腹腔镜、胆道镜和十二指肠镜微创技术联合应用治疗肝内外胆管结石

目的探讨运用多种微创外科技术在腹腔镜胆总管探查术中的联合应用价值. 方法在腹腔镜超声和术中胆道造影指导下,联合应用腹腔镜、十二指肠镜、胆道镜,对120例肝内外胆管结石病人进行微创外科治疗. 结果 120例手术均获成功,无中转开腹或严重并发症发生.术后住院时间明显缩短,而手术时间并无延长.部分残留结石病人经术后胆道镜取净结石,随访2年未见远期并发症. 结论多种微创外科技术联合应用治疗胆石症安全可靠、切实可行,可望成为肝内外胆管结石微创化治疗的有效新途径.     

腹腔镜下胆道镜和液电碎石机治疗继发性肝内外胆管嵌顿难取性结石

目的探讨腹腔镜下胆道镜和液电碎石机治疗继发性肝内外胆管难取性结石的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析徐州医科大学附属医院肝胆外科2012年5月至2015年12月行单纯腹腔镜下胆道镜治疗肝内外胆管结石42例患者(对照组)的临床资料,与2016年1月至2017年2月行腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石机治疗肝内外胆管结石42例患者(联合组)的临床资料进行对比分析。比较2组患者的中转开腹率(因炎症粘连中转开腹率和因嵌顿难取性结石中转开腹率)、胆总管结石残留率、胆漏发生率、胆总管狭窄发生率等。结果所有患者均康复出院。对照组42例患者中有6例中转开腹手术,其中2例因严重上腹部炎症粘连中转开腹手术,4例因嵌顿难取性结石中转开腹手术,无胆漏和胆管狭窄;术后有3例发生胆总管结石残留,无胆漏和胆管狭窄。联合组42例患者中有2例因严重上腹部炎症粘连中转开腹手术,无因嵌顿难取性结石中转开腹手术病例,5例患者术中行液电碎石操作,术后胆总管无残留结石,无胆漏和胆管狭窄。对照组术后胆总管残留结石经T管窦道胆道镜取石治愈。结论腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石机治疗肝内外胆管结石可以在微创手术治疗过程中降低因结石嵌顿所致中转开腹率和结石残留率,可以安全、有效地应用于有腹腔镜手术适应证的肝内外胆管结石患者。     

腹腔镜、胆道镜和十二指肠镜微创技术联合应用治疗肝内外胆管结石

目的 探讨运用多种微创外科技术在腹腔镜胆总管探查术中的联合应用价值。方法 在腹腔镜超声和术中胆道造影指导下，联合应用腹腔镜，十二指肠镜，胆道镜，对120例肝内外胆管结石病人进行微创外科治疗。结果 120例手术均获成功，无中转开腹或严重并发症发生，术后住院时间明显缩短，而手术时间并无延长，部分残留结石病人经术后胆道镜取净结石，随访2年未见远期并发症。结论 多种微创外科技术联合应用治疗胆石症安全可靠。切实可行，可望成为肝内外胆管结石微创化治疗的有效新途径。     

腹腔镜肝切除联合胆道镜及腹腔镜超声治疗肝内外胆管结石的价值

目的 探讨腹腔镜肝切除联合胆道镜及术中腹腔镜超声治疗肝内外胆管结石的临床价值。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年12月在我院行腹腔镜左肝(外叶)切除联合胆道镜及术中腹腔镜超声治疗的38例左肝内外胆管结石患者的临床资料,术中应用超声对结石的部位、大小、范围及胆管血管情况作预先评估,确定切肝平面,再联合胆道镜探查进行网篮取石。结果 本研究38例患者均成功完成手术,手术时间(249. 05±82. 20) min,术中出血(351. 35±86. 12) m L,术后肛门排气时间(28. 06±6. 41) h,住院时间(12. 05±3. 25) d。术后出现胆漏导致的断面积液2例,胸腔积液3例,胆道出血1例。随访12～48个月,患者均无结石残留及肝功能衰竭,未见结石复发。结论 腹腔镜肝切除术中联合胆道镜及术中腹腔镜超声辅助能够有效降低术后结石残石率及复发率,可提高手术的安全性和精准性。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤12例

