胆碱能神经在正常人胃壁的分布

为了给临床病理状态下胃溃疡神经分布提供参照，更好地为溃疡病的防治提供形态学依据，本文采用Ｋａｒｎｏｖｓｋｙ－Ｒｏｏｔｓ法，观察了４例正常人胃壁胆碱能神经纤维分布特点。结果：胃壁各层均有乙酰胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）阳性纤维，但上皮和固有层上部未见ＡＣｈＥ阳性纤维；ＡＣｈＥ阳性纤维有４种形态：终末纤维、终末前纤维、神经束、神经干，胃壁各层细小动脉壁也存在神经末梢分布，在含非特异胆碱酸酶反应中，可见胃粘膜上皮下固有膜内，存在分支的神经末梢交互联成网状，可能是传入性质，对其功能意义做了讨论     

The ramifications of adrenergic nerve terminals in the rectum, anal sphincter and anal accessory muscles of the guinea-pig

Summary The anatomy and the adrenergic innervation of the rectum, internal anal sphincter and of accessory structures are described for the guinea-pig. The distribution of adrenergic nerves was examined using the fluorescence histochemical technique applied to both sections and whole mount preparations. The longitudinal and circular muscle of the rectum and the muscularis mucosae are all supplied by adrenergic nerve terminals. The density of the adrenergic innervation of the muscularis externa increases towards the anal sphincter. There is a very dense innervation of the internal anal sphincter, of the anal accessory muscles and of the corrugator ani. Non-fluorescent neurons in the ganglia of the myenteric plexus are supplied by adrenergic terminals. The ganglia become smaller and sparser towards the internal anal sphincter and non-ganglionated nerve strands containing adrenergic axons run from the plexus to the sphincter muscle. Adrenergic fibers innervate two interconnected ganglionated plexuses in the submucosa. Very few adrenergic nerve cells were found in the myenteric plexus and they were not found at all in the submucosa. The extrinsic arteries and veins of the pelvic region are heavily innervated by adrenergic nerves. Within the gut wall the arteries are densely innervated but there is little or no innervation of the veins.This work was supported by grants from the Australian Research Grants Committee and the National Health and Medical Research Council. We thank Professor G. Burnstock for his generous support.     

Wilfrid Taylor Dempster – a biographical sketch

The distribution of cholinergic and adrenergic nerves in the epididymis was studied in the dog, cat, rat and rabbit using specific histochemical techniques for acetylcholinesterase and norepinephrine. Both cholinergic and adrenergic nerves are associated with tunical, septal and interstitial blood vessels, run independently in the intertubular connective tissue, and surround the epididymal tubules. Throughout the epididymis there are rich adrenergic and cholinergic perivascular plexuses. The distribution and pattern of interstitial and peritubular cholinergic and adrenergic nerves vary in the three anatomical regions of the epididymis in different animals. In the dog and cat the nerves form plexuses in relation to the ductuli efferentes in the caput, and run as isolated fibers in the corpus epididymidis. In the rat and rabbit there are no interstitial or peritubular nerves in the caput and proximal part of the corpus and few nerves in the distal part of the corpus. The cauda epididymidis is the most richly innervated part of the epididymis. Both interstitial and peritubular cholinergic and adrenergic nerves form plexuses of nerve fibers and bundles, which progressively become more prominent and more intricate as the cauda is traced distally towards its junction with the vas deferens. These changes in innervation pattern follow the distalward increase in thickness of the muscular wall of the ductus epididymidis and are noted in all animals studied. Ganglia are encountered only in the caput epididymidis in the cat. Cholinergic and adrenergic epithelial fibers are present in the caput and cauda but not in the corpus epididymidis. In the cauda they penetrate through most of the thickness of the epithelium; the cholinergic fibers in this region form a loose intra-epithelial plexus.     

On the intrinsic innervation of the epididymis of the camel (Camelus dromedarius).

