNA titer of 1.33×108 copies/ml was aliquoted into 23 Ep tubes with 1.5 ml,100 μl in one tube.15 tubes were incubated at 37,56 and 65 ℃ for 0,30,60,120 and 600 minutes,respectively.The other 8 tubes were incubated at 98 ℃ for 0,5,10 and 30 minutes,respectively.Post-treated serum at all time points were selected to infect HepG-2 cell.When 18 hours after infection,these cells were extensively washed with phosphate buffered saline.Cells were harvested after the addition of fresh culture medium to culture cells for 48 hours.HBV DNA was detected by FQ-PCR.Results HBV DNA was detected in cells that were infected by serum at 37 ℃ and 56 ℃ for 30,60,120 and 600 minutes,respectively.The titers for the cells incubated at 37 ℃ were (4.85±1.71)×105,(3.85±1.76)×105,(1.67±0.67)×105,(7.86±1.03)×104 copies/ml,and those for the cells incubated at 56 ℃ were (4.01±0.16)×105,(9.77±0.97)×104,(6.36±0.65)×104,(5.05±0.24)×103 copies/ml at different incubation time points.For the cells incubated at 65 ℃ for 60 and 120 minutes,HBV DNAs were(5.15±7.28)×103 and (7.56±10.60)×102 copies/ml,respectively,which were much lower than those in the controls cells ((6.79±1.48)×105 copies/ml).The results of HBV DNA were different (F=104.4,P<0.001) in groups treated with different temperature,and results of HBV DNA were also different (F=144.0,P<0.001) in groups processed for different period of time.Temperature and processing time had interaction (F=23.6,P<0.001).After heating at 98 ℃ for 10 minutes and boiling for 5 minutes,the HBV DNA copy number((3.02±4.26)×102,(4.31±6.09)×102 copies/ml) in infected cells decreased by about 10 folds than that in the control group((6.79±1.48)×105 copies/ml).HBV DNAs were not detected in cells that were infected by serum which was heated at 98 ℃ for 30 minutes and boiled for 10 minutes.Conclusion The infectivity of HBV serum in vitro was relatively stable at low temperture,and it would lose its infectivity in short period of time at high temperature.     

启东乙型肝炎干预研究:2013年随访人群HBV感染及慢性肝病现患调查

目的 分析新生儿接种乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗人群在达到婚配年龄后罹患慢性乙肝、肝硬化的远期保护作用。方法 2013年1-10月采用横断面调查方法,对启东乙肝干预研究(QHBIS)的研究对象分层随机抽样,并行ALT、HBV感染血清学标志物(HBsAg、HBeAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc、抗-HBe)检测及肝胆B超检查。计算HBV感染血清学标志物各指标的阳性率,慢性乙肝及肝硬化的患病率,疫苗组及对照组人群按性别分层后, χ²检验比较各组间率的差异。结果 共获得新生儿乙肝疫苗接种组(疫苗组)4 421人和对照组3 880人,平均年龄分别为(25.59±1.84)岁和(26.61±2.24)岁。疫苗组HBsAg、单独抗-HBs、抗-HBc、HBeAg、抗-HBe阳性率分别为2.38%、37.73%、3.78%、0.57%、2.15%,对照组分别为9.02%、29.41%、16.83%、2.73%、8.87%,两组间血清学标志物各指标的差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)。疫苗组慢性乙肝活动期、肝纤维化及肝硬化患病率分别为0.45%和0.16%,对照组分别为1.29%和0.39%,组间差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)。按性别分层后,疫苗组男性慢性乙肝活动期患病率高于女性,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);在对照组,不管是慢性乙肝活动期患病率还是肝纤维化及肝硬化患病率,男性均高于女性,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论 新生儿接种乙肝疫苗对慢性HBV感染的保护作用可延长至婚配年龄后,而不同性别人群慢性乙肝与肝硬化现患保护作用的差异值得进一步研究。     

Evaluation of disinfectant efficacy against hepatitis C virus using a RT-PCR-based method

Four polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer pairs (A-D), specific for the Burkholderia cepacia complex of organisms were designed to encompass the entire gene (approximately 1300 bp) from sequence alignments of the rec A operon of B. cepacia. Genomic bacterial DNA from type strains and wild-type B. cepacia complex isolates of previously determined genomovar status was amplified employing these four primer pairs, as well as a fifth primer set (E) already published. Primer sets B, C and E were successful in obtaining a PCR amplicon of correct estimated size of 598, 1107 and 1043 bp, respectively. Subsequent single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of PCR amplicons demonstrated unique profiles for the five genomovar types for primer pairs B and E, but was unable to differentiate distinguishable profile types for primer pair C. SSCP analysis was demonstrated to be simple, rapid and cost effective and may prove a useful method of genomovar typing of B. cepacia complex organisms from cystic fibrosis patients in busy diagnostic laboratories.     