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤发生的原因、诊断及处理方法。方法 回顾性分析我院收治的12例腹腔镜胆惠切除术胆管损伤的临床资料。结果本组病例中腹腔镜胆惠切除术术中发现2例立即中转开腹手术,术后早期发现10例行再次开腹手术。其中,胆总管横断伤7例,胆总管和肝总管部分损伤3例,右肝管损伤2例。全部病例均痊愈出院,无严重并发症发生。结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的发生主要与解剖病理及操作技术有关,早期发现、及时恰当再手术是改善预后的关键。     

腹腔镜逆行性胆囊切除术治疗肝外胆管变异

目的探讨腹腔镜逆行胆囊切除在肝外胆管变异患者中的应用。方法回顾性分析2014年7月至2017年12月我院收治的15例结石性胆囊炎合并肝外胆管变异患者的临床资料。结果 15例患者均在腹腔镜下完成逆行性胆囊切除。手术时间35～70 min,平均50 min;所有患者恢复顺利,无黄疸、出血、胆漏、发热等并发症;术后住院时间2～5 d,平均3. 5 d。15例患者术后随访1～4个月,随访期间行彩超、MRCP检查显示胆管无狭窄、无结石。结论在行腹腔镜胆囊切除时,要重视胆道变异的存在,对于有肝外胆管变异的患者,在解剖胆囊三角困难时,可以变通为逆行性胆囊切除术。     

经皮经肝胆道镜治疗良性肝内胆管狭窄的现状及进展

良性肝内胆管狭窄是目前胆道外科处理的难点之一,以往主要采用肝叶切除及肝内胆管狭窄切开整形、胆肠吻合术治疗,但手术创伤较大,尤其对那些有手术史的患者,反复的开腹手术困难越来越大,患者也难以接受.     

21例急性化脓性胆道炎症声像图探讨

胆道系统的超声显像可分为胆囊和胆管,胆管以肝门为界,分为肝内胆管及肝外胆管。急性化脓性胆道炎症是胆道外科严重疾病之一,多由胆道结石、赘生物等所引起,常需要紧急手术处理。目前,有关本病的     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗肝内外胆管结石在基层医院的应用

目的 探讨基层医院初期开展腹腔镜联合胆道镜手术方式治疗肝内外胆管结石.方法 选择肝内外胆管结石病例(本组共39例),联合运用腹腔镜和胆道镜行胆囊切除、胆道探查取石、T管引流术.观察手术时间、术中失血量、肛门排气时间、腹腔引流管留置时间、胆漏情况、术后住院时间、结石残留及住院费用.结果 除1例中转开腹之外,其余病例均于腹腔镜下完成,手术时间(2.10±0.50)h,术中出血量(52.00±15.00) mL,术后住院时间(7.00±3.00)d,术后住院费用(1.21±0.25)万元.其中胆漏1例,加强引流及营养支持治疗后治愈;3例结石残留,术后6～8周于胆道镜下成功取出残余结石.结论 腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗单纯性肝内外胆管结石是一种创伤小、出血少、康复快且安全可靠的方法,可以广泛应用于基层医院.     

37例胆漏病人介入治疗的观察和护理

胆漏是胆囊切除术、肝叶切除术、肝外伤术后等的严重并发症，随着经腹腔镜胆囊切除术、肝脏移植、闭合性肝外伤保守治疗的广泛开展，胆漏发生率也随之增加。既往，胆漏的治疗多数是开腹手术治疗，创伤大，不易被病人接受，近几年我科开展了以内镜下胆道支架植入为主要手段的胆漏介入治疗，取得了良好的效果。现将护理体会总结如下。     

Biliary reconstruction with right hepatic lobectomy due to delayed management of laparoscopic bile duct injuries: a case report

