应用牙槽窝保存技术减少拔牙后骨吸收的研究进展

口腔种植作为一种缺失牙的修复方式已经被临床广泛地接受,然而,成功的种植修复需要有足够的牙槽骨骨量和良好的牙槽嵴外形.患者的牙齿拔除后,骨吸收会造成牙槽嵴体积和外形的变化.若这种变化在临床上较为明显,可以对种植修复或传统修复造成困难.牙槽嵴保存技术则可以使拔牙后的牙槽嵴吸收最小化,可以保持足够的牙槽骨量,从而有助于获得理...     

3D打印数字化个性化钛网在牙槽嵴引导骨再生中的临床应用

牙槽嵴骨量严重不足极大影响着种植体的植入和种植修复后的长期稳定性,引导骨再生在骨增量方面效果稳定。3D打印数字化个性化钛网是实现理想牙槽嵴骨增量的一种新方法,对骨量不足拟行种植修复的患者,完善术前检查,通过影像学、口内或模型扫描获取牙槽骨及牙列信息,以修复为导向设计种植体植入位置,并规划预期骨增量范围及个性化钛网形状,利用3D打印技术制备个性化钛网。该技术有助于精确、个性化重建骨缺损区的牙槽嵴三维形态。本文拟对患者的术前评估、个性化钛网设计要点、临床应用程序及注意事项进行阐述,以期推动该技术在临床中的广泛安全应用。     

帐篷螺丝技术在下前牙区同期种植时水平骨增量的临床评价

目的：评价帐篷螺丝技术在下前牙区同期种植时水平向骨增量的临床应用效果。方法：18例下颌前牙区有较严重的水平向骨缺损时使用帐篷螺丝技术进行水平向骨增量,同期植入骨水平植体,植入术后6个月行二期手术,1月后进行上部修复,1年复诊。CBCT测量术前及术后6个月、修复后1年牙槽嵴宽度。采用单因素重复测量方差分析对所获数据进行统计分析。结果：18例患者38个种植位点,均获得较满意的骨增量效果。术前及术后6个月、修复后1年牙槽嵴宽度分别为(3.54±0.11)、6.82±0.08)和(6.17±0.07)mm,统计分析显示术后6月牙槽嵴宽度较术前明显增加(P<0.05)。与术后6个月相比,修复后一年牙槽嵴宽度减小(P<0.05)。结论：下前牙区种植体植入伴严重水平向骨缺损时,行帐篷螺丝骨增量技术可获得较好的骨增量效果。     

帐篷螺丝技术与常规GBR在水平骨增量的临床疗效对比

如今,随着外科技术的创新以及骨替代材料的发展,国内外学者已提出多种水平骨增量技术可以重建牙槽嵴的轮廓,为种植体的初期稳定性提供可靠的保障。然而这些技术的成功也会受到一些因素的影响,本文就水平骨增量的技术要点展开论述,并通过两个病例对帐篷螺丝技术与常规GBR技术用于水平骨增量的临床疗效进行对比、分析,旨在为临床医生对严重牙槽嵴萎缩病例行水平骨增量术的方法选择提供参考。     

骨劈开术在牙种植中的应用进展

随着种植技术的日益发展,种植已经成为牙缺失修复的常规选择。足够的骨量条件是牙种植成功的首要条件。对于牙槽嵴狭窄的患者,骨劈开术是一种有效增加骨宽度的方法。本文就骨劈开术器械选择、植入时机的选择做一综述。     

自体松质骨支持引导组织再生膜重建牙槽嵴的初步临床研究

目的:观察自体松质骨结合引导组织再生膜技术重建牙槽嵴的临床效果。方法:小切口微创取自体髂骨松质骨粒移植于牙槽嵴表面,上方覆盖聚四氟乙烯引导膜,为6例患者修复萎缩或缺损的牙槽嵴,分别在术前,术后1周,12周进行临床检查、测量重建高度或宽度,作X线检查,并对1例患者12周时的再生骨行组织学检查,观察临床重建效果。结果:牙槽嵴形态以及骨量较手术前得到明显改善,12周时6例牙槽嵴平均增宽,增高4.20 mm,X线检查表明术后植骨区骨组织量增多、骨密度较术前更致密;术后12周植骨部位组织学表现为排列不规则的板层新生骨,可见大量的成骨细胞突起。结论:自体松质骨移植与膜引导组织骨再生技术联合增高牙槽嵴取得满意疗效,值得推广应用。     