Antibacterial efficacy of disinfectants against some gramnegative bacteria

The antibacterial effect of 11 new commercially manufactured disinfectants on clinical isolates of Salmonella typhimurium DT104, Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied. The substances tested represented six pure quaternary ammonium substances (QAS) and five QAS combined with other ingredients. The antibacterial efficacy was characterized by influencing the growth of bacterial cells expressed by MIC and ED50 values. The disinfectants are divided into three groups according to their efficacy. The antibacterial efficacy of disinfectants on S. typhimurium DT104 in the study is the highest in comparison with S. marcescens and P. aeruginosa strains. The highest inhibition of growth was caused by Diesen forte on S. typhimurium DT 104 and by Benzalkonium chloride on both S. marcescens and P. aeruginosa strains.     

预防手术患者经手术感染乙型肝炎病毒

目的探讨手术患者经手术感染乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)的防护方法。方法在HBV传染性定量和测定HBV经手术传播感染阈值的基础上,探讨手术患者经手术感染HBV的防护方法。结果 HBV经手术传播的感染阈值为105ID/ml,HBsAg阳性、HBeAg阴性和阳性者中传染源比率分别为19.2%、3.2%和83.9%;HBV经双层手套传播的防护阈值为106ID/ml,HBsAg阳性和HBeAg阳性者中传染源比率分别为14.7%和67.8%;以103ID/ml为禁止外科医师做手术的淘汰阈值。结论手术患者感染HBV的主要传染源是外科医师,禁止可能成为传染源的外科医师从事具有侵入性的医疗操作是有效的防护方法,如何识别外科医师中的传染源是制定具体防护措施的关键所在。     

Immunization programme against hepatitis B virus infection in Italy: cost-effectiveness

In Italy in the 1980s the extent of viral hepatitis B infection was on average about 11,000 symptomatic cases of acute viral hepatitis (AVH) per year (19/100,000 inhabitants). The prevalence of HBsAg carriers in the general population was about 3% and in pregnant women 2.4%. 64,000 people were affected by chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) or cirrhosis (prevalence rate 112/100,000) and 3400 by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (prevalence rate 5.9/100,000). To reduce these HBV related pathologies in the Italian population, universal vaccination of newborn babies, 12-year old adolescents and high risk groups was implemented in 1991. The annual cost of this immunization is about 57 million 544 thousand USD: direct costs: 41 million 34 thousand USD; indirect costs: 16 million 510 thousand USD. Concerning the vaccination impact on HBV endemicity in Italy, we found a significant reduction of acute viral hepatitis incidence (4.2/100,000 in 1996 versus 19/100,000 in the '80s) and HBsAg carrier prevalence (0.9% in 1997 versus 3% in the '80s). As for the assistance and social cost of acute viral hepatitis occurring from 1991 to 1996 (17,608 cases) it was 238 million 908 thousand USD, while the cost for the same pathology in the years from 1985 to 1990 (35,614 cases) was 483 million 216 thousand USD. Thus, the saving during the years of the vaccination was evaluated in 244 million 308 thousand USD. At the moment, we have no information about the reduction in chronic sequelae of HBV pathology as an effect of the vaccination, because the incidence of this pathology generally starts to appear after 15 years (in our case in 2006).     

A crucial role of macrophages in the immune responses to oral DNA vaccination against hepatitis B virus in a murine model

In the previous study, we had shown that live oral vaccination with Salmonella typhimurium delivering plasmid DNA-HBsAg (oral DNA vaccine) evoked a vigorous T cell response and a weak antibody response with predominant subclass IgG2a in mice, suggesting a significant involvement by professional antigen presenting cells (APC). In the present study, this possibility was further studied by infecting peritoneal macrophages (MPhi) with the oral DNA vaccine. Although, the infected cells could only express low level of the viral antigen, they nevertheless stimulated a vigorous lymphocyte proliferation of splenocytes from immune mice, induced these cells to elaborate interferon-gamma and stimulated development of HBV-specific cytotoxicity against target cells expressing the viral antigen. Infusion of the infected MPhi evoked a vigorous Th 1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response and a weak IgG2a antibody response in mice, which was essentially the same as response to the oral DNA vaccine. In contrast, recombinant protein vaccine evoked a vigorous IgG1 antibody response and a weak T cell response. While, given intramuscularly, the same plasmid DNA vaccine as that contained in the oral DNA vaccine evoked a vigorous IgG1 antibody response and a moderate T cell response in these animals. It was concluded that professional APC may orchestrate the immune response to live oral DNA vaccine and it was of interest to note that different vaccine formulation and routes of administration evoke distinct immune response to HBV.     

