他汀类药物在2型糖尿病综合治疗中的研究进展

2型糖尿病的患病率正在世界范围内逐年增加,同时与之相关的微血管并发症和大血管并发症发生率也显著增加.他汀类药物除了调脂作用以外,还可通过抑制炎症因子、保护血管内皮细胞功能及抗氧化应激等途径延缓糖尿病并发症发生发展,显著减少心血管事件.总体而言,及时启动他汀类药物对2型糖尿病的治疗是有益的,尤其是伴有心血管危险因素的糖尿病患者.     

Peroxiredoxin isoforms are associated with cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus

The production of oxygen free radicals in type 2 diabetes mellitus contributes to the development of complications, especially the cardiovascular-related ones. Peroxiredoxins (PRDXs) are antioxidant enzymes that combat oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between the levels of PRDX isoforms (1, 2, 4, and 6) and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Fifty-three patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (28F/25M) and 25 healthy control subjects (7F/18M) were enrolled. We measured the plasma levels of each PRDX isoform and analyzed their correlations with cardiovascular risk factors. The plasma PRDX1, -2, -4, and -6 levels were higher in the diabetic patients than in the healthy control subjects. PRDX2 and -6 levels were negatively correlated with diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, and hemoglobin A1c. In contrast, PRDX1 levels were positively correlated with low-density lipoprotein and C-reactive protein levels. PRDX4 levels were negatively correlated with triglycerides. In conclusion, PRDX1, -2, -4, and -6 showed differential correlations with a variety of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. These results should encourage further research into the crosstalk between PRDX isoforms and cardiovascular risk factors.     

胆囊结石与2型糖尿病的共病机制

随着人们生活水平的提高,饮食结构发生转变,胆囊结石及2型糖尿病的发病率逐年上升,且2型糖尿病患者的胆囊结石患病率明显高于其他人群,以往大量研究认为糖尿病是胆囊结石的危险因素。随着研究的深入,发现胆囊结石的发生机制与血脂、胰岛素抵抗及部分脂肪因子因素密切相关,甚至认为胆囊结石是代谢综合征的另一种表现形式。而这些因素在2型糖尿病的发生发展中同样起着重要作用。本文就对胰岛素抵抗、脂代谢、瘦素及脂联素在胆囊结石与2型糖尿病的发病中的作用机制进行综述,并阐明这种共病机制的研究在实际临床工作中的意义。     

脂联素对糖尿病大血管病变的影响

脂联素(adiponectin,APN)是脂肪细胞分泌的一种细胞因子,通过结合APN受体1和受体2发挥抗炎、抗糖尿病、抗动脉粥样硬化的作用。1型糖尿病病人和正常人的血清APN水平相似,但2型糖尿病病人的APN水平显著降低。2型糖尿病的心血管并发症明显增加,且2型糖尿病合并心血管病变患者的APN水平明显低于2型糖尿病但无心血管病变者,提示糖尿病大血管病变可能与APN缺乏有关。     

Management of type 2 diabetes: a challenge for patient and physician

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease, associated with serious complications and co-morbidity and considerable costs. The number of people with diabetes mellitus is expected to increase with 40% in the next decade, due to prolonged life expectancy, the ageing of the population and developments in the health care sector, including more active screening strategies. The majority (40-60%) of type 2 diabetes patients in routine GP practice have a poor metabolic control (HbA1c > 8% or fasting blood glucose > 11 mmol/l). In this paper the obstacles in routine clinical practice for optimal type 2 diabetes care are discussed. Long-term complications are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes patients. Therefore, the primary aim of type 2 diabetes management is the prevention of complications, by lowering blood glucose levels and reducing the cardiovascular risk profile. An important component of type 2 diabetes management is an active role of the patient: diet, smoking habits, physical exercise and self-care behavior often need to change. In addition, the patient has to adhere to life long medical therapy. Motivating the patient for this active role is the challenge for health care providers. A complicating factor is that changes in lifestyle do not give immediate benefit for the patient, as the effects are seen in the reduction of the development of long-term complications. The cornerstones of health care to support active patient participation are: to guarantee the continuity of care, to integrate education in health care and to encourage the patient's attendance. It is the challenge for physicians to give type 2 diabetes patients the tools for active participation in the management of the disease.     