We report a case requiring biliary reconstruction with right hepatic lobectomy due to biliary strictures caused by continuous cholangitis after laparoscopic bile duct injury. The patient, a 55-year-old woman, underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis at another hospital. Although a bile leakage from the intraabdominal drain was observed several days after the operation, the patient was not given adequate treatment to stop the leakage. Two months after the initial laparoscopic cholecystectomy, she was referred to our hospital. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) showed complete obstruction of the common hepatic duct, which was caused by clipping during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Cholangiography from percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) catheters revealed that sections of the secondary branches of the right intrahepatic bile duct had become constricted due to persistent cholangitis. Fortunately, the left hepatic duct was judged to be normal by imaging. Therefore, we elected to perform a right hepatic lobectomy and left hepaticojejunostomy, because we felt that performing a hepaticojejunostomy without hepatic resection would put the patient at risk of continuing to suffer from cholangitis. The patient was discharged on the 55 th postoperative day, and, 5 years after reconstructive surgery, is healthy and has remained free from biliary strictures in the remnant liver. Appropriate decision-making is essential in the treatment of biliary injury after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surgeons should not hesitate to perform biliary reconstruction with hepatic resection to reduce the risk of cholangitis or biliary strictures of the remnant liver. More importantly, preoperative clear imaging of the biliary tree and suitable management of any biliary injury which might occur are necessary to avoid having to perform reconstructive surgery.     

肝外胆道的临床应用解剖学观测

目的观测肝外胆道解剖结构，为临床肝外胆道手术提供形态学依据。方法解剖30具甲醛固定的成人尸体．观察肝外胆道的形态，测量肝外胆道的外径、长度及各管道之间的夹角。结果肝左管细、直、略短，与肝总管延长线夹角较小；肝右管粗、斜、略长，与肝总管延长线夹角较大；肝左、右管汇合点距肝门较近；副肝管出现率高，胆囊下肝管较少见；胆囊管、肝总管汇合方式多为角形或平行型。在横断面上，胆囊纵轴与过脊柱椎体中心的水平线夹角约为45°。结论肝外胆道变异较多，手术者只有熟悉掌握肝外胆道手术正常解剖结构并了解可能出现的变异，才能减少术中胆道损伤。     

胆道造影检查在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中经胆囊管胆道造影的临床价值。方法通过对58例Lc术中经IOC的病人临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组病例成功55例,占94．83％,失败3例,占5．17％。50例胆总管未发现结石,占90．91％,发现胆总管小结石（0．4cm）5例,占9．09％。其中4例经中转开腹行胆道探查,1例经腹腔镜胆总管切开胆纤镜网篮取石。胆囊管汇入右肝管1例。全组病例无胆道损伤、胆总管结石残留、胆漏、腹腔感染及IOC相关并发症。结论LC术中行IOC操作简单易行,成功率高,显影效果好,能及时发现胆道解剖变异;对基层医院减少胆道阴性探查、术中胆道损伤、术后胆总管结石残留等具有重要的临床应用价值。     

Bile acid analysis in biliary tract cancer

The etiology of biliary tract cancer is obscure, but there are evidences that bile acid plays a role in carcinogenesis. To find the association between biliary tract cancer and bile acid, this study compared the bile acid concentration and composition among patients with biliary cancer, biliary tract stones, and no biliary disease. Bile was compared among patients with biliary tract cancer (n = 26), biliary tract stones (n = 29), and disease free controls (n = 9). Samples were obtained by percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage, endoscopic nasobiliary drainage, or gallbladder puncture, and analyzed for cholic, deoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic, lithocholic, and ursodeoxycholic acid composition. Total bile acid concentration was lower in the cancer group than the biliary stone and control groups; the proportions of deoxycholic (2.2% vs. 10.2% and 23.6%, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) and lithocholic acid (0.3% vs. 0.6% and 1.0%, p = 0.065 and p < 0.001, respectively) were also lower. This result was similar when disease site was limited to bile duct or gallbladder. Analysis of cases with bilirubin 相似文献   

Marked diffuse dilations of the biliary tree associated with intrahepatic calculi,biliary sludges and a mucinous cyst of the pancreatic head in a 99-year-old woman

