In vivo kinematic analysis of squatting after total hip arthroplasty

Background

The in vivo kinematics of squatting after total hip arthroplasty is unclear. The purpose of the present study was to determine the range of motion of the hip joint during squatting after total hip arthroplasty.

Methods

Using fluoroscopy, we investigated 15 primary cementless total hip arthroplasties performed using a computed tomography-based navigation system. An acetabular component with concavities around the rim and a femoral component with reduced neck geometry were used. The motion of the acetabular and femoral components based on the neutral standing position was analyzed using a two-dimensional to three-dimensional registration technique.

Findings

No prosthetic impingement occurred in any hips. The mean maximum hip flexion range of motion was 86.2° (range, 55.1°–117.4°) and was not always consistent with maximum squatting. The mean maximum pelvic posterior tilting angle was 25.7° (range, 5.5°–43.5°). The pelvis began to tilt posteriorly at 50°–70° of the hip flexion range of motion. At maximum squatting, the mean ratio of the pelvic posterior tilting angle to the femoral flexion angle was 23.2% (range, 3.8%–45.7%). The mean minimum angle up to the theoretical prosthetic impingement was 26.2° (range, 11.8°–39.8°).

Interpretation

Although this is a preliminary study, three-dimensional assessment of dynamic squatting motion after total hip arthroplasty using the two-dimensional to three-dimensional registration technique appears to enable elucidation of the range of motion of the hip joint, the contribution of pelvic posterior tilting, and the minimum angle up to theoretical prosthetic impingement during squatting.     

全髋关节置换后单纯髋臼松动翻修11例

天津医院关节外科于2002-08/2005-02对11例全髋关节置换后单纯髋臼松动而股骨假体固定良好的患者采用改良前外侧切口进行单纯髋臼翻修。平均随访4.2年,11例患者早期均获得良好固定,患者功能良好,1例患者因为感染而再次手术取出假体,放置隔体,1年后再次翻修;1例患者在翻修后4年时出现股骨假体松动,单纯行股骨假体翻修;其余9例翻修后恢复情况良好,X射线片显示髋臼假体无松动、移位,假体周围无透亮带。1例患者出现股外侧皮神经损伤表现,6个月后明显缓解。     

In vivo comparison of hip mechanics for minimally invasive versus traditional total hip arthroplasty

BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive surgery has been developed to reduce incision length, muscle damage, and rehabilitation time. However, reduced exposure of anatomical landmarks may result in technical errors and inferior implant survivorship. The objective of this study was to compare in vivo motions and hip joint contact forces during gait in total hip arthroplasty subjects, performed with either minimally invasive surgery or standard surgical approaches. METHODS: Fifteen subjects implanted using either minimally invasive surgery anterolateral, minimally invasive surgery posterolateral, or traditional posterolateral total hip arthroplasty were evaluated using fluoroscopy while performing gait on a treadmill. Kinematics, obtained using 3D-to-2D image registration technique, were input as temporal functions in a 3D inverse dynamic mathematical model that determines in vivo soft tissue and hip contact forces. FINDINGS: The subjects implanted with posterolateral and anterolateral minimally invasive surgery demonstrated significantly less separation than those implanted with the traditional approach (P<0.01). The minimally invasive surgery subjects also experienced lower average maximum peak forces, with 3.2 body weight for the anterolateral minimally invasive surgery and 2.9 body weight for the posterolateral minimally invasive surgery subjects, compared to 3.5 body weight for the traditional subjects (P=0.02 and P=0.03, respectively). INTERPRETATION: This is the first study to compare in vivo weight-bearing kinematics, separation and kinetics for traditional, anterolateral minimally invasive surgery and posterolateral minimally invasive surgery total hip arthroplasty subject groups. Our data indicated in all analyzed parameters differences between the minimally invasive surgery and the traditional groups, with favorable results for the minimally invasive surgery subjects. This may be related, to a reduction in stabilizing soft tissues after a minimally invasive surgery procedure, leading to lower bearing surface forces at the femoral head--acetabular cup interface.     