The innervation of the camel epididymis was studied in 26 apparently healthy, sexually mature animals aged between 4 and 12 years. The material was collected during the different seasons of the year. Generally, five samples were taken from each epididymis. To demonstrate the general innervation pattern, immunohistochemical reactions to protein gene product-9.5, neurofilaments and neuron-specific enolase were used, in addition to acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. The nerve supply of the epididymis comes from two sources: (1) The majority of fibers come from the N. spermaticus inferior and accompany the deferent duct. (2) Another contribution stems from the N. spermaticus superior and enters the head region of the epididymis. From the exterior, the nerves penetrate the capsule of the organ to reach the interductular connective tissue. The terminal ramifications are observed directly within the wall of the duct and the wall of the epididymal arteries. The veins of the camel epididymis are not innervated. In the wall of the ductus epididymidis, the nerve fibers form plexuses at the subepithelial level and in the muscular coat. The amount of nerve fibers increases from the head to the tail, paralleling an increase in the intrinsic musculature. The intramural and interductular innervation of epididymal body and tail shows clear seasonal variations: More fibers and stronger reactions are observed during the winter season; the lowest density and the weakest reactions occur during the summer season. All epididymal nerves of the camel are unmyelinated. The majority of the intramural fibers and all in the arterial wall represent postjunctional sympathetic axons, but in the intramural plexuses of the duct a considerable number of cholinergic fibers are also present. Neuropeptide Y is the most frequent peptidergic transmitter and generally co-localized with dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in the sympathetic axons. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide has a distribution similar to that of the cholinergic fibers. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive axons occur in moderate numbers, but never in the arterial innervation. Together with the relatively rare substance P-containing fibers, the calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive axons seem to represent the only sensory nerves in the camel epididymis.     

The cholinergic innervation of human pancreatic islets

The cholinergic innervation of pancreatic islets was investigated in the human using operatory samples. In order to analyze the nature of stained cholinergic nerve fibers some specimens were incubated in a solution containing 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HDA) to obtain a selective degeneration of adrenergic nerves. Cholinergic nerve fibers are present in human pancreatic islets, and appear to be organized in an external peri-insular plexus. Some nerve fibers from the peri-insular plexus enter the islets and seem to innervate directly various types of endocrine insular elements. The 6-HDA treatment does not alter the distribution pattern of cholinergic nerve fibers within pancreatic islets.     

Adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the rag urinary bladder.

The autonimic innervation of the rat urinary bladder was studied using histochemical methods and nerve stimulations. A sparse adrenergic innervation of the detrusor muscle was found. It was supposed to originate from long adrenergic neurones. The trigonum area had a rich ssupply of adrenergic fibres, probably derived from short adrenergic neurones. A uniformly rich supply of acetylcholine-esterase (AChE)-positive nerves was found in the WHOLE BLADDER. Postganglionic sympathetic denervation caused no detectable change of adrenergic or AChE-positive nerves in the bladder, while parasympathetic decentralization or denervation produced a total disappearance of adrenergic fibres. The AChE-positive nerves were appreciably reduced in number after parasympathetic decentralization and not detectable after postganglionic denervation. Neither adrenergic nor AChE-positive ganglion cells could be demonstrated in the bladder wall. Electrical stimulation of the hypogastric nerves or the pelvic nerves distal to the pelvic ganglia elictied contraction of the detrusor muscle. The responses were not affected by hexamethonium, dihydroergotamine or proparanolol but were slightly reduced by guanethidine, reduced to about 40% by atropine and potentiated by eserine. Stimulation of the pelvic nerve proximal to the pelvic ganglion was partially blocked by hexamethonium. It si concluded that the urinary bladder of the rat is supplied by postganglionic adrenergic fibres mainly via the pelvic nerves and only to a lesser extent via the hypogastric nerves. Probably cholinergic fibres pass to the bladder mainly via the pelvic nerves but also via the hypogastric nerves, having their cellbodies outside the bladder wall, partly proximal to the pelvic ganglia.     