2型糖尿病患者超敏C反应蛋白与微量白蛋白尿的关系研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者超敏C反应蛋白（hs—CRP）的变化及微量白蛋白尿（MAU）与hs—CRP的关系。方法对160例2型糖尿病患者根据尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）分为正常白蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组，分别进行空腹血糖和hs—CRP测定，并与100例正常对照组比较。结果2型糖尿病患者hs—CRP明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．01），而微量白蛋白尿组hs—CRP值明显高于正常白蛋白尿组（P〈0．05）。结论hs—CRP与糖尿病及其血管并发症有关。微量白蛋白尿是心血管病的预测指标．慢性炎症可能起媒介作用。     

Pramlintide in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

Pramlintide, the first member of a new class of drugs for the treatment of insulin-using patients with type 2 or type 1 diabetes mellitus, is an analog of the peptide hormone amylin. Amylin is co-secreted with insulin from pancreatic beta cells and acts centrally to slow gastric emptying, suppress postprandial glucagon secretion, and decrease food intake. These actions complement those of insulin to regulate blood glucose concentrations. Amylin is relatively deficient in patients with type 2 diabetes, depending on the severity of beta-cell secretory failure, and is essentially absent in patients with type 1 diabetes. Through mechanisms similar to those of amylin, pramlintide improves overall glycemic control, reduces postprandial glucose levels, and reduces bodyweight in patients with diabetes using mealtime insulin. Reductions in postprandial glucose and bodyweight are important, since postprandial hyperglycemia is associated with an increased risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications, and increased weight is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Pramlintide is generally well tolerated, with the most frequent treatment-emergent adverse event being mild to moderate nausea, which decreases over time. Pramlintide treatment is also associated with improvements in markers of oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk and improved patient-reported treatment satisfaction. These factors make pramlintide an attractive option for the treatment of postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes using mealtime insulin.     

The prevalence and characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes in China

Data on the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus in China is scarce. We conducted a multi‐centre, cross‐sectional study involving 12 hospitals from six regional cities to investigate the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to explore the association between obstructive sleep apnea and related risk factors, diabetic complications and comorbidities in China. Each hospital recruited at least 70 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were admitted to the endocrinology ward. A total of 880 participants were enrolled and administered overnight sleep monitoring with a portable monitor (ApneaLink^?, ResMed, San Diego, CA, USA); other information was collected from medical charts and a standardized questionnaire. In this study, 60.0% (95% confidence interval: 56.8%, 63.2%) of hospitalized patients in China with type 2 diabetes mellitus had comorbid obstructive sleep apnea (apnea–hypopnea index ≥ 5). Only 1.5% (eight of 528) of the patients with both conditions had been diagnosed previously with obstructive sleep apnea. The prevalence of moderate–severe (apnea–hypopnea index ≥ 15) and severe obstructive sleep apnea (apnea–hypopnea index ≥ 30) was estimated to be 25.6% (22.7, 28.5%) and 10.3% (8.3, 12.4%), respectively. Age, sex, body mass index, snoring, reported breath‐holding in sleep or gasping or choking arousal, sleepiness, diabetes duration, hypertension, diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular diseases history were correlated significantly with the severity of obstructive sleep apnea. In China, the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is high. Routine screening for and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea is an important, but often neglected, part of the management of diabetes.     

Micro-ribonucleic acid modulation with oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus – a review article

In parallel with the rapid growth of obesity, there is also an increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) worldwide. Due to its complications, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in those patients. In the last two decades, special attention has been given to oxidative stress and inflammation, as the underlying mechanisms related to T2D occurrence and progression. Moreover, micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) as new genetic biomarkers take an important place in the investigation of different metabolic pathways of insulin signaling. In this review article, we discuss microRNA modulation with oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with T2D. Better insight into the novel potential therapeutic targets for treatment of diabetes and its complications is of utmost importance for public health.     

HIV and cardiovascular risk factors

There is growing concern that the metabolic complications associated with HIV and antiretroviral therapy may lead to accelerated coronary artery disease (CAD). Traditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and visceral fat accumulation, are increasingly seen in HIV patients receiving HAART. These factors are in addition to nonreversible risk factors, such as male sex, age greater than 40 years, and family history of premature CAD. Patients may also be smokers and may have a sedentary lifestyle, both of which predispose to significant CAD. In older patients and those with other risk factors, there may be an accentuation of these risk factors by HAART, although these factors also occur in young patients with no other risk factors. It is still unknown whether the factors predispose HIV patients to accelerated cardiovascular disease. Short-term studies, including 2 large cross-sectional studies, do not show an increased risk of cardiovascular complications or cardiac death, but longer follow-up is needed to answer such questions effectively. Even if patients are not at increased risk for cardiovascular disease, they are at least at the same risk as HIV-negative, age-matched persons with similar risk factors. It is, therefore, pertinent to identify and effectively manage those risk factors that can be modified.     