Late instability following total hip arthroplasty

Instability is one of the most common complications after total hip arthroplasty and can present early or late after hip replacement. Late instability is considered if the event occurs five or more years after the primary arthroplasty, and in contrast to early dislocation, it appears to require operative intervention. The incidence of late instability may be greater than initially appreciated, and the cumulative rate rises with longer follow-up. The etiology of hip instability is often multifactorial with the presumed risk factors for late instability including long standing malposition of the components, trauma, deterioration in muscle mass, neurological status impairment and polyethylene wear. This article presents a synopsis of published studies on late instability and outlines our institutional experience with treatment of late dislocation following total hip arthroplasty occurring due to polyethylene wear.     

全髋关节置换后的康复训练程序

背景：全髋关节置换后的康复训练对置换后患者肢体康复起非常重要的作用。目的：回顾分析全髋关节置换后康复训练程序的组成、方法、效果评价、发展及存在的问题。方法：以＂全髋关节置换,康复,物理治疗,功能锻炼＂为中文关键词,以＂totalhip arthroplasty;total hip replacement;physical rehabilitation;rehabilitation trainning＂为英文关键词,采用计算机检索CNKI和Medline数据库1996-01/2012-02关于全髋关节置换后康复训练的文章。结果与结论：全髋关节置换后的康复训练内容主要以体位护理、运动疗法为主,并可配合以人工按摩及磁疗、电疗、超声波疗法等。采用运动疗法时,要注意循序渐进原则,由最初的被动运动,逐渐过渡到主动运动。根据手术类型、假体种类、患者情况等选择合适的康复训练程序可明显提高患者患侧髋关节功能恢复的速度和质量。     

Gait during hydrokinesitherapy following total hip arthroplasty

Purpose.?To obtain gait parameters during hydrotherapy (HT) in patients who were referred for rehabilitation after total hip arthroprostheses.

Method.?The study had a cohort prospective design. Patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) followed a HT rehabilitation program. Twenty-one consecutive patients were enrolled. Five of them dropped out for various reasons, independently of HT. Therefore 16 patients could be evaluated (5 men and 11 women). Sixteen age-matched healthy volunteers were the control subjects. Nine patients had a right THA and 7 a left THA. On average HT duration was 15.7 days (SD 3.8).

Results.?The patients presented with a mean speed of 749 meters per hour (SD 146) at the baseline. At the last session the mean speed was 1175 meters per hour (SD 396). The mean stance duration was 1.59 s (SD 0.28) on the operated side and 1.67 (SD 0.27) on the non-operated side. By contrast, the mean swing duration was 1.02 s (SD 0.20) on the operated side and 0.95 s (SD 0.16) on the non-operated side. The differences in balance were statistically significant. The step duration was the same on both sides. At the beginning of HT the stance/swing ratio was 1.62 (SD 0.40) on the operated side, whereas it was 1.74 (SD 0.42) on the non-operated side. In the controls the ratio was 1.45. During HT both values fluctuated but the trend was toward a better coherence over time. At the beginning the mean stride length was 0.484 meters (SD 0.116) and the value became 0.628 (SD 0.131) after 15 training sessions. At the individual level, recovery occurred in a non-linear fashion, but the mean regression line had a coefficient of 27.1 and the intercept was at 560.3.

Conclusions.?The study design permits accurate definition of stride parameters during rehabilitation which allows optimization of the programme. Increase in speed and regain of balance are monitored on a daily basis and they appear as the targets of a HT programme.     

