我国农村订单定向医学生培养的研究热点与趋势分析

背景 农村订单定向医学生（简称定向医学生）的免费培养工作是缓解农村地区基层医生匮乏、提升基层医疗卫生队伍整体素质和水平的重要举措。目的 探索我国定向医学生培养的研究热点、研究动态和未来趋势,为后续研究提供参考。方法 于2022-02-15,在中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普网中检索2010-01-01至2021-12-31发表的关于定向医学生培养相关论文,统计其发文量,运用Cite Space软件对样本文献作者、研究机构、关键词进行知识图谱的可视化分析。结果 共纳入598篇文献,关于定向医学生培养研究的文献量呈上升趋势,2018年达到历年顶峰（n=81）。该领域存在5个大的作者群,发文量排在前3位的机构为赣南医学院[113篇（18.9%）]、广西医科大学[40篇（6.7%）]及新乡医学院[28篇（4.7%）]。关键词词频排在前3位的分别是“订单定向”（70次）、“定向生”（57次）、“人才培养”（44次）。关键词聚类图谱得到“#0学习动力”“#1教学模式”“#2定向培养”“#3影响因素”“#4全科医学”“#5基层”“#6医学院”“#7医学生”8个聚类主题。最强突现词显示,排在前3位...     

农村订单定向免费医学毕业生履约现状调查分析

目的:通过调查农村订单定向免费医学毕业生（定向毕业生）的履约现状,了解农村订单定向免费医学生（定向医学生）免费培养政策的实施效果。方法:通过自编问卷对蚌埠医学院2015届、2016届、2017届的定向毕业生进行调查。结果:接受全科医学的系统学习后,75.18%的定向毕业生表示课程设置不够成熟,有待改革。定向毕业生实际履约率为86.13%,政策认同度是影响意愿履约的重要因素。6.57%的人认为政策合理,67.15%认为不太合理,26.28%的认为政策不合理。年级与家庭收入不同学生对政策的认同度差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。政策认同度高的意愿履约率高于认同度低的履约率（P<0.01）。而性别、生源地、家庭收入与定向医学生意愿履约差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。规范化培训结束后,调查者中仅有33.58%愿意履约服务基层。结论:对于定向医学生的培养,高校应完善培养模式,优化课程设置,重视学生思想素质教育;政府应加强政策宣传力度,完善招生、教育、规范化培训、就业等保障、激励政策。     

订单定向医学生的就业与履约：基于四所医学院校的五年跟踪分析

背景 培养农村订单定向医学生是改善我国农村地区卫生人力资源短缺的重要举措,目前首届农村订单定向医学生已经完成履约。需要对订单定向医学生的履约情况和影响因素进行分析,以及时改进订单定向医学生培养政策,稳定并提高订单定向医学生的履约率。 目的 了解中西部四所医学院校2015—2019届订单定向医学生的就业及履约情况,并分析订单定向医学生履约的影响因素,以提出进一步完善订单定向医学生培养政策的建议。 方法 选取青海大学、广西医科大学、九江学院、赣南医学院四所医学院校建立订单定向医学生队列,并选取同届的其他临床医学五年制毕业生为对照。毕业前对毕业生开展基线问卷调查,内容包括毕业生的基本信息、家庭信息、工作期望等;此后每年开展一次线上随访调查,内容包括毕业生的就业情况、履约情况等。本研究的开展时间为2021年7月,采用的资料为四所院校2015—2019届毕业生的基线调查资料和2020年9月的随访调查资料,共纳入订单定向医学毕业生2 041例、其他临床五年制毕业生1 579例。比较订单定向医学毕业生与其他临床五年制毕业生就业情况,采用多因素Logistic回归分析订单定向医学毕业生履约的影响因素。 结果 基线调查中,2.26%（46/2 038）的订单定向医学毕业生愿意到乡镇卫生院和村卫生室工作;2020年随访调查中,86.04%（228/265）的订单定向医学毕业生选择到乡镇卫生院和村卫生室工作。2018年对2015届和2016届订单定向医学毕业生的随访调查中,43.67%（290/664）的毕业生表示合同期满后不愿意继续留在乡镇卫生院工作。97.48%（1 546/1 586）的订单定向医学毕业生落实了编制,比例高于其他临床五年制毕业生（P<0.05）。5届订单定向医学毕业生的总体履约率为97.84%（1 589/1 624）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,男性、基线调查时期望的工作地点为农村、工作有编制、履约地点为家乡所在区（县）是订单定向医学毕业生履约的促进因素（P<0.05）。 结论 订单定向医学生就业较为顺利,履约率高。订单定向医学生招生应侧重有农村工作意愿的学生,并尽量与生源地所在区（县）签订合同。     

云南省免费医学生教育政策执行状况研究*

2010年起我国开始实施农村订单定向免费医学生培养项目,重点为乡镇卫生院及以下的医疗卫生机构培养从事全科医疗的卫生人才。本文以云南省2011-2020年中医学类本科专业农村订单定向免费医学生培养相关数据为基础,对云南省免费医学生培养项目政策实施现状进行研究,探讨项目实施过程中的经验和问题,分析原因并提出政策建议。     