拔牙后牙槽嵴位点保存在口腔种植学中的应用

拔牙后牙槽嵴的高度、宽度以及周围软组织的保存对于缺牙部位进行种植修复有着非常重要的意义。牙齿拔除后,拔牙窝内新生骨一般无法达到原牙槽嵴的水平,唇颊侧骨板受到的损害尤其严重,造成种植体植入时骨量不足。牙槽嵴位点保存的目的是在拔牙后能有效地保存剩余牙槽嵴的高度、宽度以及相应软组织量,为随后的种植手术和修复提供足够的骨量和美学基础。本文对牙槽嵴位点保存技术及相关的移植材料在骨内种植体领域的研究进展作一综述。     

重度牙槽嵴萎缩牙槽骨重建的研究进展

正常人通过咬合力可刺激牙槽突骨组织的生长，并调节骨的吸收与再生。而牙体缺失患者，失去了这种生理性刺激，在全身和局部因素调节下，可在一段时间内出现进行性、不可逆行性牙槽嵴吸收。这种情况多见于牙缺失的老年病患者。牙槽嵴的吸收给义齿修复带来困难，其解决方法一般是通过牙槽嵴重建术来改善义齿的修复和牙齿的种植条件。运用相对牙槽嵴增高和绝对牙槽嵴增高两种方式进行牙槽嵴的重建。前者是将唇颊沟加深，改变黏膜和肌的附着以达到相对的增高牙槽嵴的目的。对于重度牙槽嵴萎缩的老年患者，采用相对增高术并不能满足其骨量的需求。尚需结合绝对增高术来达到牙槽嵴重建。本文对近年来牙槽嵴的绝对增高术的方式和研究进展做一综述。     

块状骨应用在上置法植骨术中的研究进展

种植技术作为修复牙列缺损及缺失的重要手段，已经逐渐被患者广泛接受。但长期缺牙、外伤及肿瘤等各种原因造成的种植区的牙槽嵴高度或（和）宽度不足限制了种植技术的应用。近十多年种植外科技术的迅速发展，使骨量不足时的种植修复成为可能。上置法骨移植技术因其不仅能增加牙槽嵴宽度，而且在增加高度方面的突出表现，而受到关注。     

帐篷螺丝技术在上前牙区连续缺失种植修复中的疗效评价

目的:评价帐篷螺丝植骨技术在上前牙区连续多牙缺失水平向骨增量术中的临床应用效果。方法:使用帐篷螺丝技术(screw-tent technique)对9例上前牙连续缺失(21个位点),骨缺损严重的患者进行水平向骨增量,6~9个月后行种植体植入术,植入术后6个月行种植修复,并追踪观察修复后12个月的修复效果。结果:9例患者共植入21枚种植体,无一松动或者脱落,并获得较满意的修复效果。术前牙槽嵴宽度为(2.41±0.49)mm,术后6个月牙槽嵴宽度为(8.27±0.79)mm,对比植骨术前和术后,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。修复完成后12个月牙槽嵴宽度为(7.74±0.52),对比种植术后和修复后12个月,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:螺丝技术在上前牙连续缺失的水平向骨增量中,可获得较理想的水平向骨增量效果及修复效果。但由于观察时间较短,其远期效果仍需要进一步的观察研究。     

下前牙区即刻种植同期引导骨再生结合帐篷式植骨术实施种植修复临床观察（附1例报告）

随着生活水平及治疗技术的提高,种植修复成为越来越多患者的选择。良好的牙槽嵴和牙龈解剖形态的保存或重建是修复体获得满意美学效果和长期稳定性的先决条件。下前牙是牙周炎的好发牙位,下前牙松动脱落伴随下颌骨的吸收势必会造成软硬组织缺陷。文章完整展示了1例罹患重度牙周病变的下前牙即刻种植、同期引导骨再生结合帐篷式植骨术创造良好硬组织三维条件,获得最终较好种植修复效果的具体实施步骤,积累了针对此类问题的临床经验。     

Augmentation of narrow ridges for implants rehabilitation--a review

The quantity of alveolar bone decreases mainly because of periodontal disease or loss of teeth causing bone resorption in both vertical and horizontal directions. Inadequate width of the alveolar ridge affects many parameters of implants placement and the final restoration. Placement of an implant in a narrow ridge without bone graft may harm the final esthetics and the long-term success of the implant rehabilitation. The purpose of this article is to review the basic principles of bone grafting and to discuss various grafting techniques for widening of the narrow ridge.     

