宫颈癌放化疗所致功能不全性骨折研究进展

骨盆功能不全性骨折（PIF）是宫颈癌放化疗后未被充分认识、易被误诊为骨转移瘤的晚期并发症。既往临床上多着重于研究本病的发病率、时间、部位,对于发病潜在危险因素的分析多集中于患者临床特征,而对于治疗因素与发病的相关性研究较少。放疗后骨盆尤其是骶骨的损伤主要与照射方式、照射剂量有关。现对放疗技术、保骨放疗计划的制订、外照射及腔内近距离治疗的剂量体积参数、化疗与本病的相关性研究进行综述。未来能否根据精准放疗技术优势,优化保骨计划,降低骨盆受照范围及剂量,进而降低PIF发病率尚需进一步临床试验和实践来验证。     

宫颈癌放化疗所致功能不全性骨折研究进展北大核心CSCD

骨盆功能不全性骨折(PIF)是宫颈癌放化疗后未被充分认识、易被误诊为骨转移瘤的晚期并发症。既往临床上多着重于研究本病的发病率、时间、部位,对于发病潜在危险因素的分析多集中于患者临床特征,而对于治疗因素与发病的相关性研究较少。放疗后骨盆尤其是骶骨的损伤主要与照射方式、照射剂量有关。现对放疗技术、保骨放疗计划的制订、外照射及腔内近距离治疗的剂量体积参数、化疗与本病的相关性研究进行综述。未来能否根据精准放疗技术优势,优化保骨计划,降低骨盆受照范围及剂量,进而降低PIF发病率尚需进一步临床试验和实践来验证。     

Consensus guidelines for delineation of clinical target volume for intensity-modulated pelvic radiotherapy in postoperative treatment of endometrial and cervical cancer

PURPOSE: To develop an atlas of the clinical target volume (CTV) definitions for postoperative radiotherapy of endometrial and cervical cancer to be used for planning pelvic intensity-modulated radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group led an international collaboration of cooperative groups in the development of the atlas. The groups included the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, Gynecologic Oncology Group, National Cancer Institute of Canada, European Society of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, and American College of Radiology Imaging Network. The members of the group were asked by questionnaire to define the areas that were to be included in the CTV and to outline theses areas on individual computed tomography images. The initial formulation of the group began in late 2004 and culminated with a formal consensus conference in June 2005. RESULTS: The committee achieved a consensus CTV definition for postoperative therapy for endometrial and cervical cancer. The CTV should include the common, external, and internal iliac lymph node regions. The upper 3.0 cm of the vagina and paravaginal soft tissue lateral to the vagina should also be included. For patients with cervical cancer, or endometrial cancer with cervical stromal invasion, it is also recommended that the CTV include the presacral lymph node region. CONCLUSION: This report serves as an international template for the definition of the CTV for postoperative intensity-modulated radiotherapy for endometrial and cervical cancer.     

Pelvic insufficiency fractures after preoperative radiotherapy for rectal carcinoma

Insufficiency fractures of the pelvic bones are rare complications of radiotherapy, but they can cause significant morbidity. We report a patient who developed pelvic insufficiency fractures because of preoperative hypofractionated radiotherapy with chemotherapy for rectal carcinoma. She was treated with a four-field box technique, receiving 20Gy in four fractions, and she underwent concurrent pharmacokinetic modulating chemotherapy (PMC; intravenous infusion of 5-fluorouracil [FU], 750mg/body per 24h and oral administration of uracil and futrafur [UFT] 400mg/day) over a 1-week period. She developed severe buttock and femoral pain 10 months after this preoperative therapy. Physical examination at this time was unremarkable, with an absence of neurological signs, and radiographic examination was also normal, resulting in the patient initially being undiagnosed. However, 2 months after the onset of her initial pain, she was diagnosed as having pelvic insufficiency fractures on conventional radiographs. Although preoperative chemoradiotherapy has been widely accepted for improving local control and survival in patients with primary rectal carcinoma, surgeons need to be aware of this rare complication that can arise even 10 months after preoperative chemoradiotherapy.     

