The Mechanism of Spleen Injury in Rabbits with Acute Renal Failure

Immune function disorders are common during acute renal failure (ARF), but the mechanisms are unknown. As the spleen is the largest organ of the immune system, we aimed to observe if there are morphological changes in the spleen in rabbits with ARF. In addition, we tried to explore its mechanism from the perspective of oxygen free radicals, nitric oxide (NO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and membrane pump activities. ARF animal models were established by either hypodermic injection of 1.3 mL/kg bw 1% HgCl₂ or intramuscular injection of 10 mL/kg bw 50% glycerin. Animals were divided into 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h treatment groups with six rabbits in each group. Compared with control animals, congestion was found in the spleen and splenic trabeculae were increased in the two ARF model groups at multiple time points. The malonaldehyde, NO, nitric oxide synthase, and MPO levels in the ARF models were increased compared with the control group at 24 h or 48 h, and the superoxide dismutase and adenosine triphosphatase activities were significantly lower than the levels in the control group at multiple time points. These indices of free radical damage were induced gradually with ARF development, and there were statistically significant differences at different time points. These data suggested that histological damage of spleen during ARF may lead to immune disorders, which might be related to free radical injury, NO excessive release, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) sequestration, and membrane pump dysfunction.     

Beneficial Effect of Intrarenal Verapamil in Human Acute Renal Failure

Cellular Ca²⁺ influx during the reperfusion period after an ischemic insult has been proposed to be a crucial pathogenetic factor in the development of experimental acute renal failure (ARF). The present study, therefore, examined the potential beneficial effect of intrarenal verapamil, a calcium entry blocking agent, on ARF in patients. Twelve patients were enrolled in the study. Six ARF patients (experimental group)—ARF caused by malaria (4 patients) and leptospirosis (2 patients)—had a catheter placed in their renal artery; verapamil was infused at 100 μg/minfor 3 h and intravenous furosemide, 0.8 mg/kg/h x 24 h was also administered. Another six ARF patients (control group)—ARF caused by malaria (5 patients) and leptospirosis (1 patient)—were treated with intravenous furosemide alone. Baseline renal function was comparable in both groups; GFR (3.16 ± 3.24 vs 0.7 ± 1.5 mL/min, NS), serum creatinine (S_cr), (9.1 ± 2.1 vs 11.3 ± 2.2 mg/dL, NS), and urine volume (V) (41.79 ± 4.77vs 34.54 ± 13.52 mL/h, NS), were comparable in the experimental and control groups. Twenty-four hours posttreatment, the increment of GFR (9.66 ±4.25 vs 1.32 ± 0.50mL/min, P <. 02) and V (181.8 ± 61.7vs 79 ± 18mL/h, P <. 04), were significantly greater in the experimental group as compared to the control group. The course of ARF was also shorter in the experimental group (6.5 ±2.1 vs 13 ± 1.1 days, P <. 05), who also required less dialysis. Thus, combination of a renal arterial infusion of verapamil and intravenous furosemide significantly improves the renal function in tropical ARF as compared to intravenous furosemide alone.     

Validity of Prediction Scores in Acute Renal Failure Due to Polytrauma

During a 36-month period from 1992 to 1994, 33 patients with severe polytrauma acquired in war combat (1 female, 32 male, 38.61 ± 8.79 years) developed acute renal failure (ARF) which required hemodialysis (HD) treatment. In 12 patients, multiple system organ failure (MSOF) occurred as a complication of either general conditions or septic complications. In 17 patients (51.4%), and in 3 patients with MSOF, recovery of renal function occurred. We compared the outcome of ARF and several predictive scores (APACHE II and ATNISS). The APACHE II score did not correlate with the outcome of ARF, and ATNISS significantly correlated with the outcome of ARF. The maximum value of ATNISS in the patients with lethal outcome was 1.004, and the minimal value with the same outcome was 0.182. Although ATNISS is a very good score of severity, it seems to underestimate very influential factors in patients with severe polytrauma with ARF (MSOF, mechanism of trauma).     