农村订单定向医学生免费培养政策的设计、实施及未来走向分析

订单定向医学生免费培养政策是面向农村基层培养高质量全科医学人才的医学教育政策，是深化医药卫生体制改革、加快建设"健康中国"的重要举措，是落实"脱贫攻坚"战略、推进"健康扶贫"可持续发展的重要基础。订单定向医学生免费培养政策的设计科学且合理，将激励机制与约束机制有效结合，并在实践过程中不断完善。在政策实施过程中，我国各地区在招生、培养、就业和履行合同等环节因地制宜地发展出了各具特色的执行策略。该政策为农村基层培养了大量合格的全科医生，订单定向医学生履行合同情况良好，职业发展趋势积极正向，为加强基层卫生人才队伍建设、提升基层医疗卫生服务水平、推动建立分级诊疗制度做出了贡献。但在政策执行过程中也遇到了培养期间部分学生学习积极性较低、部分地区无法有效落实编制和履行合同、基层全科医生薪酬激励机制有待完善和服务周期短等诸多挑战。本文对订单定向医学生免费培养政策的设计理念和执行过程进行了系统分析，建议进一步扩大订单定向医学生免费培养规模，提高培养质量，多方有效协作，践行契约精神，共同推动该政策的有效落实，从而为分级诊疗制度和"健康中国"战略提供人才支撑。     

定向医学生《临床基本技能》课程教学改革的探索

定向医学生是指由中国政府为乡镇卫生院及以下的医疗卫生机构“定向招生、定点就业、订单培养”的临床医学专业（全科医学方向）免费医学生（免学费、免住宿费、补助生活费）。     

海南省农村订单定向医学毕业生基层工作情况及职业规划调查研究

背景 我国从2010年开始开展农村订单定向医学生免费培养工作,为基层医疗卫生机构培养从事全科医疗的卫生人才。农村订单定向医学毕业生在基层的工作情况和职业规划,以及基层用人单位对其各方面的评价情况,都需要进一步的研究。目的 全面了解海南省正在履约的经“5+3”模式培养的农村订单定向医学毕业生（简称“5+3”订单定向全科医生）在基层的工作情况（包括服务能力、岗位满意度、专业能力提升意愿等）及其职业规划状况,探讨其履约期满后留任的意愿及其影响因素,旨在为今后调整优化全科医生培养与使用激励政策提供依据,为医学院校确立全科医学院（系）的定位与发展方向提供参考。方法 于2021-04-25至2021-05-06,采用整群抽样法,选取海南省19个市（县）的“5+3”订单定向全科医生309例及其所在单位的经“3+2”模式培养的助理全科医生56例、转岗全科医生250例为研究对象,采用自设问卷对其进行调查,邀请其对服务能力进行自我评价,了解其对岗位的满意度及专业能力提升意愿。同时邀请“5+3”订单定向全科医生所在单位的管理者及其他医务工作者共1 574例对其服务能力进行评价。采用二分类Logistic回归...     

农村订单定向免费医学生的培养及其对基层公共卫生服务的影响研究

目的 探讨农村订单定向免费医学生的培养及其在基层公共卫生服务中的影响,为进一步提升农村定向全科医生培养方案的有效性提出针对性建议。方法 通过访谈四川省基层医疗机构的63名毕业后的农村订单定向免费医学本科学生,研究采用了主轴编码和内容分析的标准程序,深入分析了农村订单定向免费医学生培养效果对基层公共卫生服务作用的影响及不足。结果 研究发现,农村订单定向免费医学生培养成效主要体现在理论学习、实践工作能力、未来职业规划与毕业后教育情况几个方面,其中理论学习与实践工作能力2个维度的培养成效较好。农村订单定向免费医学生在基层公共卫生服务中发挥了积极作用,主要体现在重点人群的防护、老年人群及慢性病患者居家预防和管理、儿童和孕产妇人群居家预防和管理。结论 针对农村订单定向免费医学生对基层公共卫生服务的建议措施包括：国家和学校的配套政策能继续完善和执行、高校教师应更加注重全科医学生的人文精神的引导、课程体系建设中需突出基层及全科医学相关的课程、学生培养过程中应构建有效的实践方式、加强就业后的继续教育等方面。     

订单定向医学生基层服务意愿及其影响因素分析

目的 了解订单定向医学生服务基层的意愿及影响因素,为有效实施定向生培养项目提供参考依据.方法 通过分层整群抽样,对成都医学院2012至2014年级的订单定向医学生进行问卷调查,运用x2检验、二分类多水平Logistic回归模型分析影响因素.结果 不考虑协议约束,毕业后自愿回农村工作的定向生比例为54.5%,66.7%的定向生基层服务满6年的可能性评分在6分及以下;65.6%的定向生认为其毕业后基层服务年限少于5年;影响其服务基层意愿的主要因素为年级和履约意愿程度.结论 定向生回基层服务的意念不坚定,自愿服务基层的意识不强,就业期望高.随着年级升高,履约意愿程度越强,基层服务意愿率越高.应加强定向生的思想素质教育,培养社会责任感和使命感,完善定向生工作后的配套激励政策,使其安心服务基层,促进基层医疗卫生服务水平提高.     

农村订单定向医学生人才培养方案构建与探索

2010年国家开展农村订单定向医学生培养工作,重点为乡镇卫生院及以下的医疗卫生机构培养从事全科医疗的卫生人才。文章依据国家对基层卫生人才培养目标和能力定位,以基层医疗卫生工作岗位需求为导向,设置模块化的教学体系,探索和构建"3.5+1.5"农村订单定向免费医学生的人才培养方案。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.