盆腔肿瘤放疗后骨盆不完全性骨折的研究现状

骨盆不完全性骨折(PIF)是盆腔肿瘤放疗后重要的并发症,常导致患者顽固性疼痛和活动受限且易被误诊为骨转移瘤而给予错误的治疗。MRI是其诊断和鉴别诊断的常用手段。预防PIF的理想方法是早期正确识别高危人群且必要时给予药物干预,放疗开始时患者的低骨密度状态是重要预测因素。合理选择盆腔淋巴引流区照射剂量并尽量降低骨盆剂量可能会降低放疗后PIF的发生。     

Pelvic fractures after radiotherapy for cervical cancer

BACKGROUND:

The incidence of pelvic fractures and associated risk factors was determined in women treated with curative?intent radiotherapy for cervical cancer.

METHODS:

The records of 516 women treated with curative?intent radiotherapy for cervical cancer between 2001 and 2006 at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center were reviewed. Among these, 300 patients had at least 1 post‐treatment computed tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging study available for review, and they comprised our study population. All imaging studies were re‐reviewed by a single radiologist to evaluate for fractures.

RESULTS:

Pelvic fractures were noted in 29 of 300 patients (9.7%). Fracture sites included sacrum (n = 24; 83%), sacrum and pubis (n = 3; 10%), iliac crest (n = 1; 3%), and sacrum and acetabulum (n = 1; 3%). Thirteen patients (45%) were symptomatic, with pain being the most common presenting symptom. The median time from the completion of radiotherapy to the detection of fractures on imaging studies was 14.1 months (range, 2.1‐63.1 months), with 38% of patients diagnosed within 1 year and 83% diagnosed within 2 years of completing therapy. The median age of the patients at diagnosis was higher in the women who developed a fracture compared with the women who did not (56.5 years vs 46.7 years; P = .04). A higher number of women with a fracture were postmenopausal (62% vs 37%; P = .03). The median body mass index was lower in the women who had a fracture (26.0 kg/m² vs 28.0 kg/m²; P = .03).

CONCLUSIONS:

Pelvic fractures were detected in a substantial proportion of women after radiotherapy for cervical cancer. Bone mineral density screening and pharmacologic intervention should be considered in these women. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.     

PET/MRI is useful for early detection of pelvic insufficiency fractures after radiotherapy for cervical cancer

Radiotherapy (RT) is used to manage cervical cancer, and pelvic insufficiency fracture (PIF) is known as a late complication of RT. The present study identified risk factors for PIF after radiotherapy for cervical cancer, and investigated its incidence rate. It also considered the usefulness of positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) in PIF diagnosis. A total of 149 patients with cervical cancer who received definitive or adjuvant RT with/without concurrent chemotherapy between January 2013 and December 2018 were investigated in the present study and followed up for more than one month after RT at Kobe University Hospital. The median follow-up period was 32 months (range, 1–87 months), and the median age of all patients was 66 years (age range, 34–90 years). Computed tomography (CT), MRI, PET/CT or PET/MRI were used for image examination. Among the 149 patients, 31 (20.8%) developed PIF. The median age of these patients was 69 years (age range, 44–87 years). Univariate analysis using the log-rank test demonstrated that age (≥60 years) was significantly associated with PIF. The median maximum standardized uptake value of PIF sites on PET/CT was 4.32 (range, 3.04–4.81), and that on PET/MRI was 3.97 (range, 1.21–5.96) (P=0.162). Notably, the detection time of PIF by PET/MRI was significantly earlier compared with PET/CT (P<0.05). The incidence of PIF after RT for cervical cancer was 20.8%, and age was significantly associated with risk factors for such fractures. Taken together, these results suggest that PET/MRI, which offers the advantage of decreased radiation exposure to the patient, is useful for diagnosing PIF and can detect it earlier than PET/CT imaging.     

三维适形放疗宫颈癌盆壁复发的临床观察

 目的： 评价立体定向适形放疗治疗宫颈癌盆壁复发的疗效及不良反应。方法：选取宫颈癌治疗后盆壁复发患者21例，以直线加速器6MV-X线行立体定向适形放疗，单次剂量5-8.5Gy，隔日1次，总剂量30-52Gy，平均剂量40.32 Gy。疗后1.5个月及3个月时行CT复查。结果：腰腿疼痛缓解率达100%，患侧下肢水肿缓解率61%，治疗肿瘤有效率(CR+PR)为71.4%（15/21），1、2、3年生存率分别为38%、14%、4%，中位生存时间16个月。结论：立体定向适形放疗能有效的控制宫颈癌盆壁复发肿瘤，较常规放、化疗疗效提高，没有增加消化系、泌尿系的放疗反应。     

