超声介导腹腔神经节去除治疗胰腺癌疼痛

目的:评价超声介导腹腔神经节去除在胰腺癌疼痛中的疗效。方法:采用B超定位,实时超声动态监测经皮穿刺,于腹腔动脉干根部旁侧注入无水乙醇15ml,对97例胰腺癌痛患者实施腹腔神经节去除术。比较治疗前后疼痛的视觉模拟评分(VAS)以及血清SP水平变化。结果:97例中1例穿刺失败, 成功率98.7％,无急性胰腺炎、胰瘘及出血等穿刺并发症;VAS及SP较术前明显降低(P<0.01,P<0．05),有效率87．5％,显效率76.1％,12例无效。结论:超声介导腹腔神经节去除术安全可靠,能显著减轻胰腺癌疼痛。     

超声引导无水乙醇治疗胰腺癌疼痛的可靠性评价

目的　评价超声引导内脏神经化学性切除治疗胰腺癌疼痛的安全性及疗效。　方法　采用B超引导瘤周及腹腔神经节无水乙醇注射 ,治疗中晚期胰腺癌疼痛患者 42例 ,观察穿刺成功率、并发症及疼痛缓解情况 ,比较治疗前后视觉模拟评分 (VAS)、血浆P物质 (SP)水平变化。　结果　穿刺成功41例 ,成功率 97 6 % (41/ 42 ) ,失败 1例 ;无创伤性胰腺炎、胰漏、出血及腹腔感染等并发症发生 ;治疗后VAS评分、血浆SP显著下降 (t=2 2 10 ,P =0 0 0 ;t=3 6 1,P =0 0 0 ) ;疼痛完全缓解率 80 5 % (33/ 41) ,无效 3例 (7 3 % ) ,疼痛复发率 7 3 % (3/ 41)。　结论　本法微创、安全性高 ,可有效缓解中晚期胰腺癌疼痛 ,提高生存质量。     

高强度聚焦超声治疗晚期胰腺癌对机体免疫功能的影响

目的：探查高强度聚焦超声治疗胰腺癌对机体细胞免疫功能的影响。方法：应用HIFUNIT-9000型治疗仪对65例Ⅲ～Ⅳ期的胰腺癌病人进行治疗；VAS法评估治疗前后病人疼痛程度的改变；超声、CT观察治疗前后肿瘤大小及影像学特征的改变；流式细胞仪检测治疗前后病人外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的变化。17例未行HIFU治疗的中晚期胰腺癌病人作为对照。结果：65例病人治疗后，疼痛减轻52例（80．0％），治疗后评分疼痛下降程度明显大于对照组（P〈0．01）；56例（86．1％）治疗后肿瘤癌组织多普勒B超显示血供减少；CT证实HIFU组治疗前、后肿瘤增长幅度小于对照组（P〈0．05）；外周血γδT细胞及CD4^＋／CD8^＋比例均高于治疗前（P〈0．05）。结论：HIFU治疗晚期胰腺癌不仅安全有效，还可增强机体的抗肿瘤免疫功能。     

腹腔神经丛毁损术治疗晚期胰头癌疼痛

目的介绍腹腔神经丛毁损术治疗晚期胰头癌疼痛的方法,并探讨其效果。方法将2002年5月至2008年5月成都军区总医院收治的晚期胰头癌病人90例,按年龄、病种及病情基本接近的原则分为两组:腹腔神经丛毁损组(46例)和非毁损组(44例)。两组均行姑息减黄处理;毁损组在术中或在B型超声、CT引导下行腹腔神经丛穿刺,注入无水酒精20ml。观察两组病人术后并发症发生情况、疼痛缓解率、复发率及综合评价其临床受益反应。结果毁损组46例手术无穿刺失败,成功率100%;无严重并发症;疼痛评分(VAS)与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01);疼痛完全缓解率71.9%,部分缓解率21.9%,无效6.2%;疼痛复发率仅13.3%;临床受益反应情况较非毁损组明显增强(P0.05)。结论腹腔神经丛毁损术具有很高的安全性,能显著减轻胰腺癌性疼痛,并提高病人生存质量。     

恩纳乳膏应用于手术患者静脉穿刺镇痛的效果观察

目的 评价恩纳乳膏应用于手术患者静脉穿刺的镇痛效果。方法 选择40例择期手术患者，在静脉穿刺前30min使用恩纳乳膏,观察其镇痛效果，生效时间与年龄、性别的关系及对患者产生的心理影响。结果 使用恩纳孔膏后患者对静脉穿刺及手术疼痛的惧怕率显著降低；使用30min、60min无痛率分别为52．5％、80．0％，与20min（10．0％）相比，疼痛程度显著减轻（均P〈0．01）;患者达到完全镇痛的时间小儿、女性显著短于成人、男性（均P〈0．01）。结论 恩纳乳膏应用于手术患者的静脉穿刺，镇痛效果好，并可缓解患者术前的紧张心理。     