Protective Effect of Resveratrol,a Polyphenolic Phytoalexin on Glycerol-Induced Acute Renal Failure in Rat Kidney

Rhabdomyolysis-induced myoglobinuric acute renal failure (ARF) accounts for about 10% to 40% of all cases of ARF. Reactive oxygen intermediates have been demonstrated to play an etiologic role in myoglobinuric renal failure. This study was designed to investigate the effect of resveratrol, a polyphenolic phytoalexin in glycerol-induced ARF in rats. Seven groups of rats were employed in this study, group I served as control; group II was given 50% glycerol (8mL/kg, intramuscularly); groups III, IV, and V were given glycerol plus resveratrol (2mg/kg, 5mg/kg, and 10mg/kg p.o. route, respectively) 60 min prior to the glycerol injection; group VI received L-NAME (10mg/kg, i.p.) along with glycerol and resveratrol (5 mg/kg), group VII animals received L-NAME (10 mg/kg) 30 min prior to glycerol administration. Renal injury was assessed by measuring plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and urea clearance. The oxidative stress was measured by renal malondialdehyde levels and reduced glutathione levels, and by enzymatic activity of catalase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase. Tissue and urine nitrite levels were measured as an index of total nitric oxide levels. Glycerol treatment resulted in a marked decrease in tissue and urine nitric oxide levels, renal oxidative stress, and significantly deranged the renal functions along with deterioration of renal morphology. Pretreatment of animals with resveratrol (5 and 10 mg/kg) 60 min prior to glycerol injection markedly attenuated the fall in nitric oxide levels, renal dysfunction, morphologic alterations, reduced elevated thiobarbituric acid reacting substances, and restored the depleted renal antioxidant enzymes. This protection afforded by resveratrol was significantly reversed by cotreatment of L-NAME along with resveratrol, clearly indicating that resveratrol exerts its protective effect through nitric oxide release along with the antioxidative effect in glycerol-induced ARF.     

Acute Renal Failure in Polytraumatized Patients: Prediction of Outcome

Prediction of outcome of acute renal failure (ARF), particularly inpatients with multisystem organ failure (MSOF), is a very important issue and a very difficult task. In patients with ARF as a consequence of severe polytrauma, frequent complications (e.g., sepsis, respiratory insufficiency, DIC, hepatic insufficiency, etc.) contribute to a hyperbolic state, and in the case of synergistic action, they start the mechanism of MSOF. In 33 patients (1 female, 32 male, 38.61 ± 8.79 years) with severe polytrauma acquired in war combat, ARF developed requiring hemodialysis (HD) treatment. Seventeen out of 33 (51.4%) recovered renal function. In 12 out of 33 patients, MSOF occurred with less successful recovery results. The analysis of pathophysiologic mechanisms of MSOF appearance and ARF outcome has shown the importance of blast injuries, bowel injury, respiratory insufficiency requiring assisted ventilation, and sepsis. Although severe hemorrhage and shock are the common mechanism of ARF appearance in these patients, it seems that wounds by themselves can be of great importance, as abdominal wounds are more frequently associated with ARF and MSOF than in other types.     

Acute Renal Failure in the Neonatal Period

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a common problem in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). In most cases, ARF is associated with a primary condition such as sepsis, metabolic diseases, perinatal asphyxia and/or prematurity. This retrospective study investigated the course of illness, therapeutic interventions, early prognosis and risk factors associated with development of ARF in the neonatal period. A total of 1311 neonates were treated in our NICU during the 42‐month study period, and 45 of these babies had ARF. This condition was defined as serum creatinine level above 1.5 mg/dL despite normal maternal renal function. The data collected for each ARF case were contributing condition, cause and clinical course of ARF, gestational age and birth weight, age at the time of diagnosis, treatment, presence of perinatal risk factors and need for mechanical ventilation. The frequency of ARF in the NICU during the study period was 3.4%. Premature newborns constituted 31.1% of the cases. The mean birth weight in the group was 2863 ± 1082 g, and the mean age at diagnosis was 6.2 ± 7.4 days. The causes of ARF were categorized as prerenal in 29 patients (64.4%), renal in 14 patients (31.1%) and postrenal in 2 patients (4.4%). Forty‐seven percent of the cases were nonoliguric ARF. Asphyxia was the most common condition that contributed to ARF (40.0%), followed by sepsis/metabolic disease (22.2%) and feeding problems (17.8%). Therapeutic interventions were supportive in 77.8% of the cases, and dialysis was required in the other 22.2%. The mortality rate in the 45 ARF cases was 24.4%. Acute renal failure of renal origin, need for dialysis, and need for mechanical ventilation were associated with significantly increased mortality (p < 0.05). There were no statistical correlations between mortality rate and perinatal risk factors, oliguria, prematurity or blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. The study showed that, at our institution, ARF in the neonatal period is frequently associated with preventable conditions, specifically asphyxia, sepsis and feeding problems. Supportive therapy is effective in most cases of neonatal ARF. Acute renal failure of renal origin, need for dialysis, and need for mechanical ventilation were identified as indicators of poor prognosis in these infants. Early recognition of risk factors and rapid effective treatment of contributing conditions will reduce mortality in neonatal ARF.     