IORT在宫颈癌治疗中的应用体会

目的：对术中放射治疗（IORT）在宫颈癌患者中的应用进行初步评价。方法：回顾性分析181例宫颈癌患者应用IORT后的效果。结果：在9例宫颈癌复发患者中,1例IORT后9个月因全身多发转移死亡;1例在IORT后14个月阴道残端复发,余7例IORT后均无瘤生存至今。172例IORT宫颈癌Ⅱb期患者,5年无瘤生存率、5年生存率、5年局部控制率分别为86．5％、89．7％、94．5％;按鳞癌、腺癌、腺鳞癌分类,其5年生存率分别为93．2％、91．7％、56．0％。术后发生与IORT相关的并发症少且经保守治疗后大多可自愈。结论：IORT有很好的肿瘤原发部位的局部控制效果,不仅对宫颈复发癌是一项可供选择的治疗手段,对于Ⅱb期宫颈癌初治患者选择“经腹全子宫双附件切除术＋选择性盆腔淋巴结剥除术＋IORT”也是一项有进步意义的综合治疗方案。     

Conformal and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for cervical cancer

Three-dimensional radiotherapy planning techniques, including conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy, have potential for improving outcomes in cervical cancer. Accurate target volume definition is essential in order to maximise normal tissue sparing while minimising the risk of a geographical miss. This reduction in toxicity provides the option of dose escalation, particularly with simultaneous integrated boost intensity-modulated radiotherapy. The evidence for the current use and potential applications of these techniques in the treatment of cervical cancer are discussed.     

宫颈癌根治性手术后辅助调强放疗(IMRT)的临床观察

目的 探讨早期宫颈癌术后具有不良预后因素的患者行盆腔调强放射治疗(IMRT/sIMRT)的近期不良反应和复发率.方法 回顾分析2007年1月～2008年6月期间78例早期宫颈癌术后具有不良预后因素行放射治疗的患者资料,其中IMRT组有30例;常规组48例.调强放射治疗方法(IMRT/或sIMRT):CTV上界从腹主动脉...     

三维适形放疗治疗宫颈复发癌的临床观察

目的：探讨三维适形放疗（３ＤＣＲＴ）治疗宫颈复发癌的疗效和毒性反应。方法：２００３年１０月～２００６年１１月共收治宫颈复发癌３４例,采用３ＤＣＲＴ,总剂量５０～６５Ｇｙ。结果：所有患者均完成３ＤＣＲＴ治疗。获完全缓解（ＣＲ）为２４.２％（８／３３）,部分缓解（ＰＲ）为４５.４％（１５／３３）,有效率（ＲＲ）为６９.６％;疼痛缓解率为９２.６％（３１／４１）,出血完全缓解率为９０.９％（１０／１１）,生活质量明显改善,无治疗相关性死亡。中位生存期（ＯＳ）１９.８个月;１、２、３年生存率分别为５１.５％、２４.２％和１８.２％。结论：采用３ＤＣＲＴ治疗宫颈复发癌的疗效较好,可以提高局部控制率和延长生存期,并能提高生活质量,毒副反应亦可耐受。     

宫颈癌术后放疗行限定骨盆IMRT计划剂量学分析

目的 探讨宫颈癌术后放疗行限定骨盆IMRT计划(BM-sparing IMRT)对靶区剂量、OAR以及血液不良反应的影响。方法 选取10例接受术后放疗的宫颈癌患者,通过瓦里安TPS对同一图像分别行BM-sparing IMRT和常规IMRT,比较2种计划中骨盆受量差异、靶区剂量分布以及其他OAR受量差异。选取30例既往接受术后放疗的宫颈癌患者,Pearson法分析骨盆受量与骨盆冠状轴、矢状轴、垂直轴长度与体积相关性。选取41例接受术后放疗的宫颈癌患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组疗前行BM-sparing IMRT计划并按要求限定骨盆受量,对照组行常规IMRT;Logistic回归分析2个组患者≥2级血液不良反应发生与骨盆受量相关性。结果 BM-sparing IMRT与IMRT均能达到CTV剂量要求,OAR受量相近(P均>0.05)。BM-sparing IMRT骨盆的Dmean、V10、V20、V40、V50均低于IMRT (P=0.003~0.045)。Pearson法相关分析结果显示骨盆的Dmean、V20、V30、V40、V50与骨盆冠状轴长呈负相关(P=0.008~0.038)。观察组患者的血液不良反应发生率明显低于对照组(P=0.019)。Logistic回归分析结果显示血液不良反应发生与骨盆V20相关(OR=1.191,P=0.042)。结论 宫颈癌术后放疗行BM-sparing IMRT能降低骨盆受量和血液不良反应发生率,骨盆受量与骨盆冠状轴长呈负相关,血液不良反应发生与骨盆V20相关。     