Isometric performance following total hip arthroplasty and rehabilitation

We compared differences in isometric strength between older adults who have undergone elective unilateral total hip arthroplasty (THA) and completed rehabilitation with a population of community-dwelling older adults who have not had THA. The study was a cross-sectional design, and 22 unilateral THA subjects and 38 community-dwelling older adults participated. THA subjects received on average 13 outpatient or home-based physical therapy sessions before evaluation. THA subjects were evaluated 4 to 5 months postsurgery. We assessed isometric muscle strength by measuring peak hip torque per body weight with a robotic dynamometer during abduction, flexion, and extension. No significant performance differences were observed between operated and nonoperated hips of THA subjects. THA subject operated and nonoperated hips generated significantly less peak torque per body weight during flexion (p = 0.03) compared with community-dwelling older adult hips (THA subject operated hips = 6.96 ft-lb/lb, THA subject nonoperated hips = 8.26 ft-lb/lb, community-dwelling older adult hips = 11.56 ft-lb/lb). No significant differences were observed between THA subjects and community-dwelling older adults during hip extension (p = 0.55) or abduction (p = 0.17). At 4 to 5 months postsurgery, THA subjects were not at the same level of biomechanical performance as community-dwelling older adults. Significant strength deficits were found in THA subject operated versus nonoperated hips during isometric flexion. Additional or modified physical therapy that targets the hip flexors is recommended after THA.     

Gait during hydrokinesitherapy following total hip arthroplasty

Purpose. To obtain gait parameters during hydrotherapy (HT) in patients who were referred for rehabilitation after total hip arthroprostheses.

Method. The study had a cohort prospective design. Patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) followed a HT rehabilitation program. Twenty-one consecutive patients were enrolled. Five of them dropped out for various reasons, independently of HT. Therefore 16 patients could be evaluated (5 men and 11 women). Sixteen age-matched healthy volunteers were the control subjects. Nine patients had a right THA and 7 a left THA. On average HT duration was 15.7 days (SD 3.8).

Results. The patients presented with a mean speed of 749 meters per hour (SD 146) at the baseline. At the last session the mean speed was 1175 meters per hour (SD 396). The mean stance duration was 1.59 s (SD 0.28) on the operated side and 1.67 (SD 0.27) on the non-operated side. By contrast, the mean swing duration was 1.02 s (SD 0.20) on the operated side and 0.95 s (SD 0.16) on the non-operated side. The differences in balance were statistically significant. The step duration was the same on both sides. At the beginning of HT the stance/swing ratio was 1.62 (SD 0.40) on the operated side, whereas it was 1.74 (SD 0.42) on the non-operated side. In the controls the ratio was 1.45. During HT both values fluctuated but the trend was toward a better coherence over time. At the beginning the mean stride length was 0.484 meters (SD 0.116) and the value became 0.628 (SD 0.131) after 15 training sessions. At the individual level, recovery occurred in a non-linear fashion, but the mean regression line had a coefficient of 27.1 and the intercept was at 560.3.

Conclusions. The study design permits accurate definition of stride parameters during rehabilitation which allows optimization of the programme. Increase in speed and regain of balance are monitored on a daily basis and they appear as the targets of a HT programme.     

Physical activity and pain following total hip arthroplasty

Objectives

To determine types and levels of physical activities and hip pain in patients who had a total hip arthroplasty 5-7 years previously.

Participants

Ninety-eight men with a mean age of 61 years (standard deviation 9 years) and 134 women with a mean age of 61 years (standard deviation 6 years).

Methods

Patients reported current physical activities and activity 2 years after surgery. Patients were also asked about pain in the operated hip associated with specific activities, and reduction of activities due to pain.

Results

Ninety-five patients reported hip pain during physical activity, most frequently during bending and lifting activities and least frequently during non-weight-bearing activities. Climbing stairs was also associated with pain. Of 137 patients who decreased their level of activity between the two time points, 57 did so because of hip pain. Their average reduction in activity was 9.1 hours/week (95% confidence interval 6.8 to 11.4 hours/week). These 57 patients reported higher levels of activity 2 years after surgery than those who did not decrease their activity because of pain.

Conclusions

This study provides important information on the types of physical activity in which total hip arthroplasty patients participate, and their association with hip pain and reduction of activity due to pain. There is a need for future research to assess a wide variety of types and levels of activities, and to determine their association with pain and revision surgery.     