乙型肝炎病毒"a"决定簇突变对乙型肝炎疫苗保护效果的影响

目的研究乙型肝炎（乙肝）病毒（HBV）“a”决定簇热点突变对乙肝疫苗保护效果的影响。方法根据HBV基因保守序列设计PCR扩增引物,针对“a”决定簇突变设计简并探针,制备检测HBV“a”决定簇16种热点突变的基因芯片,并用克隆测序对芯片检测结果进行验证。基因芯片法检测47对乙肝疫苗阻断失败的母婴配对样本和323例阻断成功的母亲样本。结果克隆测序证明,基因芯片法具有特异性。应用该法检测发现,野生株（阳性率为78．66%）仍为主要流行株,依次为126A（11．27%）、145R（5．76%）、126S-1（5．28%）、126S-2（4．56%）、129H（1．20%）、144A（0．72%）、129R（0．24%）,但126A阳性率显著高于其他突变（P值均＜0．01）。阻断失败组母婴均感染的样本与阻断成功组的126A、126S-1、126S-2和145R检出率的差异无统计学意义。结论现有乙肝疫苗可阻断126A、126S和145R突变株的母婴传播,目前毋需研制针对126和145位点突变的新型乙肝疫苗,但需加强对突变株的流行病学监测。     

Development of a more efficient hepatitis B virus vaccine by targeting hepatitis B virus preS to dendritic cells

BackgroundConventional hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccines fail to induce protective antibody titers in 5–10% of immune-competent vaccinees. Therefore, there remains an urgent need to develop a safe and effective HBV vaccine.MethodsIn this study, we developed an effective and economical method for producing the HBV vaccine by using the high binding capacity of biotin–streptavidin. The preS antigen of HBV was fused with the core streptavidin (cSA) moiety (preS-cSA) and highly expressed in Escherichia coli. We investigated whether the preS-cSA protein could target dendritic cells (DCs) by binding a biotinylated antibody against the DC receptor CD205 (biotin-αCD205). Moreover, we evaluated the preS-cSA/biotin-αCD205 complex as a candidate vaccine by detecting the humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by this vaccine.ResultsOur data show that the preS-cSA/biotin-αCD205 complex targeted DCs and induced high anti-HBV antibody titers of IgG2a, IgG1, and IgG in vivo. Furthermore, vaccination with the preS-cSA/biotin-αCD205 complex prevented HBV infection in female mice. More interestingly, this novel vaccine exerted a therapeutic role in mice with HBV infection.ConclusionsTaken together, our results reveal that the preS-cSA/biotin-αCD205 vaccine induces effective immunological protection against HBV, and is a promising candidate for preventing HBV infections.     

e-Antigen: a link between immune response and infectivity in hepatitis B?

In a study of the distribution of e-antigen and anti-e in subjects whose blood was positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), patients with acute hepatitis B who were tested during the incubation period were all e-antigen-positive but after the onset of illness e-antigen was detected in only 11%. Persistence, and in some instances reappearance of e-antigen in those who became long-term carriers of HBsAg was associated with high titres of HBsAg. There was a high incidence of e-antigen in those conditions in which cell-mediated immunity may be depressed, including Down''s syndrome and chronic renal failure. The majority of HBsAg carries identified as sources of infection were e-antigen-positive. A postive reaction for e-antigen is evidently associated with a defective immune response to hepatitis B virus infection which permits continued replication of virus in liver cells accompanied by high titres of HBsAg, numerous Dane particles and detectable DNA polymerase in the blood with consequently a greater likelihood of transmitting infection. Although it cannot be assumed that anti-e positive carriers of HBsAg are not infective, it may be necessary, in the assessment of passive or active immunization for the control of hepatitis B, to take into account the e-antigen/antibody status of possible sources of infection.     