终末期肾病并发急性左心衰应用序贯透析联合BiPAP治疗的临床研究

目的:观察序贯透析(SD)联合双水平气道正压通气(Bi PAP)治疗终末期肾病(ESRD)并发急性左心衰的可行性,以期为ESRD并发急性左心衰的患者提供新的、经济的、安全的治疗思路和方法。方法:选择2013年1月~2014年10月在东莞市清溪医院住院的ESRD并发急性左心衰患者60例为研究对象,随机分成:SD联合Bi PAP治疗观察组和连续肾脏替代疗法(CRRT)对照组,每组30例。比较两组肾功能相关临床指标、血气分析指标以及临床疗效。结果:治疗后两组血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr)肾功能指标,钾(K+)、钙(Ca2+)、磷(P3-)均出现显著减低(P<0.05和P<0.01),两组对上述指标的减低作用差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后两组氧分压(Pa O2)、二氧化碳分压(Pa CO2)均得到显著改善(P<0.05和P<0.01),但观察组的改善作用优于对照组(P<0.05)。对照组透析时间为(64.32±12.96)h,显著高于观察组的(51.36±7.92)h,P<0.05。观察组的临床治疗有效率为96.7%(29/30),对照组为93.3%(28/30),两组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对照组所用费用约为(9 274.5±814.6)元,显著高于观察组的(7 116.2±658.4)元,P<0.01。结论:SD联合Bi PAP治疗ESRD并发急性左心衰临床疗效与CRRT治疗差异无统计学意义,但联合治疗对于患者缺氧的纠正作用优于CRRT治疗,而且联合治疗操作简单,费用大幅减低,有利于基层医院的推广使用。     

咖啡因促进顺铂诱导骨肉瘤细胞凋亡的实验研究

目的 :探讨咖啡因促进顺铂诱导骨肉瘤细胞凋亡的作用。方法 :以人骨肉瘤细胞 (OS -73 2 )为受试对象 ,设咖啡因组、顺铂组、混合组、对照组 ,从三个方面观察咖啡因是否具有促进顺铂诱导骨肉瘤细胞凋亡的作用。结果 :药物作用各组骨肉瘤细胞均可见凋亡的发生。在咖啡因与顺铂共同作用后线粒体跨膜电位下降的骨肉瘤细胞百分率明显增加 (P <0 .0 5 )。TUNEL法检测混合组骨肉瘤细胞凋亡百分率较其他各组明显增高 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :咖啡因有促进顺铂诱导骨肉瘤细胞凋亡的作用。     

Induction and Altered Localization of 90-kDa Heat-Shock Protein in Rat Kidneys with Cisplatin-Induced Acute Renal Failure

We purified 90-kDa heat-shock protein (HSP90) from murine brains and produced a specific antibody against the protein in a rabbit. This antibody cross-reacted with rat renal HSP90 on immunoblot analysis. Using the antibody, we observed serial immunohistochemical localizations of HSP90 in rat kidneys with cisplatin-induced acute renal failure. In normal kidneys, HSP90 was mainly localized in the cytoplasm of distal tubules and collecting ducts. Twenty-four hours after the cisplatin exposure, a rupid expression of HSP90 was observed in the cytoplusm of epithelial cells in the Henle's loops (especially at the luminal side), although there was little change in these cells on light microscopy. Degenerative changes of epithelial cells appeared in the S3 segment of proximal tubules on day 3, and epithelial cell regeneration in this portion was found from day 5. On day 5, HSP90 was markedly expressed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of epithelial cells in the S3 segment with a granular pattern. The induced HSP90 was then accumulated in the cytoplasm of these cells on day 7 and disappeared on day 14. Immunoblot analysis of isotonic buffer-extractable renal fractions showed that there was a rapid induction of HSP90 from day I, and that the maximum induction of HSP90 in the extract at day 5 was 6-fold that of a control. These results suggest that HSP90 plays some role related to functional abnormalities of the Henle's loops at the luminal side, and in the regeneration of damaged cells in the S3 segment of proximal tubules, during the course of cisplatin-induced acute tubular injury.     