全髓置换后深静脉血栓的预防

目的:比较低分子肝素和吲哚美辛对预防全髋置换后深静脉血栓发生的疗效.方法:选择北京世纪坛医院骨科收治的股骨头无菌坏死患者120例,男62例,女58例,年龄38～82岁,平均66.9岁;均计划行全髋置换.全部患者随机分为3组,对照组(n=41):没有接受抗凝预防治疗;低分子肝素组(n=40):接受低分子肝素治疗,以患者的体质量计算,给予皮下注射范围1900～3800 U/d;吲哚美辛组(n=39):接受吲哚美辛治疗,剂量为2次/d,口服25 mg/次,均从置换前1d至出院当天.对比观察各组患者全髋置换后深静脉血栓的发生情况.结果:120例患者在全髋置换后第1周行彩色多普勒超声检查,发现65例患者有深静脉血栓(54%),其中18例深静脉血栓发生在非手术侧肢体.在手术侧肢体发生深静脉血栓的患者中18例有临床症状(28%),在非手术侧肢体发生深静脉血栓的患者均未见临床症状.对照组深静脉血栓的发生率为71%,明显高于低分子肝素组48%和吲哚美辛组45%(P<0.05).结论:全髋置换前应用低分子肝素或吲哚美辛明显降低了深静脉血栓发生.     

异位骨化致全髋关节置换术后髋关节功能障碍的防治研究

目的探讨全髋关节置换术后异位骨化发生的原因、机制及其预防方法。方法将139例接受全髋关节置换的患者随机分为3组,A组53例,B组49例,C组37例,分别于术后次日口服维生素C、消炎痛和布洛芬。结果经统计学分析,异位骨化发生率A组与B组、C组之间有显著差别(P＜0.01),B组与C组之间无显著差别(P＞0.05)。结论非甾体类消炎镇痛类药物可有效地预防全髓关节置换术后发生异位骨化的发生。     

中年患者128例生物型全髋置换和骨水泥全髋置换后的随访比较

背景：许多学者均认为骨水泥型全髋置换适合应用于年老且合并较严重的骨质疏松患者,生物型全髋置换适用于较为年轻的患者。目的：对比中年患者生物型全髋置换和骨水泥型全髋置换的临床效果。方法：对比分析58例骨水泥型全髋置换者与70例生物型全髋置换者置换后6个月、2年及5年的肢体功能恢复与影像学评估结果以及Harris评分,均为40～60岁中年患者。结果与结论：生物型假体置换后6个月、2年、5年的Harris评分明显优于骨水泥型假体（P〈0.05）,5年生存率也高于骨水泥型假体（P〈0.05）。骨水泥型假体置换后6个月,3例发生自发溶骨性疾病,3例2年后发生假体松动,3例5年后发生线性渗透溶;生物型假体置换2年后2例发生自发溶骨性疾病,置换后5年1例发生假体松动。说明生物型假体较骨水泥型假体更能促进中年患者置换后髋关节功能的恢复,减少并发症的发生,至少在5年的随访过程中获得了更令人满意的临床和影像学结果。     

Delayed sciatic nerve palsy following total hip arthroplasty.

Peripheral neuropathy, following total hip arthroplasty, has a reported incidence of 0.7%. However, delayed sciatic nerve palsy has only been reported twice in the literature. We report on two further cases, both of whom developed clinical sciatic nerve palsy at 72 hours after surgery.     