以单胺荧光和胆碱酯酶组织化学技术观察家兔、大鼠胃壁神经和5-羟色胺细胞分布及其相互关系

以单胺类荧光和胆碱酯酶组织化学技术,观察了家兔和大白鼠胃壁神经和5-羟色胺细胞分布。并以同一切片做荧光和胆碱酯酶连续显示方法,观察它们之间的形态学相互关系。在胃底腺分布着5-羟色胺细胞,它们不仅与交感肾上腺素能膨体末梢直接接触,还与迷走副交感胆碱能末梢接触,说明胃壁5-羟色胺细胞可直接受到神经活动的影响。在胃底腺腺细胞有交感和副交感神经末梢分布,这可提供神经控制胃液分泌的根据。有部分支配胃底腺细胞的两种神经末梢,分布位置和形态一致;在肌层平滑肌间和胃壁各层中细小动脉壁也存在可相重合的神经末梢分布。胃壁肾上腺素能和胆碱能神经末梢,在显微镜下所观察到的相互重合,支持药理学上提出的这两种神经末梢具有交互作用。在含非特异胆碱酯酶反应,可见胃粘膜上皮下固有膜内,存在分支的神经末梢交互联成网状,可能是传入性质,对其功能意义做了讨论。     

Adrenergic and Cholinergic Innervation of the Rat Urinary Bladder

The autonomic innervation of the rat urinary bladder was studied using histochemical methods and nerve stimulations. A sparse adrenergic innervation of the detrusor muscle was found. It was supposed to originate from long adrenergic neurones. The trigonum area had a rich supply of adrenergic fibres, probably derived from short adrenergic neurones. A uniformly rich supply of acetylcholine-esterase (AChE)-positive nerves was found in the whole bladder. Postganglionic sympathetic denervation caused no detectable change of adrenergic or AChE-positive nerves in the bladder, while parasympathetic decentralization or denervation produced a total disappearance of adrenergic fibres. The AChE-positive nerves were appreciably reduced in number after parasympathetic decentralization and not detectable after postganglionic denervation. Neither adrenergic nor AChE-positive ganglion cells could be demonstrated in the bladder wall. Electrical stimulation of the hypogastric nerves or the pelvic nerves distal to the pelvic ganglia elicited contraction of the detrusor muscle. The responses were not affected by hexamethonium, dihydroergotamine or propranolol but were slightly reduced by guanethidine, reduced to about 40% by atropine and potentiated by eserine. Stimulation of the pelvic nerve proximal to the pelvic ganglion was partially blocked by hexamethonium. It is concluded that the urinary bladder of the rat is supplied by postganglionic adrenergic fibres mainly via the pelvic nerves and only to a lesser extent via the hypogastric nerves. Probably cholinergic fibres pass to the bladder mainly via the pelvic nerves but also via the hypogastric nerves, having their cellbodies outside the bladder wall, partly proximal to the pelvic ganglia.     

Vagal sensors in the rat duodenal mucosa: distribution and structure as revealed by in vivo DiI-tracing

Results from functional studies point to the importance of chemoreceptive endings in the duodenum innervated by vagal afferents in the regulation of gastrointestinal functions such as gastric emptying and acid secretion, as well as in the process of satiation. In order to visualize the vagal sensory innervation of this gut segment, vagal afferents were selectively labeled in vivo by injecting the lipophilic carbocyanine dye DiI into either the left or the right nodose ganglion of young adult rats. Thick cryostat sections or whole-mounted peels of muscularis externa or submucosa of formalinfixed tissue were analyzed with conventional and/or confocal microscopy. In the mucosa, many DiI-labeled vagal afferent fibers were found with terminal arborizations mainly between the crypts and the villous lamina propria. In both areas, vagal terminal branches came in close contact with the basal lamina, but did not appear to penetrate it so as to make direct contact with epithelial cells. Labeled vagal afferent fibers in the villous and cryptic lamina propria were found to be in intimate anatomical contact with fibrocyte-like cells that may belong to the class of interstitial cells of Cajal, and with small granular cells that might be granulocytes or histiocytes. Although our analysis was not quantitative, and considering that labeling was unilateral and not complete, it appears that the overall density of vagal afferent mucosal innervation was variable; many villi showed no evidence for innervation while other areas had quite dense networks of arborizing terminal fibers in several neighboring villi. Analysis of separate whole-mounted muscularis externa and submucosa peels revealed the presence of large bundles of labeled afferent fibers running within the myenteric plexus along the mesenteric attachment primarily in an aboral direction, with individual fibers turning towards the antimesenteric pole, and either penetrating into the submucosa or forming the characteristic intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs). Although the possibility of individual fibers issuing collaterals to myenteric IGLEs and at the same time to mucosal terminals was not demonstrated, it cannot be ruled out. These anatomical findings are discussed in the context of absorptive mechanisms for the different macronutrients and the implication of enteroendocrine cells such as CCK-containing cells that may function as intestinal taste cells.     