The Effect of K-ATP Channel Blockage During Erythropoietin Treatment in Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

ATP dependent K channels (K-ATP) take part in the Erythropoietin (EPO) induced cardioprotection but these channel activations have role in cytoprotective role of EPO in the renal ischemia reperfusion (IR) damage is still unknown. For this purpose rats were pretreated with EPO (500 IU/kg) and/or K-ATP channel blocker glibenclamide (40mM/kg) i.p. before bilateral renal IR damage. Renal tissues were used for histological examination and measurement of caspase-3 and TNF-α levels. Renal functions were evaluated by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) and potassium (FEK). Renal TNF-α and caspase-3 levels were decreased in both glibenclamide and EPO-treated IR rats compared to untreated rats. The protection afforded by the pretreatment with EPO alone was greater than that of administering glibenclamide alone. Application of glibenclamide at the same time partly abolished the cytoprotective effect of EPO treatment. K-ATP mediated cytoprotection is not the main mechanism of protective effect of EPO.     

Influence of Vasoactive Substances on Early Toxic Acute Renal Failure in the Dog

The influence of different vasoactive substances on the evolutionof HgCl₂-induced acute renal failure (ARF) was evaluated inthe dog. HgCl₂ alone caused a progressive fall in both glomerularfiltration (GFR) and renal blood flow (RBF) during the first3 h of the mercury administration ( after 3 h:–44% and–39%) and provoked a concomitant stimulation of the renin-angiotensin(RAS) and thromboxane systems. The administration of the thromboxaneinhibitor dazoxiben (2 mg/kg i.v. every 2 h) adequately inhibitedthe activation of the thromboxane system after HgCl₂, but couldnot prevent the fall in GFR and RBF. The continuous intrarenaladministration of the Ca²⁺ entry blocker verapamil (0.005 mg/kgper min) into the left kidney resulted in the prevention ofthe postmercurial fall in GFR and RBF at the perfusion site.This beneficial effect was immediately lost when the verapamiladministration was stopped. Finally, the administration of theconverting enzyme inhibitor captopril (300 µg/kg every2 h) resulted in an effective inhibition of the renin-angiotensinsystem. the prevention of the postmercurial fall in RBF, andthe partial attenuation of the fall in GFR. This beneficialeffect was immediately lost after the intravenous administrationof indomethacin (2 mg/kg). These results indicate that the fall in GFR after HgCl² canbe prevented by vasoactive agents such as captopril and verapamiland point at least in part to a pathophysiological role of therenin-angiotensin system or of an alteration in the equilibriumbetween renin-angiotensin and prostaglandins. The thromboxanesystem is seemingly of no major importance.     

连续肾脏替代疗法对ICU急性肾功能衰竭患者的临床疗效分析

目的　探讨连续肾脏替代疗法 (CRRT)对ICU急性肾功能衰竭 (ARF)患者的血浆细胞因子、肾功能指标及其预后的影响。方法　选取我科 2 0 0 2年 6月至 2 0 0 3年 11月符合ARF的ICU患者 38例 ,其中治疗组 2 0例采用CRRT治疗 ,对照组 18例采用肾脏非替代治疗 (保守治疗 )。两组患者于治疗前、后分别抽取静脉血标本作血浆细胞因子和肾功能指标的检测 ,并统计两组患者的临床死亡病例数。结果　与对照组比较 ,治疗组的血浆肿瘤坏死因子、白细胞介素 6、白细胞介素 8及血肌酐和血尿素氮水平有显著改善 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,而临床死亡率改变不明显 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论　CRRT能有效清除ICU的ARF患者的炎性细胞因子 ,改善肾功能指标 ,但其最终预后仍然很差。对于ICU的ARF患者 ,应该强调预防的重要性。     