血管内皮生长因子和间隙连接蛋白43在胰腺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）和间隙连接蛋白43（Cx43）在胰腺癌组织中的表达特征及其临床意义。方法采用免疫组织化学链霉菌抗生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶连结法观察70例胰腺癌组织和癌周正常组织中VEGF和Cx43的表达情况，分析其表达与胰腺癌临床病理特点之间的关系。结果VEGF在胰腺癌组织中的阳性表达率为77．1％（54／70），在癌旁正常组织中的阳性表达率为18．6％（13／70），两者差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；Cx43在胰腺癌组织中的阳性表达率为30．0％（21／70），在癌旁正常组织中的阳性表达率为72．9％（51／70），两者差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。VEGF表达水平与胰腺癌肿瘤大小、TNM分期、淋巴结转移有关（P〈0．05），Cx43表达水平与胰腺癌组织学分化程度、TNM分期、淋巴结转移有关（P〈0．05）。结论同时检测VEGF与Cx43表达水平有助于判断胰腺癌恶性程度和预后。     

高强度聚焦超声联合健择治疗晚期胰腺癌的临床研究

目的探讨高强度聚焦超声（HIFU）联合健择治疗晚期胰腺癌的有效性。方法将46例不能切除的晚期胰腺癌无黄疸病人随机分为：HIFU联合健择组24例，单用健择组22例。全部病例随访2～18个月。Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析，计算6个月、12个月生存率和中位生存期；采用LogRank法进行组间比较。两组治疗后的疼痛缓解率采用X^2检验。结果HIFU联合健择组的24例病人中位生存时间为10．56个月，6个月和12个月的生存率分别是75．0％和30．9％；而单用健择组的22例病人中位生存时间为6．71个月，6个月和12个月的生存率分别是36．4％和13．0％。两组比较，HIFU联合健择组优于单用健择组，差异有显著性（P〈O．01）。HIFU联合健择组24例病人的疼痛缓解率（疼痛强度降低或消失，止痛剂减少或停止应用）87．5％；而单用健择组22例病人的缓解率为36．4％。两组比较，HIFU联合健择组明显优于单用健择组（P〈O．01）。结论HIFU联合健择组治疗晚期胰腺癌的疗效明显优于单用健择组，因此本方法有望成为治疗晚期胰腺癌的一种有效手段。     

霉酚酸酯治疗难治性狼疮性肾炎疗效观察

目的 探讨霉酚酸酯(MMF)治疗难治性狼疮性肾炎(LN)的疗效，以及临床难治性的情况与T细胞亚群改变的关系。方法 LN患者分为两组：治疗组30例，经大剂量激素联合环磷酰胺间断静脉疗法无效或复发者；对照组29例，为随机抽取的同期住院患者，采用流式细胞仪检测两组T细胞亚群。结果 ①LN治疗组症状缓解20例(占66．7％)，部分缓解7例(占23．3％)，有效率占90％；26例伴镜下血尿者中，24例血尿消失；17例伴水肿者中，16例水肿消退；伴高血压14例，12例血压恢复正常，与对照组比较有效率均显著增高(P＜0．05)。②治疗组CD8较治疗前显著降低(P＜0．01)，CD^4 ／CD8^ 显著升高(P＜0．01)；对照组CD3、CD4、CD4^ ／CD8^ 及CD56均无明显差异。结论 MMF治疗难治性LN与经大剂量激素联合环磷酰胺间断静脉疗法相比疗效较好，尤其对控制LN活动期的缓解率高，且有调整T细胞亚群作用。     

腹腔神经丛阻滞术治疗晚期胰腺癌顽固性疼痛的临床研究

目的 观察无水乙醇腹腔神经丛阻滞术对晚期胰腺癌顽固性疼痛的镇痛效果、并发症发生及患者生存质量的影响。方法 选取2001年1月至2005年9月61例晚期胰腺癌伴顽固性疼痛及消化道梗阻无法行根治手术的患者，在行姑息性手术的同时，行腹腔神经丛无水乙醇阻滞治疗，观察术后3个月内疼痛缓解、生存质量评分（KPS）的变化及不良反应。结果 治疗后1周内全部患者顽固性疼痛症状明显缓解（P〈0．05），KPS评分显著提高（P〈0．05）。随诊3个月，术后86．5％（45／52）患者无痛或仅轻度疼痛，治疗过程中和治疗后未发生严重并发症。结论 无水乙醇腹腔神经丛阻滞治疗晚期胰腺癌顽固性疼痛能较好地缓解其症状，改善患者生存质量，近期疗效确切，安全性高。     

高/低转移人肝癌细胞株MHCC97-H/L中侧群细胞分析

目的观察高／低转移人肝癌细胞株MHCC97-H／L是否存在侧群（SP）细胞并鉴定其致瘤性。方法MHCC97-H／L予Hoechst33342和羟基荧光素二醋酸盐琥珀酰亚胺脂（CFSE）荧光染色；流式细胞分选MHCC97．H／L中SP细胞，分选后细胞皮下接种非肥胖性糖尿病联合免疫缺陷（NOD／SCID）小鼠，观察成瘤情况。结果Hoechst33342和CFSE染色结果显示，MHCC97-H／L中未染色细胞分别为（4．02±0．02）％／（1．02±0．01）％，流式细胞分选结果示MHCC97-H／L中sP细胞为（4．88±0．66）％／（0．88±0．36）％，比例差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。体内成瘤实验显示，SP细胞只需1×10。个即可在NOD／SCID小鼠皮下成瘤（5／6），而1×10^6个非SP细胞均未成瘤（0／6）。结论高／低转移人肝癌细胞株MHCC97-H／L中均存在SP细胞亚群，但前者比例显著高于后者。肝癌SP细胞具有极高的致瘤性，并可能和肝癌转移潜能相关。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.