Intrahepatic distribution of nerves in the rat

The intrahepatic distribution of nerves in the rat was studied using neurohistochemical and electron microscopic methods. Innervation was restricted primarily to vessels in the portal space and hilus. Both adrenergic and cholinergic fibers were observed in the adventitia of hepatic arteries, and to a lesser extent adjacent to portal veins. Some of the cholinergic fibers, however, were not contiguous with the vasculature. Near the hilus many of these fibers were associated with ganglia while peripherally some coursed into the immediately adjacent parenchyma where end bulbs abutted on hepatocytes. Ultrastructurally, scattered small nerves, devoid of neurolemma, were found contiguous with the portal lamina of hepatocytes. Nerve fibers deeper within the lobule were not seen but numerous gap junctions were observed between contiguous hepatocytes. Central and sublobular hepatic veins lacked innervation but adrenergic nerves were demonstrated in the walls of larger hepatic veins. Innervation of the biliary system was sparse. While nerves were interposed between vessels and bile ducts, such nerves tended to be associated more closely with the vasculature.     

A reciprocal adrenergic-cholinergic axoaxonic synapse in the mammalian gut.

Simultaneous stimulation of perivascular nerves inhibited the release of acetylcholine from stimulated cholinergic nerves of the rabbit jejunum. Adrenergic nerves were responsible for this inhibition because it did not occur in animals previously injected with 6-hydroxydopamine. Acetylcholine inhibited the release of transmitter from stimulated adrenergic axons; this effect was blocked by atropine. Since atropine enhanced the release of adrenergic transmitter when both adrenergic and cholinergic nerves were activated simultaneously (at 4.0 Hz), it seems likely that cholinergic nerves also inhibit release of norepinephrine (NE). Radioautographic examination of the myenteric plexus, incubated with tritiated NE, revealed a striking marginal distribution of adrenergic axons around the periphery of the myenteric plexus. Ultrastructural studies, with KMnO4 used to identify adrenergic terminal varicosities, confirmed this distribution and also revealed complexes formed between the terminal varicosities of adrenergic and probable cholinergic axons. The component varicosities forming these complexes contacted one another with no intervening Schwann cell elements. It is concluded that there is a reciprocal axoaxonic synapse between adrenergic and cholinergic neurons in the mammalian myenteric plexus.     

Innervation of the abdominopelvic ureter in the cat

The distribution of cholinergic and adrenergic nerves in the cat ureter was studied by specific histochemical techniques for acetylcholinesterase and norepinephrine. The innervation of the ureter is characterized by (1) a generalized dual cholinergic and adrenergic nerve supply, (2) the presence of muscular innervation, (3) a continuity of terminal muscular and vascular nerves, (4) a widespread distribution of ganglion cells except in the pelviureteric area and (5) regional variations in the density of both cholinergic and adrenergic elements. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that in the cat ureter peristalsis has a myogenic origin in the proximal end of the ureter, but its distalward propagation along the abdominal and pelvic segments is controlled by a dual sympathetic and parasympathetic influence which is mediated in part through a system of intrinsic ureteric ganglion cells.     

Adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the arteriovenous anastomosis in the rabbit's ear

The distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves in the arteriovenous anastomosis in the rabbit's ear was studied light microscopically using specific histochemical techniques for catecholamines and acetylcholinesterase. Histochemical observations were made with whole stretch preparations and cryostat or paraffin sections. Both kinds of nerves showed similar distribution, though the adrenergic innervation was denser than the cholinergic one. The intermediate segments of the anastomoses, which were characterized by a very thick wall, had the most dense innervation. The small arteries and arterial segments had a moderate innervation, whereas most of the small veins and venous segments had few nerve fibers. The segmental variation in the vasomotor nerve supply clearly suggests that the intermediate segment has the most active contractility. An unusually rich innervation in the anastomosis, therefore, indicates the significance of the neurogenic mechanisms in the vasomotor control of the anastomosis.     