去铁胺对缺血性急性肾衰竭大鼠的保护作用

目的：探讨去铁胺（DFO）对缺血性急性肾衰竭（iARF）大鼠的保护作用及其作用机制。方法：雄性Wistar大鼠，随机分成3组：假手术组、手术组、DFO＋手术组，每组各12只。用钳夹大鼠双侧肾蒂45min制成iARF动物模型，DFO＋手术组：缺血前24h给予DFO（200mg／kg）腹腔注射，其余处理同手术组。于缺血再灌注24h后检测血尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Scr）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）的含量以及进行肾组织光镜形态学观察和采用免疫组织化学法测定低氧诱导因子-la（HIF-la）及血红素加氧酶（HO-1）蛋白的表达水平。结果：手术组BUN、Scr升高，SOD下降，MDA升高，HIF-1a、Ho-1中度提高，肾组织结构紊乱。DFO＋手术组除HIF-1a、HO-1含量大幅提高外，尚能显著逆转上述改变，两组间比较具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：DFO预处理可通过自由基清除和诱导HIF-1及下游基因HO-1过表达从而对iARF大鼠发挥保护作用。     

七氟烷麻醉对肝切除术患者术后炎症应激反应程度与肝功能的影响

目的探讨七氟烷麻醉对肝切除术患者术后炎症应激反应程度与肝功能的影响。方法选择2014年7月~2015年7月期间我院收治的肝硬化并择期行肝右叶切除术患者60例为研究对象。将研究对象随机分为试验组,采用七氟烷麻醉,30例;对照组,采用丙泊酚麻醉,30例。观察炎症应激反应因子TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10水平;肝功能指标ALT、TBil、AST和ALB;统计并发症发生率。采用SPSS20.0软件进行统计学分析。结果 (1)术后1 d、3 d、7 d,两组患者TNF-α、IL-6及IL-10水平均较术前显著升高(P0.05),且试验组TNF-α、IL-6及IL-10水平显著低于对照组(P0.05)。(2)术后1、3、7 d,两组患者AST、ALT和TBi L均较术前显著升高(P0.05),且试验组AST、ALT和TBi L水平低于对照组(P0.05),两组患者ALB术前术后均无差异(P0.05)。(3)两组患者术后并发症比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论七氟烷麻醉抑制了患者术后炎症应激反应因子的分泌,促进了患者术后肝功能恢复,不能明显降低患者术后并发症的发生,效果优于丙泊酚。     

Prognostic Value of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II and Organ System Failure in Patients with Acute Renal Failure Requiring Dialysis

Background. Despite advances in modern technology of dialysis, prognosis of patients with acute renal failure (ARF) remains poor. To give the clinicians the most useful information, a model that accurately predicts outcome early in the course of ARF is required. However, because ARF is a heterogeneous syndrome and occurs in patients with diverse etiologies and some coexisting diseases, predicting outcome early is hard. The aim of this study is to evaluate prospectively the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) and organ system failure (OSF) models, evaluated prior to dialysis, in predicting hospital mortality. Methods. From June 2002 to March 2004, ARF patients requiring dialysis at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, were prospectively recruited for this study. The worst clinical and laboratory data in the 24 hours before initiation of dialysis were prospectively evaluated, and the patients' APACHE II score and OSF number were assessed. Results. A total of 61 patients (40 male and 21 female) were enrolled, of whom 38 (62.3%) died before discharge. By multivariate logistic regression, the APACHE II score (odds ratio 1.3 per increase in one score; P< 0.001), or OSF number (odds ratio 1.9 per increase in one OSF; P< 0.01) and oliguria (odds ratio 4.2; P = 0.04), were found to be statistically significant prognostic factors for hospital mortality. Mortality increased progressively and significantly as OSF number (chi-square for trend; P = 0.001) or the APACHE II score (chi-square for trend; P< 0.001) increased. By using Youden's index, the best cut-off value for APACHE II was 24, with 63% sensitivity and 96% specificity. The best cut-off value for OSF number was 2, with a sensitivity of 81.6% and a specificity of 60.9%. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for APACHE II and OSF number were 0.847 (95% confidence interval (CI)= 0.752–0.942; P< 0.01) and 0.769 (95% CI = 0.646–892; P< 0.001), respectively, indicating good model discrimination. Conclusions. This study concludes that APACHE II and OSF number measured prior to initiation of dialysis reliably predict outcomes of ARF patients requiring dialysis. The mortality rates increase as the APACHE II score or OSF number increases. For predicting mortality, the APACHE II score ≥ 24 was found to have 63% sensitivity and 96% specificity, and OSF number ≥ 2 had 81.6% sensitivity and 60.9% specificity.     