Vaccination against hepatitis B virus in workers of a general hospital in Athens

BACKGROUND: Protection against hepatitis B virus infection by vaccination is considered to be an important preventive measure for health care workers. OBJECTIVES: Investigation of vaccination coverage against hepatitis B virus in health care workers of a regional general hospital in Athens and assessment of predictive factors possibly associated with the likelihood of vaccination. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, a questionnaire survey was carried out on 175 health care workers of a regional general hospital in Athens. The questionnaire included questions concerning socio-demographic factors, HBV vaccination status and reasons for non-vaccination, as well as questions about knowledge of routes of transmission and the complications of HBV infection. Compliance with preventive practices against HBV infection was also assessed. RESULTS: Overall vaccination coverage was 57.1%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that occupation and use of gloves were independently associated with the likelihood of vaccination against HBV Doctors recorded an odds ratio (OR) for vaccination of 4.45 in comparison with nurses/paramedics. Health care workers who wore gloves always/most times demonstrated an odds ratio of 2.79 for vaccination against HBV in comparison with those who never/rarely used them. CONCLUSIONS: Our study illustrates the characteristics of health care workers with lower prevalence of vaccination against HBV in a representative sample of these workers in a regional general hospital in Athens: nurses/paramedics, those with low level of compliance with use of gloves, and those in non surgical departments. Educational interventions as part of a vaccination programme and continuing education on universal precautions could help increase HBV vaccination coverage among health care workers of the hospital under study.     

Long-term efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine, booster policy, and impact of hepatitis B virus mutants

The long-term efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine, long-term effectiveness of hepatitis B immunisation programmes, immune memory induced by hepatitis B vaccine, current booster policies, and impact of hepatitis B virus mutants on immunisation programmes were reviewed at the Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board (VHPB) meeting in Sevilla, Spain, March 2004. The main focus was on universal vaccination programmes with data being presented from Italy, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, The Gambia, and USA (Alaska).     

多种消毒剂对病毒灭活效果的实验研究

目的研究高、中、低效消毒剂对脊髓灰质炎病毒的灭活效果及有机物浓度对其的影响.方法根据含氯类（次氯酸钠、三氯异氰尿酸钠）、过氧化物类、醛类、含碘类（强力碘、碘伏、碘酊、聚酮维碘）、季铵盐类、复方氯己定等多种消毒剂的适当浓度和作用时间对微生物的杀灭能力,进行灭活病毒的实验研究,并比较灭活效果.结果次氯酸钠400 mg/L作用15 min,三氯异氰尿酸钠500 mg/L作用15 min,二氧化氯100 mg/L作用10 min,聚维酮碘4 048 mg/L作用30 min,复方戊二醛806.4 mg/L作用1 h,对脊髓灰质炎病毒的灭活对数值均＞4.00;而强力碘、碘伏、碘酊、复方季铵盐类、复方氯己定等消毒剂对脊髓灰质炎病毒的灭活对数值均＜4.00.有机物浓度由10%上升至20%时,消毒剂作用15 min,灭活对数值下降0.62,作用30 min,灭活对数值下降0.63.结论高效及部分中效消毒剂对脊髓灰质炎病毒有较好的灭活效果,低效消毒剂对脊髓灰质炎病毒无灭活效果.有机物浓度增高可影响消毒剂对病毒的灭活效果.     

Long-term efficacy of immunization against hepatitis B virus in infants at high-risk analyzed by polymerase chain reaction.

Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a common cause of chronic infection. In the present study, we evaluated the long-term efficacy of immunization against HBV in infants at high-risk, by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two hundred and fifty-one infants received hepatitis B immunoglobulin at birth and a course of hepatitis B vaccine within 6 months of age between 1981 and 1993. Of 251 infants, 203 (81%) and 97 (39%) were followed until 1 and 4-6 years of age, respectively. HBV-DNA was detected by PCR in 74 (36%) of 203 children at 1 year of age, while the prevalence rate of children positive for HBV-DNA decreased to 14 (14%) of 97 children at 4-6 years of age, including 2 children who had the breakthrough variants of HBV. Our results indicate that most of HBV infections occur early, during the first year, and that immunization against HBV effectively protects infants at high-risk against viral transmission, at least up to 4-6 years of age.     