老年患者人工骨水泥型与非骨水泥型全髋关节置换后假体稳定性及髋关节功能比较

选择1999-01/2002-01重庆医科大学第二附属医院骨科行初次全髋置换获得完整随访资料40例老年髋部疾患患者。骨水泥组16例,非骨水泥组24例。置换后下地时间骨水泥组明显短于非骨水泥组（P〈0.05）。骨水泥组1例患者发生骨水泥外漏,对关节功能无影响;非骨水泥组1例发生股骨近端线形骨折,以钢丝环扎固定并最终愈合,1例出现与牵拉有关的坐骨神经损伤,保守治疗2个月后恢复,1例髋关节发生脱位,予手法闭合复位成功。2例骨水泥柄在骨-水泥界面和1例非骨水泥柄在骨-假体界面出现小于2mm的透亮线,1例非骨水泥柄在Gruen7区出现局灶性骨溶解,每组各有两个臼杯在Delee1区出现局灶性骨溶解,两组假体周围透亮线的发生率差异无显著性（P=0.08）。所有X射线片显示假体无移位、松动及下沉。     

微创全髋关节置换与常规全髋关节置换比较:30例经验的提示

背景:国内已有部分医院采用微创进行髋关节置换,但切口大小报道不一,位置也不尽相同.目的:比较微创全髋关节置换与常规全髋关节置换的置换指标及短期临床随访结果.方法:对30 例30髋进行微创全髋关节置换,同期30例30髋采用常规后外侧入路行全髋关节置换,两组患者年龄、性别及体质量指数均衡(P > 0.05),疾病谱相似.两组病例均采用施乐辉公司生产的非骨水泥型假体,比较两组病例的术中出血量、置换时间、切口长度、置换后早中期的功能锻炼情况及影像学评价结果.结果与结论:微创组与常规组的切口长度、术中出血量、引流量及输血量的差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05),微创组均优于常规组;两组患者置换时间、置换后影像学评价及髋臼角测量差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05).微创全髋关节置换组置换后早期功能恢复较常规全髋关节置换组快,而中期结果相似.置换后及随访时两组假体位置均良好.微创全髋关节置换组除有2例患者术中发生切口近端皮肤擦伤.提示微创全髋关节置换创伤小,围手术期出血少,切口小且不影响假体位置及置换后早期功能锻炼,可选择性用于部分病例的人工全髋关节置换.但应严格选择置换适应证,由拥有相应设备条件的医院及有一定经验的医生开展.     

髋关节置换术后脱位的原因分析及护理对策

髋关节脱位是全髋关节置换 (THA)术后常见的并发症之一。通过分析前组 (1984年 1月至 2 0 0 0年 12月 ) 36例、后组(2 0 0 1年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 8月 ) 3例THA术后发生脱位的原因 ,提出术前需加强心理护理 ,制定肌肉锻炼计划 ;术后严格实施正确的搬运方法和卧位 ,指导患者早期活动和正确上下床 ,教会患者扶拐行走、上下楼梯、入厕的方法 ,并告之髋关节脱位的临床表现和教授家庭护理的要点。本组病例前组髋关节脱位的发生率为 4 % ,后组为 1.8%。     

Incidence and effect of leg length discrepancy following total hip arthroplasty

Objectives

The clinical importance of a leg length discrepancy (LLD) following total hip arthroplasty (THA) remains controversial. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of LLD on clinical outcomes at up to 3 years follow-up.

Design and setting

Prospective, multicentre study.

Participants

Nine hundred and eighty-seven cases of primary THA, categorised into two main groups: the NoLLD group (LLD of less than 10 mm) and the LLD group (LLD of 10 mm or more).

Main outcome measures

The primary outcome measure was the change in Oxford Hip Score (ΔOHS) at up to 3 years follow-up. Secondary outcome measures were length of operating time and hospital stay, and revision and dislocation rates. Potential predisposing factors for LLD, including body mass index, age and type of anaesthesia employed, were examined.

Results

At 3 years, the LLD group had a significantly worse ΔOHS [22.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) 20.5 to 23.5] compared with the NoLLD group (23.8; 95% CI 23.1 to 24.5) (P = 0.034). There were no significant differences in revision (P = 0.389) or dislocation (P = 0.220) rates between the two groups. Use of an epidural was associated with a decreased incidence of developing an LLD of 10 mm (P = 0.004).