Long-term survival and risk of second cancers after radiotherapy for cervical cancer

PURPOSE: To evaluate the risk of second cancers after cervical cancer treated with radiotherapy for Asian populations. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We reviewed 2,167 patients with cervical cancer undergoing radiotherapy between 1961 and 1986. Intracavitary brachytherapy was performed with high-dose rate source (82%) or low-dose rate source (12%). Relative risk (RR), absolute excess risk (AR), and cumulative risk of second cancer were calculated using the Japanese disease expectancy table. For 1,031 patients, the impact of smoking habit on the increasing risk of second cancer was also evaluated. RESULTS: The total number of person-years of follow-up was 25,771, with 60 patients being lost to follow-up. Among the 2,167 patients, 1,063 (49%) survived more than 10 years. Second cancers were observed in 210 patients, representing a significant 1.2-fold risk (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.4) of developing second cancer compared with the general population, 1.6% excess risk per person per decade of follow-up, and elevating cumulative risk up to 23.8% (95% CI, 20.3-27.3) at 30 years after radiotherapy. The RR of second cancer was 1.6-fold for patients with the smoking habit and 1.4-fold for those without. CONCLUSIONS: Small but significant increased risk of second cancer was observed among Japanese women with cervical cancer mainly treated with high-dose rate brachytherapy. Considering the fact that about half of the patients survived more than 10 years, the benefit of radiotherapy outweighs the risk of developing second cancer.     

114例宫颈癌术后放疗的临床分析

目的 回顾性分析宫颈癌患者术后放疗的疗效、晚期副反应及预后因素.方法 搜集2005年2月前6年接受术后放疗的ⅠA～ⅡB期官颈癌病例114例,其中年龄24～72岁(中位值42.5岁);FIGO临床分期ⅠA期6例、Ⅰb1期51例、Ⅰb2期18例、ⅡA期26例、ⅡB期13例;术后病理为鳞癌92例、腺癌19例、腺鳞癌2例、未分化癌1例.113例采用加速器6、15 MV X线盒式4个野常规放疗40～60 Gy(中位值50 Gy),81例放疗后4周加192Ir近距离治疗,参考点在阴道黏膜下T0.5 cm,1～6次,4～30Gy(中位值16 Gy).87例接受术前或(和)同步增敏化疗.随访5～75个月(中位值20个月),总随访率为92%.结果 2年总生存率、无瘤生存率、盆腔控制率分别为93.1%、88.1%、94.6%,5年总生存率、无瘤生存率、盆腔控制率分别为75.7%、62.3%、85.6%.淋巴结转移及阴道残端阳性为总生存率的独立预后因素,阴道残端阳性为盆腔控制率的独立预后因素,分期、子宫下段受累及阴道残端阳性为无瘤生存率的独立预后因素.16例患者远处转移,最常见转移部位为肺、腹股沟及骨、肝及脑.RTOG分级晚期直肠反应发生率1级11.4%、2级11.4%、3级3.5%,泌尿系反应发生率1级14.0%、2级6.1%、3级0.9%.治疗后出现下肢水肿者8例.结论 术后放疗在盆腔控制率上能达到较满意疗效,且放疗相关晚期副反应是可接受的,远处转移是致死主要问题.     