DM2肾病患者联检血清APN、血浆VEGF、Hcy及尿Alb的临床意义

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(DM2)及合并肾病患者同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、脂联素(APN)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及尿Alb的变化关系.方法:设正常对照组、无并发症糖尿病组、合并肾病组三组,比较三组间血清APN、血浆VEGF、Hcy及尿Alb的水平.结果:两组糖尿病患者间空腹血糖水平无显著差异;BUN和Cr在三组间无差...     

Diagnosis and classification of autoimmune diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is increasing in prevalence worldwide. The economic costs and burden of the disease are considerable given the cardiovascular complications and co-morbidities that it may entail. Two major groups of diabetes mellitus have been defined, type 1, or immune-based, and type 2. In recent years, other subgroups have been described in-between these major groups. Correct classification of the disease is crucial in order to ascribe the most efficient preventive, diagnostic and treatment strategies for each patient. In the present review, we discuss the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, diagnostic criteria and clinical classification of what is currently known as autoimmune diabetes. In addition, the other groups of diabetes mellitus will be regarded in relation to their pathogenesis and potential autoimmunity features.     

Metabolic syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus: the connection

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is now recognized as a chronic proinflammatory and prothrombotic state that aggravates insulin resistance, oxidative injury, and cardiovascular risk. MetS is more prevalent in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a prototype of systemic autoimmune disease associated with premature atherosclerosis that cannot be accounted by traditional vascular risk factors alone. Dysregulation of the cytokines and adipokines is a common feature in both SLE and MetS, suggesting a complex relationship among autoimmunity, obesity, inflammation, and atherosclerosis.

Areas covered: This review summarizes the prevalence of MetS and its effect on cardiovascular outcome and organ damage in patients with SLE. The pathophysiology of MetS and its relevance to SLE is also briefly discussed.

Expert opinion: Imbalance of adipokine production in MetS contributes to inflammation and atherosclerosis. MetS predisposes SLE patients to new cardiovascular events and vascular mortality, as well as the development of chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus. However, conflicting results have been reported in the literature regarding the levels of the proinflammatory leptin and anti-inflammatory adiponectin, and their relationship with disease activity in SLE patients. While lifestyle modifications and targeting dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus is essential, there is little information on the efficacy and safety of metformin and hydroxychloroquine in alleviating insulin resistance in SLE or MetS. Further research on adipokines in SLE and the role of anti-obesity medications and probiotics in MetS is necessary.     

Serum adiponectin and lipid concentrations in pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome

BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate the serum adiponectin and lipid concentrations in normal and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women during pregnancy in order to establish whether PCOS induces abnormal lipid and adiponectin levels that could constitute potential metabolic risk factors for pregnancy complications. METHODS: Women with singleton pregnancies and of similar age were included (48 pregnant PCOS and 51 normal pregnant women). During gestational weeks 10-16 and 22-28, a 2 h, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test was performed, with measurement of glucose and insulin in each sample. Adiponectin and lipid concentrations were determined in the fasting sample. RESULTS: The incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was significantly higher in the PCOS group (12.2%) compared with the control group (2%). In PCOS patients, triglyceride (TG) concentrations and area under the curve of glucose and insulin were higher in both study periods and adiponectin concentrations were significantly lower in the second period, compared with normal women. Moreover, adiponectin concentrations were lower in women with GDM than in those with normal glucose tolerance in the two study periods. CONCLUSION: Low adiponectin and high insulin levels are associated with GDM in pregnant PCOS patients. High TG levels seem not to be directly related to pregnancy complications in these patients.     