中国乙型肝炎疫苗免疫预防效果和现行策略的经济学和决策学评估

目的 对中国儿童乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗免疫预防14年(1992-2005年)效果评估和对现行的乙肝疫苗接种方案进行优化.方法 构建适合中国乙肝疫苗免疫预防实际效果评估和方案优化决策树模型,模型中参数根据相关研究文献或由专业机构提供.主要分析指标为成本效果比(CER)和效益成本比(BCR),用敏感度分析和阈值分析对各参数影响大小进行评估. 结果 14年间,中国直接和间接地用于新生儿乙肝疫苗接种总投入约为53.48亿元,而获得的总效益达2728.25亿元,即乙肝疫苗接种的净效益为2674.77亿元;同期由于疫苗接种避免发生HBV感染约6523万人,每预防一例HBV感染的费用为81.99元,但每投入1元获得的收益为51.01元.中国现行乙肝疫苗接种采用新生儿3剂5 μg,并于出生24 h内完成第一针;对孕妇筛检HBsAg,阳性者新生儿加注一剂乙肝免疫球蛋白(HBIG)均为最优方案.而新生儿以外的1～60岁人群乙肝疫苗接种仍町以获得正效益,尤其是在20岁以前接种效益更明显;但"筛检后再接种"均优于"直接接种". 结论 中国既往14年间在新生儿中实行的乙肝疫苗接种策略,从实际的预防效果和投资的经济效益看都是值得的;现行的新生儿优先接种并保持高覆盖率的策略仍为合理方案.     

Inactivation of hepatitis B virus in plasma by hospital in-use chemical disinfectants assessed by a modified HepG2 cell culture

Because of the difficulties of the chimpanzee model and the genetic differences using the duck model, we developed a cell culture method to measure human hepatitis B virus (HBV) inactivation in vitro. Pooled HBV-infected human plasma that had been exposed to a disinfectant was left in contact for three days with a cell culture of the human hepatoma cell line, HepG2, with 4% polyethyleneglycol and 3 mM sodium butyrate. The mean log10 of the viral titre of unexposed plasma was 4.87 infectious units per mL. Our results showed that 1% glutaraldehyde, sodium hypochlorite at 4700 ppm free chlorine and an iodophor-detergent disinfectant containing 3.6% povidone-iodine reduced viral titres by factors exceeding 10(3)-10(4). However, sodium hypochlorite at 1000 ppm free chlorine had minimal activity and povidone-iodine at 9, 5 and 3.6% had no measurable activity (less than 10-fold reduction). This is the first study using a cell culture model to assess disinfectant activity against HBV. It demonstrates more rapidly than the chimpanzee model that glutaraldehyde and sodium hypochlorite, using standard concentrations and exposure times compatible with clinical practice, were highly active against HBV. However, unexpectedly for an enveloped virus, we found no antiviral activity for iodine in the absence of detergent.     

海洋天然活性小分子物质抗乙肝病毒效果筛选

目的　通过对从海洋生物提取的天然小分子物质进行体外抗乙肝病毒效果评价,希望能筛选出一些具有抗乙肝病毒(HBV)活性的物质。方法　采用HepG2.2.15细胞系作为抗HBV的筛选工具,用不同浓度的海洋小分子物质对其进行干预,测定小分子物质能否对细胞系分泌HBV产生影响。结果　本研究共评价了20种海洋天然小分子化合物,在对HBsAg、HBeAg和HBVDNA分泌的抑制作用方面,环（甘氨酸-L-脯氨酸）(H5）、环（4-羟基脯氨酸-苯丙氨酸）(H10）、环（L-2-羟基脯氨酸-苯丙氨酸）(H12)的治疗指数均大于2,其余17种化合物治疗指数均小于1。结论　海洋天然活性小分子物质环（甘氨酸-L-脯氨酸）、环（4-羟基脯氨酸-苯丙氨酸）、环（L-2-羟基脯氨酸-苯丙氨酸）三种化合物具有抗HBV活性,随着药物浓度的增加,它们对HBsAg、HBeAg及HBV DNA抑制作用也增加,呈明显剂量反应关系。     

5种消毒剂对龟分枝杆菌脓肿亚种的杀灭效果

目的了解5种常用消毒剂对临床分离的龟分枝杆菌脓肿亚种的杀灭效果.方法细菌在分枝杆菌干燥培养基斜面上培养7d,转至装有玻珠的小三角瓶中振摇,稀释至108cfu/ml.取0.1ml试验菌悬液加入5ml消费剂溶液中,一定时间后中止消毒剂的作用,采用平板涂抹法接种罗氏培养基表面,37℃培养7d检测残存菌数,计算杀灭率.结果含40mg/L有效碘的艾利克溶液作用5min;0.2%过氧乙酸作用5min;含40mg/L有效氯的TC-101消毒片溶液作用5min;含1%戊二醛的GA-50医用器械消毒液作用1min或含60%乙醇的消毒酒精作用1min,以上消毒剂对龟分枝杆菌脓肿亚种临床株的杀灭率均大于99.90%.结论5种常用消毒剂均能够杀灭该龟分枝杆菌脓肿亚种临床分离株,达到消毒合格的要求.