Conclusion

A postoperative LLD of 10 mm or more leads to poorer functional outcomes. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of an LLD on clinical outcomes in the longer term.     

人工全髋关节置换术后肢体不等长的预防及处理

目的:探讨人工全髋关节置换术后肢体不等长的原因,对人工全髋关节置换术前和术中预防措施及术后处理作一综述.资料来源:由第一作者应用计算机检索PubMed数据库(www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed),万方数据库(www.wanfangdata.com.cn).检索时间:英文文献2001/2008,中文文献2004/2009.检索词:英文检索词为"Leg length discrepancy,hip arthroplasty";中文检索词为"肢体长度,髋关节置换术".资料选择:计算机初检得到154篇文献,阅读标题和摘要进行初筛,排除因研究目的与此文无关的86篇,内容重复性的研究39篇,保留29篇文献做进一步分析.结局评价指标:人工全髋关节置换后肢体不等长的原因及预防处理措施.结果:人工全髋关节置换术后肢体不等长的主要原因有股骨颈截骨时残端保留过多、使用过长的假体颈、股骨偏心距减小、选择略长的股骨颈假体,髋臼旋转中心下移改变过大等.预防人工全髋关节置换后肢体不等长的有效方法有术前仔细测量评估、数字模板预测指导术中选择假体颈长,术中影像学引导,骨标志间距测量判断肢体长度和综合平衡法等.术后处理:对于肢体长度超过15mm的差异可用鞋跟和楔形的底来调整或反复手法推拿等操作;对于肢体不等长差异超过20mm或伴有并发症的患者可采用翻修手术.结论:肢体不等长是人工全髋关节置换术后常见并发症之一,随着科技的发展,设计个体化的假体及计算机辅助导航关节可能会更大程度地恢复患者的关节功能.     

Principles for the diagnosis of infections following total hip arthroplasty

Based on authorial material consisting of 19 patients operated in the period 1993-2000 for infections following total hip replacements, and on information from the literature, the authors discuss the suitability of various diagnostic methods. It is particularly important to diagnose infections with a slow course, without the classic clinical signs. The diagnostic criteria accepted by the Disease Control Center in Atlanta are presented, along with the radiological symptoms of latent infections and scintigraphic methods of varying sensitivity and specificity to regards to hip endoprosthesis infections. The article presents the typical changes in the value of erythrocyte precipitation and CRP concentration during the first year following a non-complicated hip arthroplasty, which has a significant impact on the interpretation of results when there is a suspicion of early infection. The decisive test for the diagnosis of a slow infection in a joint with loosened endoprosthesis with obvious clinical signs of infection is peri-operative examination of frozen scraps of the joint capsule for the presence of infiltrations of neutrophil leukocytes.     

全髋关节置换术在老年髋部骨折患者中的应用效果

目的分析全髋关节置换术(THA)在老年髋部骨折患者中的应用效果。方法选取2017年1月至2019年4月来我院骨科接受治疗的150例髋部骨折患者为研究对象,根据随机抽样法将患者分为Gamma钉固定组和THA组,每组75例。比较两组患者手术相关指标、生活质量、髋关节功能、并发症发生情况。结果THA组的术中出血量、住院费用、愈合时间、术后引流量、术后下床负重时间均优于Gamma钉固定组,但手术时间长于Gamma钉固定组(P<0.05);两组的住院时间、术后首次进流食时间无显著差异(P>0.05)。术后6、12个月,THA组的KPS和Harris量表评分高于Gamma钉固定组,Harris量表评分差的患者占比低于Gamma钉固定组(P<0.05)。两组术后并发症总发生率无显著差异(P=0.384)。结论THA和Gamma钉固定术均安全有效,THA可显著改善老年髋部骨折患者的术中出血量、愈合时间、住院费用等,有助于患者髋部功能早日恢复,虽手术时间较长,但整体效果优于Gamma钉固定术,临床可根据患者的自身条件选择手术方案。