Torsemide Versus Furosemide After Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Due to Acute Renal Failure in Cardiac Surgery Patients

Acute renal failure (ARF) usually develops in 5% to 30% of patients undergoing heart surgery and is associated with a more complicated clinical evolution course and with an excessive mortality of up to 80%. The objective of this study was to verify the frequency of ARF in postoperative coronary artery bypass surgery with and without cardiopulmonary bypass, by the evaluation of renal function markers' performance [ plasma creatinine, plasma urea, urinalysis, fractional excretion of sodium, creatinine clearance and Alpha‐glutathione S‐transferase (α‐GST)], besides to verify possible relations between clinical variables involved in postoperative heart surgery and the occurrence of renal insufficiency.     

Evaluation of Renoprotective Effect of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae on Cisplatin-Induced Renal Dysfunction in Rats

Cisplatin is an effective chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of a wide array of both pediatric and adult malignancies. Dose-dependent and cumulative nephrotoxicity is the major toxicity of this compound, sometimes requiring a reduction in dose or discontinuation of treatment. Recent evidence has implicated oxidative and nitrosative stress in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA), blue-green algae, is claimed to be a potential antioxidant. The present study was designed to explore the renoprotective potential of AFA against cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and renal dysfunction. The ethanolic extract of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (EEAFA) (25, 50, 100 mg/kg^?1 p.o.) was administered two days before through three days after cisplatin challenge (5 mg/kg^?1 i.p.). Renal injury was assessed by measuring serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and urea clearance, and serum nitrite levels. Renal oxidative stress was determined by renal TBARS levels, reduced glutathione levels, and enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione transferase (GST). A single dose of cisplatin produced marked renal oxidative and nitrosative stress and significantly deranged renal functions. Chronic EEAFA treatment significantly and dose-dependently restored renal functions, reduced lipid peroxidation, and enhanced reduced glutathione levels, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities. The results of the present study clearly demonstrate the pivotal role of reactive oxygen species and their relation to renal dysfunction and point to the therapeutic potential of AFA in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.     

急性肾衰竭三种治疗方法的疗效对比观察

目的 :回顾性探讨治疗急性肾衰竭较理想的透析方法。方法 :对 2 3例HD患者和 2 0例PD患者及 17例CRRT患者进行比较 ,观察其治愈率、死亡率及透析后的主要并发症。结果 :HD组、PD组、CRRT组的治愈率分别为 82 .6 %、85 %、76 .5 % ;死亡率分别为 8.7%、0、17.6 %。腹膜透析并发症少。结论 :急性肾衰竭在缺少CRRT条件 ,病情允许情况下可首选腹膜透析治疗 ,严重病例、多器官衰竭还是选择CRRT为宜     

Spectrum of Acute Renal Failure and Factors Predicting Its Outcome in an Intensive Care Unit in India

Identification of factors causing acute renal failure (ARF) and its associated poor prognosis in critically ill patients can help in planning strategies to prevent ARF and to prioritize the utilization of sparse and expensive therapeutic modalities. Most of the studies in such patients have been done in the developed world, and similar data from the developing world is sparse.

We analyzed 45 consecutive patients who developed ARF in the intensive care unit (ICU) during a 12-month period. Demographic and detailed biochemical profile, previous chronic illness, precipitating factors, number of failed organs, type of ARF (oliguric/nonoliguric), and need for and type of renal replacement therapy (RRT) received were recorded at the time of admission to ICU and during the course of illness. The mean age of these patients was 43.1 years, with 75.6% being males. Hypotension, sepsis, and use of nephrotoxic drugs were common precipitating factors for ARF in these patients. However, multiple precipitating factors were present in the majority (80%): 81.5% had at least one organ failure prior to development of ARF, 71.1% had oliguria, and 71.1% required RRT. Intermittent hemodialysis was the most common form of RRT given. Patient mortality was 64.4%, with 15 of the 16 surviving patients becoming dialysis independent. We observed an increase in mortality from 0% to 100%, depending on the number of failed organs from one to six. On comparing the predictor outcomes between survivors and nonsurvivors by multivariate analysis, only the number of failed organs at the time of ARF (2.6 ± 0.9 vs. 4.5 ± 0.8) and serum albumin <3.0 g/dL were found to be statistically significant.

To conclude, ARF in critically ill patients is multifactorial in origin and carries a high mortality. Mortality in these patients increases with increasing numbers of failed organs and with a serum albumin of <3.0 g/dL.