The early pattern of cardiac innervation in the fetal guinea pig

Embryonic hearts were obtained from 78 guinea pig embryos at 20–40 days of gestation. They were frozen quickly, freeze-dried and prepared by the Falck catecholamine fluorescent method for demonstration of adrenergic fibers. Other hearts were fixed in 10% formalin and examined after silver impregnation with the Holmes technique. The results of the two methods were correlated to visualize the total neural pattern as well as the specific adrenergic elements of the developing hearts. The present study indicates that vagal fibers, accompanied by the primordia of the cardiac ganglia, reach the atrial wall on the twenty-fifth day of gestation in the guinea pig. They penetrate the wall and are distributed by individual branches throughout the atrial wall from days 26 to 29 inclusive. From day 30 to parturition, the basic pattern of atrial distribution is elaborated by the lengthening, thickening, and branching of individual fibers. Sympathetic fibers pass to the atrial wall from the twenty-fifth to twenty-ninth day, those coursing with the vagus nerve arriving on the twenty-fifth day, while the remaining fibers arrive on the twenty-sixth to the twenty-ninth days. A ventricular ground plexus of sympathetic fibers is present just deep to the epicardium on the twenty-sixth day, and from this point until 30 days of gestation the ground plexus penetrates the ventricular myocardial wall. The sympathetic fibers at first course along the edge of a muscle bundle, but not between muscle fibers. The nerves become thicker at 29 days but do not exceed 2 μ. They branch slightly at 27 days, and at 30 days they are well branched and appear to overlie the surface of the muscle bundles simulating a perimysial plexus. At 40 days a very dense perimysial plexus is visible which contains some fluorescent nerves. Complete autonomic innervation is established by the thirtieth day of gestation.     

Photoperiodic influence on the innervation of the ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens of Phodopus sungorus--light microscopic studies

The influence of long (LD 16:8) and short (LD 8:16) photoperiods on the autonomic innervation of the ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens of Phodopus sungorus was studied using the glyoxylic acid-induced catecholamine fluorescence and acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) histochemical methods. ACHE-positive nerve fibres could be demonstrated in the smooth muscle layer along the whole sperm transporting duct, in the lamina propria and within the epithelium of the ductus deferens. The extent and intensity of enzymatic reaction did not change between LD 16:8 and LD 8:16 conditions. An adrenergic nerve plexus was found in the smooth muscle layer of the sperm transporting duct. Especially in the ductus deferens, the intensity of fluorescence and the number of adrenergic nerves decreased in animals kept at short photoperiods. The influence of androgens on the sympathetic innervation of the ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens was discussed.     

Enzyme-histochemical study on the fine distribution of the intramural lymphatics at the ileocecal junction of the monkey intestine.

The fine distribution of the intramural lymphatics at the ileocecal junction of the monkey intestine, especially in the lamina propria of the ileocecal valve, was examined by light and electron microscopy using enzyme-histochemical staining. The distinction between the lymphatics and the blood vessels was made by light microscopy on cold glycol methacrylate resin (JB-4) sections using 5'-nucleotidase (5'-Nase)-alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) double staining. The lymphatics were found to show strong 5'-Nase activity and to comprise irregularly shaped vessels or spaces. The central lymphatic vessels (central lacteals) in low villi were seen to lie deep within the ALPase-positive subepithelial capillary network. In the ileum side of the ileocecal junction, the 5'-Nase-positive lymphatics were seen both in the superficial layer and the deep layer of the lamina propria. On the contrary, in the cecum side the mucosal lymphatics were less numerous in the superficial layer and were distributed mainly in the deep layer near the lamina muscularis mucosae. These lymphatics ran through the lamina muscularis and merged into the lymphatic network in the submucosa. The submucosal lymphatics communicated with each other at the ileocecal junction and formed a well-developed network. Collecting lymphatics with valves were also seen near the tunica muscularis (sphincter muscle) in the deep submucosa. These lymphatics traversed the muscle layer and drained into the subserosal lymphatics.     