针对罹患重度牙周病变磨牙实施微创拔牙和位点保存术的初步探索（附1例报告）

随着种植手术的发展,越来越多的医生与患者选择通过种植修复体来恢复缺牙区的功能与美观,而良好的牙槽嵴和牙龈解剖形态的保存或重建是修复体获得满意的功能和美学效果并取得长期成功的先决条件。重度牙周病变的磨牙由于多种因素导致其在拔除前存在较严重感染与牙槽骨吸收。文章展示了1例罹患重度牙周病变磨牙的临床处置过程,包括结合牙周传统切口技术与微创拔牙,彻底清除拔牙窝感染,促进后续位点保存术后组织愈合手术的操作流程与技术要点,并取得了良好的临床效果。     

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??With the development of implant surgery??more and more dentists and patients restore the function and aesthetics of the edentulous area with implant restorations. The preservation and reconstruction of the alveolar ridge and the gingiva is a prerequisite for long-term success in the restoration of satisfactory functional and aesthetic effects. The molars with severe periodontal lesions were affected by many factors??which resulted in severe infection and alveolar bone absorption before removal. This paper presents a case of a molar with severe periodontal lesion??which was removed with periodontal traditional incision technique and minimally invasive extraction. By completely removal of the sockets infection??the surgery promotes the healing of follow-up site preservation??and achieved good clinical effect.     

Intraoral autogenous block onlay bone grafting for extensive reconstruction of atrophic maxillary alveolar ridges

BACKGROUND: Endosseous implants require sufficient bone volume for complete bone coverage. Alveolar deficiency can prevent ideal implant placement. Local bone grafts are a convenient source of autogenous bone in alveolar reconstruction. The aim of this study was to describe a technique, and to evaluate the success of extensive bone reconstruction of atrophic maxillary alveolar ridges using only intraoral block bone grafts prior to dental implantation. METHODS: Files of 10 healthy patients with extensive bone reconstruction of the maxillary alveolar ridge using intraoral block bone graft operations were reviewed. Medical history, smoking status, bone origin (donor sites), number of bone blocks, and complications were recorded. RESULTS: Of the 10 extensive bone maxillary reconstructions, four were uneventful, two required additional bone augmentation at the time of dental implant placement, two had a minimal graft exposure, one had a minor adverse effect (temporary paresthesia), and one operation partially failed and required partial graft removal. CONCLUSION: Intraoral bone block grafting is a predictable operation with a high success rate for long-span augmentation, up to complete jaw augmentation/ extensive bone reconstruction of the maxillary alveolar ridge.     

口腔种植成骨材料的研究现状及进展

随着口腔种植技术的快速发展，种植修复已逐渐成为牙列缺损和牙列缺失患者的首选治疗方案。种植区牙槽骨骨量充足是种植修复成功的前提条件及关键因素。然而，临床上种植区牙槽骨骨量不足十分常见，影响种植修复体的功能发挥、美学效果及远期疗效。口腔植骨材料配合骨增量手术是目前临床常用重建缺失骨组织，使其骨量满足种植要求的方法之一。口腔植骨材料的自身特性如生物相容性、骨传导、骨诱导及骨生成等性能对植骨成功率具有至关重要的影响。该文从植骨材料的性能、分类及临床运用三个方面重点介绍口腔种植成骨材料的研究现状及最新进展，以期为成骨材料的临床选择及种植修复成功率的提高提供理论指导。     

运用微翻瓣牙槽嵴保存术改善重度骨破坏下颌第二前磨牙拔除后种植条件（附1例2年随访报告）

种植修复已被广泛应用于牙列缺损或缺失的功能重建。罹患重度牙周病变需要拔除的牙齿常存在广泛的牙槽骨吸收破坏。其中下颌第二前磨牙根尖毗邻颏孔区,由于其位置特点使得该处根尖区炎症进展易波及下颌管,一旦保留无望的牙拔除后,其种植修复治疗亦存在较大难度与风险。在拔牙同期应用牙槽嵴保存术可恢复和维持良好的牙槽嵴软硬组织轮廓,为种植治疗提供有利条件。文章完整展示了1例下颌第二前磨牙拔除同期行微翻瓣牙槽嵴保存术,术后进行种植修复及2年随访观察的全过程,为存在严重牙槽骨破坏的下颌第二前磨牙的治疗方案设计与临床处置提供了一定参考。     

Cortical tenting grafting technique in the severely atrophic alveolar ridge for implant site preparation