Adiponectin and inflammation: consensus and controversy

Circulating levels of adiponectin decrease with increasing visceral obesity and are lower in patients with type 2 diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease compared with controls matched by body mass index. Several reports demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects of adiponectin. Because increased adipose tissue is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and proinflammatory factors inhibit adiponectin production, the current hypothesis states that chronic inflammation associated with visceral obesity inhibits production of adiponectin, perpetuating inflammation. The negative correlation between adiponectin and markers of inflammation in the aforementioned conditions supports this hypothesis. In contrast with disorders typically associated with excess adiposity and positive energy balance, adiponectin levels are elevated--rather than decreased--in classic chronic inflammatory/autoimmune diseases that are unrelated to increased adipose tissue, such as rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes, and cystic fibrosis. In these patients, adiponectin levels positively--rather than negatively--correlate with inflammatory markers. Furthermore, proinflammatory effects of adiponectin have been reported in tissues such as joint synovium and colonic epithelium. Thus, adiponectin is regulated in the opposite direction and may exert differential functions in classic versus obesity-associated inflammatory conditions. This article discusses this apparent paradox and presents possible alternative and/or complementary explanations.     

Current trends and new approaches in the management of diabetes mellitus

Current trends in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, based on the 20-year United Kingdom Prospective Diabetic Study, include intensive treatment to control the blood glucose level and blood pressure in order to prevent or delay microvascular and cardiovascular complications. In the new millennium, type 2 diabetes will become epidemic in developing countries. If diabetes were to develop in 10% of the 1.2 billion population of China, the expense of intensive treatment would be immense. Laboratory tests are useful for detecting risk factors before the onset of the disease and convincing the general public to take preventive measures. Glucose tolerance testing is one of these tests. When glucose tolerance is impaired, 25% of beta-cell function is lost. Determining the plasma proinsulin level is another useful evaluation; impaired glucose tolerance accompanied by increased plasma proinsulin level is indicative of an enhanced risk that type 2 diabetes will develop within 5 years. Educating the public about eating a healthy diet and exercising may prevent the development of diabetes and thereby reduce the global prevalence of type 2 diabetes.     

2型糖尿病患者血清脂联素水平与糖尿病肾病的关系

目的:研究2型糖尿病肾病患者血清脂联素水平与糖尿病肾病的关系.方法:用放射免疫分析测定163例2型糖尿病患者及50例正常人的血清脂联素水平.结果:在糖尿病各亚组中,大量蛋白尿组患者的血清脂联素水平高于微量蛋白尿组(P＜0.01)及正常蛋白尿组和对照组(P＜0.001).微量蛋白尿组患者的血清脂联素水平高于正常蛋白尿组(P＜0.05).脂联素水平与血肌酐、HbA1c、TC、SBP、DBP、TG及UAER呈正相关(P＜0.05),而与年龄、HDL-C、BMI无明显相关性(P＞0.05).女性血清脂联素水平(15.82±7.21)mg/L高于男性(13.98±7.86)mg/L,但无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:2型糖尿病肾病患者血清脂联素水平随着肾病进展而升高,说明肾脏参与了脂联素的代谢与排泄.脂联素在糖尿病肾病发生发展过程中可能起到重要作用.     

Immigrant patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have poorer initial and on-going glycemic control than a matched population of Irish patients

We compared the glycemic and cardiovascular risk status of non-Caucasian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who recently emigrated to Ireland with a matched population of Irish patients. We identified 105 non-Caucasian patients with T2DM who recently emigrated to Ireland and compared them with 105 Irish patients with T2DM, who were matched for age, sex and duration of diabetes. Immigrants with T2DM had significantly worse initial (9.8% vs 9.1%, p<0.05) and on-going (8.3% vs 7.1, p<0.05) glycemic control and higher microalbumin to creatinine ratio compared to the Irish patients. A greater proportion of immigrants with T2DM were on insulin therapy for their diabetes. Irish patients had significantly higher fasting triglyceride concentrations compared to the immigrants (1.9+/-0.1 mmol/l vs 1.6+/-0.1 mmol/l, p<0.05). This vulnerable population of immigrants with T2DM is currently at higher risk of complications of diabetes and warrants greater attention to glycemic control and control of other risk factors.     

MicroRNAs: potential therapeutic targets in diabetic complications of the cardiovascular and renal systems

Diabetes mellitus is a serious health problem that can lead to several pathological complications in numerous organs and tissues. The most important and most prevalent organs affected by this disease are the heart and the kidneys, and these complications are the major causes of death in patients with diabetes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), short non‐coding RNAs, have been found to be functionally important in the regulation of several pathological processes, and they are emerging as an important therapeutic tool to avoid the complications of diabetes mellitus. This review summarizes the knowledge on the effects of miRNAs in diabetes. The use of miRNAs in diabetes from a clinical perspective is also discussed, focusing on their potential role to repair cardiovascular and renal complications.