A 99-year-old woman was admitted to Shizuoka Shimizu Municipal Hospital because of fever and anasarca. Imaging and laboratory tests showed pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and cardiac failure. The patient died 20 days after admission. An autopsy revealed marked diffuse dilations of the biliary tree ranging from the lower common bile duct to intrahepatic bile ducts. Intrahepatic calcium bilirubinate stones and biliary sludges were recognized within the dilated bile ducts. A unilocular cyst (2 cm in diameter) was present in the pancreatic head adjacent to the lower common bile duct, and it appeared to compress the common bile duct. Histologically, the walls of the dilated biliary tree showed proliferation of peribiliary glands, fibrosis, and infiltration of lymphocytes and neutrophils (cholangitis). The lumens of the dilated biliary ducts contained neutral and acidic mucins, fibrinous materials, bacteria, neutrophils, and Aspergillus fungi, in addition to the calculi and sludges. The background liver showed atrophy (400 g). The pancreatic unilocular cyst was composed of mucous columnar cells with a few infoldings, and the pancreas also showed foci of mucinous duct hyperplasia and ectasia; the pathological diagnosis of the cyst was cystic dilations of a pancreatic duct branch (mucinous ductal ectasia or mucinous cyst). Other lesions included aspiration pneumonia, emaciation, atrophy of systemic organs, gastric leiomyoma, serous cystadenoma of the right ovary, and arteriosclerotic nephrosclerosis. The present case suggests that a mucinous cyst of the pancreas may compress the biliary tree and lead to marked diffuse dilations of the biliary tree. Alternatively, the dilations of the bile ducts may be associated with aging or may be of congenital origin. The dilated bile ducts may, in turn, give rise to bacterial and fungal cholangitis and formation of biliary sludges and intrahepatic calcium bilirubinate stones.     

损伤性胆管狭窄手术时机对肝功能变化影响的实验研究

目的 研究损伤性胆管狭窄手术时机对肝功能变化的影响。方法 选取32只家兔,随机分为4组,每组8只。A组直接行胆管切断对端吻合术,B组胆管梗阻20 d、C组胆管梗阻30 d,D组胆管梗阻80 d,一期胆总管均置入橡皮塞,造成不完全性胆管梗阻,3个月后进行胆道再通及胆管对端吻合术,测定各组肝功能指标,对比肝功能变化情况。结果 兔梗阻二期术前B、C、D组血清总胆红素（TBIL）、直接胆红素（DBIL）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）水平明显高于A组,且D组明显高于B、C组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;兔梗阻B、C组胆管修复术后7 d TBIL、DBIL、ALT、ALP水平明显恢复,D组恢复缓慢,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;二期手术前各组动物模型扩张胆管壁胶原纤维含量均较A组增高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,二期术后B组与术前差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,C、D组明显下降,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 损伤性胆管狭窄手术,应遵循越早越好的原则,以促进肝功能的恢复,尽早进行胆管修复重建术,对肝功能损害小,肝功能恢复较快,具有重要的临床意义。     

Ultrastructural changes of bile duct epithelium in primary biliary cirrhosis in relation to progression of bile duct loss

Summary Using wedge liver biopsies from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), ultrastructural features of the intrahepatic bile ducts in livers with slight or no bile duct loss were compared with those in livers with advanced bile duct loss and in extrahepatic cholestasis (EHC).Most changes in the biliary epithelium in PBC were similar to those in EHC. Microvillous loss and bleb formation, mitochondrial damage and increase in endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes were found in PBC irrespective of the degree of bile duct loss, and also in EHC. These changes were present almost equally at any level of the biliary tree, and are presumed to represent a variety of non-specific lesions of biliary epithelial cells. As the loss of bile ducts in PBC progressed, cytoskeletal filaments and cytophagosomes increased in number and basement membranes were more thickened and reduplicated. These changes were more or less conspicuous in smaller branches of the biliary tree, and were also prominent in EHC. They might be causally related to the bile flow disturbance in the liver. Lateral intercellular spaces were irregularly dilated and contained osmiophilic membranous and/or granular material, similar to that found in duct lumena, within and without the basement membrane, and in the cytoplasm of periductal macrophages. Furthermore, pinocytotic vesicles were increased in the biliary cytoplasm facing periphery. These findings suggest possible alteration of the permeability of biliary epithelial cells, probably in the direction from the lumena to the periductal tissue. Such changes were found in PBC livers with virtual absence of bile duct loss, and the significance of this phenomenon is discussed.     

Molecular mechanisms of cholangiopathy in primary biliary cirrhosis

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is histologically characterized by chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis (CNSDC) and the progressive loss of intrahepatic small bile ducts. Cellular immune mechanisms involving T-cell reaction are thought to be significantly involved in the formation of CNSDC and bile duct loss. In inflamed portal tracts of PBC, CD4⁺ T cells of Th1 type expressing IFN-γ or CXCR3 are aggregated and more commonly detected around injured bile ducts than Th2-type CD4⁺ T cells expressing IL-4 or CCR4, indicating that Th1-dominant cellular immunity plays a more-prominent role in recruitment of memory T-cell subsets in PBC and may be responsible for the progressive bile duct damage. Biliary epithelial apoptosis is demonstrated to be a major pathogenic process of bile duct loss in PBC. In CNSDC, several biliary apoptotic cells, an aberrant expression of Fas antigen (proapoptotic molecule) and decreased expression of bcl-2 and mcl-1 (antiapoptotic molecules) are found, although interlobular bile ducts express bcl-2 and mcl-2 but lack Fas. In addition, the upregulation of WAF1 and p53 related to biliary apoptosis is found in biliary epithelial cells of PBC, which may be due to cell senescence in response to genotoxic damage such as oxidative stress. Several steps and mechanisms during induction and progression of cholangitis and biliary apoptosis followed by bile duct loss are now being proposed in PBC, but future analysis of an etiopathogenesis to explain the characteristic histopathogenesis of PBC is required.     

Frequent cellular senescence in small bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis: a possible role in bile duct loss

The pathogenesis of progressive bile duct loss in primary biliary cirrhosis remains unclear. In this study, the involvement of cellular senescence of biliary epithelial cells was examined in liver tissue samples from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (n = 33), and compared with control diseased and normal livers (n = 83). In addition, cellular senescence was induced by oxidative stress in cultured mouse biliary epithelial cells. Biliary epithelial cells in small bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis, especially those in patients presenting with chronic non-suppurative cholangitis, frequently expressed senescence-associated beta-galactosidase, and senescence-associated p16(INK4) and p21(WAF1/CIP). In contrast, senescence-associated markers were rarely expressed in small bile ducts in control livers. The infiltration of myeloperoxidase-positive inflammatory cells into biliary epithelial cell layers was closely associated with the cellular senescence of biliary epithelial cells in early-stage PBC. Cellular senescence of cultured mouse biliary epithelial cells was induced by treatment with H2O2 via the p38MAPK-dependent pathway and nitric oxide-augmented H2O2-induced cellular senescence. Oxidative stress- and nitric oxide-mediated cellular senescence may be involved in bile duct lesions, which are followed by progressive bile duct loss in primary biliary cirrhosis.     

Expression of alpha-amylase isoenzymes and trypsin by the proliferating epithelium of large intrahepatic bile ducts and intrahepatic peribiliary glands in hepatolithiasis

The expression of alpha-amylase isoenzymes (pancreatic and salivary) and trypsin by the epithelium of large intrahepatic bile ducts and peribiliary glands was examined immunohistochemically in hepatolithiasis ( n = 22), extrahepatic biliary obstruction ( n = 20) and normal liver ( n = 22). Hepatolithiasis was associated with marked proliferation of bile duct cells and peribiliary glands. Expression of pancreatic and salivary amylase was observed in the proliferating bile duct cells and peribiliary glands of all livers, and trypsin was found in 68% of the livers. In extrahepatic biliary obstruction, proliferation of the biliary epithelium was less marked, but expression of amylase isoenzymes was observed in all livers and trypsin was found in 50%. All normal livers showed expression of amylase isoenzymes in large intrahepatic bile ducts, septal bile ducts and peribiliary glands, and trypsin was found in 73%. The density of enzyme-containing acini was highest in hepatolithiasis, intermediate in extrahepatic biliary obstruction and lowest in normal liver. These results show that the proliferating biliary epithelium in hepatolithiasis contains amylase isoenzymes and trypsin and that biliary epithelium retains the ability to produce these enzymes after proliferation, suggesting that a large amount of amylase isoenzymes and trypsin may be secreted into the bile ducts in hepatolithiasis. These enzymes may play an important role in the pathophysiology of hepatolithiasis.