Structural and functional denervation of human detrusor after spinal cord injury

The bladder receives an extensive nerve supply that is predominantly cholinergic, but several putative transmitters are present, some of which are colocalized. Previous studies have shown increased levels of sensory nerves, reduced inhibitory transmitters, and structural and functional changes in the excitatory input in unstable bladder conditions. The present study compared the end-organ nerve supply to the bladder in spinal cord injury (SCI) with uninjured controls. Acetylcholinesterase histochemistry and double-label immunofluorescence were used to investigate neurotransmitter content, with confocal laser scanning microscopy to assess colocalization. Organ bath studies provided functional correlates for the structural changes in the excitatory innervation. Control samples had dense innervation of the detrusor containing a diverse range of transmitters. Hyperreflexic SCI samples showed patchy denervation, and areflexic SCI samples were diffusely denervated. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, neuropeptide Y-, neuronal nitric oxide synthase-, and galanin-immunoreactive nerve fibers were reduced from frequent or moderately frequent to infrequent or very infrequent in SCI. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive fibers were infrequent in controls and SCI samples. Patterns of colocalization were unchanged, but significantly fewer fibers expressed more than one transmitter. The subepithelial plexus was markedly reduced and several of the smaller coarse nerve trunks showed no immunoreactivity to the transmitters assessed. There was no reduction in sensitivity to electrical field stimulation of intrinsic nerves in SCI, but the maximum force generated by each milligram of bladder tissue and the peak force as a proportion of the maximum carbachol contraction were significantly reduced and the responses were protracted. There was no significant functional atropine-resistant neuromuscular transmission in controls or SCI. The reported findings have clinical implications in the management of chronic SCI and development of new treatments.     

Anatomy of efferent hepatic nerves

The role of neural elements in regulating blood flow through the hepatic sinusoids, solute exchange, and parenchymal function is incompletely understood. This is due in part to limited investigation in only a few species whose hepatic innervation may differ significantly from humans. For example, most experimental studies have used rats and mice having livers with little or no intralobular innervation. In contrast, most other mammals, including humans, have aminergic and peptidergic nerves extending from perivascular plexus in the portal space into the lobule, where they course in Disse's space in close relationship to stellate cells (fat storing cells of Ito) and hepatic parenchymal cells. While these fibers extend throughout the lobule, they predominate in the periportal region. Cholinergic innervation, however, appears to be restricted to structures in the portal space and immediately adjacent hepatic parenchymal cells. Neuropeptides have been colocalized with neurotransmitters in both adrenergic and cholinergic nerves. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been colocalized in aminergic nerves supplying all segments of the hepatic-portal venous and the hepatic arterial and biliary systems. Nerve fibers immunoreactive for substance P and somatostatin follow a similar distribution. Intralobular distribution of all of these nerve fibers is species-dependent and similar to that reported for aminergic fibers. Vasoactive intestinal peptide and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are reported to coexist in cholinergic and sensory afferent nerves innervating portal veins and hepatic arteries and their branches, but not the other vascular segments or the bile ducts. Nitrergic nerves immunoreactive for neuronal nitric oxide (nNOS) are located in the portal tract where nNOS colocalizes with both NPY- and CGRP-containing fibers. In summary, the liver is innervated by aminergic, cholinergic, peptidergic, and nitrergic nerves. While innervation of structures in the portal tract is relatively similar between species, the extent and distribution of intralobular innervation are highly variable as well as species-dependent and may be inversely related to the density of gap junctions between contiguous hepatic parenchymal cells.     

Studies of the hemopoietic microenvironment. VIII andrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the murine spleen

Neurohistochemical techniques were used to confirm morphologically the distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves to the splenic microvasculature. The results form the basis of this report. Using these methods, adrenergic innervation was observed only in the adventitia of arteries and arterioles. No cholinergic innervation was found in this site. No adrenergic or cholinergic innervation could be demonstrated to the channels of the red pulp, venules or veins. These data provided morphological evidence that in the murine spleen only splenic arteries and arterioles are innervated; and these have only an adrenergic innervation.