OBJECTIVES: Alveolar ridge augmentation using intraoral autogenous block grafts to augment localized alveolar ridge defects before implant placement is a predictable method. However, large severely atrophic edentulous segments may require extraoral donor sites. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using intraoral cortical block grafts in combination with particulate human mineralized allograft, in a "tenting" fashion, to augment large atrophic alveolar ridge defects for implant placement. MATERIALS: This prospective case study evaluated augmentation in 10 consecutive patients with severely resorbed alveolar ridges missing a minimum of 4 adjacent teeth. Before augmentation, all grafted sites were deemed inadequate for placement of a standard 4-mm-diameter implant. Horizontal ridge augmentation was performed using autologous membranous cortical bone grafts from an oral donor site to tent out the soft tissue matrix and periosteum for the adjacent particulate allograft. The ridges were clinically evaluated 4 to 5 months after augmentation, and 42 implants were placed at that time. RESULTS: Implants were successfully placed at all grafted sites 4 to 5 months after the original graft date. Clinical evaluation of the grafted sites upon re-entry revealed uniform ridge anatomy. All edentulous segments had at least 2 implants placed of at least 4.0 mm diameter. In all, 42 implants were placed into grafted sites in the 10 patients. Implants were checked for osseointegration by using a counter torque of 35 N.cm. One implant failed to integrate. Mean follow-up was 22 months after implant placement. All augmented ridges had retained their functional and esthetic integrity at 1 year after original augmentation. CONCLUSION: Tenting of the periosteum and soft tissue matrix using a cortical bone block maintains space and minimizes resorption of the particulate allograft volume. In addition, bridging the cortical blocks with particulate bone avoids unaesthetic ridge defects between cortical block grafts in larger ridge defects. The result was a more uniform and esthetic alveolar ridge, capable of maintaining an implant-supported prosthesis. The technique offers predictable functional and esthetic reconstruction of large-volume defects without extensive amounts of autogenous bone. This offers a superior functional and esthetic result than with either cortical or particulate grafting alone.     

The use of autogenous block graft for augmentation of the atrophic alveolar ridge

The use of osseointegrated implants has become a standard treatment option in modern dental rehabilitation. Adequate bone quantity and quality is a prerequisite for good esthetic and biomechanical result. Alveolar ridge defects can be the result of trauma, periodontal diseases or other pathologic conditions. In these cases, alveolar ridge augmentation is needed if endosseous implants are to be used. While xenografts, alloplastic bone grafts and allografts have been proposed for alveolar ridge augmentation, the use of autogenous bone grafts represents the "gold standard" for bone augmentation procedures. Either intraoral or extraoral sites may be considered for donor sites. Although the iliac crest is the most common donor site in maxillofacial reconstruction, the mandibular symphysis or ramus offer important advantages like avoidance of general anesthesia, convenience due to the proximity between the donor site and the augmentation site and avoidance of cutaneous scar. Bone harvested from intraoral donor site is less associated with resorption when compared with iliac bone because membranous grafts revascularize more quickly than endocondral bone grafts. The main disadvantage of the intraoral donor sites is the limited amount of available bone. Alveolar ridge augmentation using autologous bone block, can be done during implant placement or staged with implant placement, after bone graft healing. In the staged technique, a better implant positioning and the use of wide diameter implants are possible. The overall implant success is higher in the staged technique. Alveolar ridge augmentation using autogenous block graft is a predictable way of treatment, for the atrophic alveolar ridge before implant placement.     

Vertical alveolar bone distraction at molar region using lag screw principle.

PURPOSE: Recently, alveolar bone distraction has been widely used and several devices have been developed for this purpose. However, there are some disadvantages in each device, especially for distraction of posterior alveolar ridge. The purpose of this study was to develop a new device for vertical alveolar bone distraction at the molar region and to show the results of its clinical application. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mechanism of device is based on lag screw principle and the device consists of the following 4 components; distraction screw, hole implant fixture, supporting plate, and temporary short implant and/or neighboring natural teeth. The distraction screw suspended at the supporting plate is inserted into the internal thread of the hole implant fixture placed at alveolar transport segment. If the distraction screw turns at the supporting plate, the hole implant fixture with transport segment moves to the supporting plate without vertical movement of the screw at the supporting plate like a lag screw. After an animal experiment using 4 beagle dogs, the device was clinically applied in 4 patients before implant insertion. RESULTS: The distraction of the alveolar bone could be successfully performed in all patients without any complications. The direction of distraction with this device could be adjustable, and the alveolar bone could be distracted not only vertically but also horizontally. Moreover, the surgical technique is simple with no need for a second surgery, and there is no occlusal disturbance from the device. CONCLUSIONS: The new device for alveolar bone distraction using lag screw principle can be used effectively in the molar region.