同步放疗加化疗综合治疗宫颈癌的临床研究

目的 探讨同步化疗加放射治疗宫颈癌的疗效和不良反应.方法 128例宫颈癌患者随机分为两组:同步放化疗和单纯放疗各64例.单纯放射治疗采用192Ir高剂量率腔内加体外放射治疗,开始体外全盆腔照射,5次/周,2 Gy/次,盆腔平面中心剂量26 Gy-40 Gy,2.5-4.0周完成;然后中间挡铅,4个野照射,4次/周,2 Gy/次,宫旁剂量20 Gy-25 Gy;同时腔内治疗,1次/周,66y/次,A点剂量为30 Gy-36 Gy.同步化疗加放疗组在放疗开始给予DF方案化疗即DDP50 mg/m2 dl 5-Fu 4.0/m2静注96 h,每4周重复,共3个周期.结果 两组3、5年生存率,A组分别为73.4﹪和59.4﹪,B组分别为51.6﹪和43.7﹪(P＜0.05).早期放射性直肠反应发生率A组为15.6﹪,B组为12.5﹪,膀胱反应发生率A组为6.3﹪,B组为4.7﹪.A组远处转移率明显低于B组,A组的骨髓抑制和消化的道反应明显低于B组,但患者经一般处理均能耐受.结论 同步化疗加放射治疗官颈癌能提高患者的生存率,降低远处转移率.     

盆腔肿瘤放疗是否增加二次肿瘤风险的探讨

第二原发性肿瘤（SPC）是肿瘤治疗主要的晚期不良反应之一。据统计,每12位肿瘤幸存者中有1位会发生SPC, 其中超过一半的肿瘤幸存者因SPC死亡。目前,约70%的肿瘤患者会在整个病程中接受放疗,而高剂量辐射是否会增加SPC风险一直备受关注。其中,盆腔肿瘤因为发病率高,且大都需要放疗的参与。本文从SPC可能的发病机制、各种放疗技术的影响、放疗时机的选择,以及男性、女性、儿童盆腔肿瘤放疗等的相关研究出发,针对盆腔放疗是否增加SPC风险做综述。     

盆腔肿瘤放疗是否增加二次肿瘤风险的探讨

第二原发性肿瘤（SPC）是肿瘤治疗主要的晚期不良反应之一。据统计,每12位肿瘤幸存者中有1位会发生SPC, 其中超过一半的肿瘤幸存者因SPC死亡。目前,约70%的肿瘤患者会在整个病程中接受放疗,而高剂量辐射是否会增加SPC风险一直备受关注。其中,盆腔肿瘤因为发病率高,且大都需要放疗的参与。本文从SPC可能的发病机制、各种放疗技术的影响、放疗时机的选择,以及男性、女性、儿童盆腔肿瘤放疗等的相关研究出发,针对盆腔放疗是否增加SPC风险做综述。     

Dosimetric predictors of acute hematologic toxicity in cervical cancer patients treated with concurrent cisplatin and intensity-modulated pelvic radiotherapy

PURPOSE: To identify dosimetric parameters associated with acute hematologic toxicity (HT) and chemotherapy delivery in cervical cancer patients undergoing concurrent chemotherapy and intensity-modulated pelvic radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We analyzed 37 cervical cancer patients receiving concurrent cisplatin (40 mg/m(2)/wk) and intensity-modulated pelvic radiotherapy. Pelvic bone marrow (BM) was contoured for each patient and divided into three subsites: lumbosacral spine, ilium, and lower pelvis. The volume of each region receiving 10, 20, 30, and > or =40 Gy (V(10), V(20), V(30), and V(40), respectively) was calculated. HT was graded according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group system. Multivariate regression models were used to test associations between dosimetric parameters and HT and chemotherapy delivery. RESULTS: Increased pelvic BM V(10) (BM-V(10)) was associated with an increased Grade 2 or worse leukopenia and neutropenia (odds ratio [OR], 2.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-3.53; p = 0.006; and OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.02-1.94; p = 0.037, respectively). Patients with BM-V(10) > or =90% had higher rates of Grade 2 or worse leukopenia and neutropenia than did patients with BM-V(10) <90% (11.1% vs. 73.7%, p < 0.01; and 5.6% vs. 31.6%, p = 0.09) and were more likely to have chemotherapy held on univariate (16.7% vs. 47.4%, p = 0.08) and multivariate (OR, 32.2; 95% CI, 1.67-622; p = 0.02) analysis. No associations between HT and V(30) and V(40) were observed. Dosimetric parameters involving the lumbosacral spine and lower pelvis had stronger associations with HT than did those involving the ilium. CONCLUSION: The volume of pelvic BM receiving low-dose radiation is associated with HT and chemotherapy delivery in cervical cancer patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy.