儿童急性白血病合并脓毒性休克临床分析

目的:分析儿童急性白血病合并脓毒性休克的临床特点并探讨预后相关因素。方法:收集并回顾性分析中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院儿童重症监护室(PICU)2012年3月至2021年3月收治的70例急性白血病合并脓毒性休克患儿的临床资料,分析比较存活组与死亡组患者的临床特点,应用多因素logistic回归分析探讨死亡相关危险因素。结果:70例患儿中男41例,女29例,中位年龄为7.0(1.0-15.0)岁。57例(81.4%)为医院获得性感染,病原菌以G^-菌为主(50/66,75.8%),临床主要表现为冷休克(64/70,91.4%)。最终24例死亡,病死率为34.3%。与存活组比较,死亡组患者年龄更小,休克前住院时间、发热持续时间及静脉抗生素暴露时间更长,休克时生命体征更不平稳,PLT水平更低、CRP与PCT水平更高,病情严重程度更重,合并心功能不全、需要机械通气的病例更多,比较差异均具有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。进一步建立logistic回归模型结果显示,儿童序贯器官衰竭评分(pSOFA)(OR=1.616,95%CI:1.160-2.251,P=0.005)、合并急...     

脓毒性休克合并急性肾损伤患儿的临床特征及影响因素分析

目的:探讨脓毒性休克合并急性肾损伤(AKI)患儿的临床特征及影响因素.方法:回顾性分析昆明市儿童医院2018年1月-2019年12月期间入住重症监护病房(PICU)的脓毒性休克患儿142例,其中伴有AKI的患儿48例.将所收集的病例分为AKI组和非AKI组,对两组的临床资料进行统计学分析,得出脓毒性休克合并AKI患儿的...     

儿童脓毒性休克的诊疗进展

<正>脓毒症在早期被定义为感染引起的全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS),是创伤、烧伤、感染及休克等临床危重症患者最严重的并发症,也是诱发脓毒性休克及多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)的重要原因之一[1-2]。而在2012年的脓毒症国际指南[3]中,脓毒症定义为存在可以或证实的感染,并伴有感染的全身系统表现。其中关于儿童脓毒性休克,目前我国的诊疗指南在国际指南[3]的指导下制定了2015版 更多还原     

脓毒性休克

近十年来,脓毒性休克(SS)发病率逐渐增加。Zimmermann报告G菌脓毒病发病率增加10倍,其病死率高达95％,即使诊断治疗及时病死率也在60％以上。在美国,每年有15万人死于58。本文对SS发病机制及治疗方法进行综述。 1 定 义 1991年,美国胸科医师学会(ACCP)和危重病医学协会(SCCM)举行联合会议,制定了全身炎性反应综合征(SIRS)、脓毒病、SS和多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)的定义。 1.1 SIRS ①36℃>T>38℃;②心率(HR)>90次/分;③呼吸频率(RR)>20次/分或Pa(CO_2)<32mmHg(4.26kPa);④(WBC)>12×10~9/L或<4×10~9/L或不成熟杆状核>0.1。 1.2 脓毒病 SIRS+明确的感染过程。 1.3 SS 脓毒病+低血压[收缩压<90mmHg(11.97kPa)]或较基础压下降>40mmHg(5.32kpa),除外其他原因的低血压,且液体复苏无效,并伴有灌注异常减少(少尿、乳酸酸中毒及精神状态改变)。     

脓毒性休克的监护及治疗

脓毒性休克是ＩＣＵ病人最常见的死亡原因，本文介绍了脓毒休克的诊断标准，易发人群，易误导的一些体征，治疗及各器官功能的监护。     

暴发型伤寒合并脓毒性休克1例

1 病例介绍 1.1 临床资料患者,女,16岁.因高热8 d,右中上腹痛6 d,腹泻、呼吸困难2 d,经外院治疗无效.于2007-10-26 入住我院急诊科.     

脓毒性休克并发急性肾损伤的危险因素研究

目的 探讨脓毒性休克并发急性肾损伤(AKI)的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2019年12月在首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院就诊的108例脓毒症患者的临床资料,按有无AKI损伤将其均分为两组:AKI组为脓毒性休克并发急性肾损伤的患者,非AKI组为脓毒性休克未并发AKI的患者,每组各54例。比较两组患者的临床资料,包括平均动脉压(MAP)、氧合指数、血清肌酐(SCR)、乳酸、血尿素氮(BUN)、24 h液体净入量等指标。比较两组患者的白蛋白、血小板、血钾、血钠、C反应蛋白(CRP)等相关实验室指标。采用多因素logistic回归分析确定脓毒性休克并发AKI的危险因素。结果 AKI组氧合指数均显著低于非AKI组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05); AKI组乳酸、SCR、血BUN及24 h液体净入量均显著高于非AKI组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05); AKI组血小板及血钠水平均低于非AKI组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05),其他相关实验室指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。将单因素分析中有统计学意义的6个影响脓毒性患者并发AKI的危险因素,包括MAP、氧合指数、血BUN、动脉血乳酸、SCR、24 h液体净入量作为协变量后进入logistic回归模型,得出SCR、24 h液体净入量、MAP及动脉血乳酸是脓毒性休克患者并发AKI的危险因素。结论 SCR、24 h液体净入量、MAP及动脉血乳酸是脓毒性休克患者并发急性肾损伤的危险因素,有助于临床医生诊断早期脓毒性休克并发急性肾损伤。     

急性重症胆管炎合并脓毒性休克31例治疗分析

对我院2004~2007年治疗的急性重症胆管炎合并脓毒性休克31例分析如下。     

脓毒性休克致急性肾损伤患者的危险因素分析

目的研究脓毒性休克患者急性肾损伤（AKI）的发生率及病死率,并寻找其危险因素。 方法回顾性研究2015年6月至2016年6月北京大学人民医院急诊科及重症监护室符合脓毒性休克诊断标准的294例患者,根据是否发生AKI,将294例患者分为AKI组（194例）及非AKI组（100例）。比较两组患者的一般资料,采用Logistic回归分析脓毒性休克致AKI患者的危险因素。 结果本研究中脓毒性休克患者AKI的发生率为66.0%（194 / 294）。AKI组患者院内病死率较非AKI组显著升高（70.6% vs. 22.0%,χ² = 26.327,P < 0.001）。AKI组及非AKI组患者年龄[60（43,73）岁vs. 43（28,67）岁,Z = 2.095,P = 0.036]、平均动脉压[（60 ± 14）mmHg vs.（67 ± 16）mmHg,t = 2.175,P = 0.032]、心率[（124 ± 23）次/ min vs.（112 ± 23）次/ min,t = 2.369,P = 0.020]、氧合指数[（166 ± 113）mmHg vs.（254 ± 150）mmHg,t = 2.820,P = 0.003]、乳酸[（4.6 ± 3.0）mmol / L vs.（2.5 ± 1.9）mmol / L,t = 3.026,P = 0.006]、序贯器官衰竭估计（SOFA）评分[（13 ± 4）分vs.（8 ± 4）分,t = 4.936,P < 0.001]、室性及室上性心律失常（32.5% vs. 8.0%,χ² = 4.334,P = 0.037）、C反应蛋白[（210 ± 104）mg / L vs.（145 ± 71）mg / L,t = 2.923,P = 0.005]、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶[92（41,345）U / L vs. 36（18,65）U / L,Z = 3.794,P < 0.001]、血肌酐[（239 ± 164）μmol / L vs.（71 ± 22）μmol / L,t = 5.729,P < 0.001]、血尿素氮[（26 ± 16）mol / L vs.（10 ± 8）mol / L,t = 5.212,P < 0.001]、肾小球滤过率[（38 ± 29）mL·min^-1·1.73 m^-2 vs.（101 ± 28）mL·min^-1·1.73 m^-2,t = 9.944,P < 0.001]、肌钙蛋白I [0.39（0.08,1.60）μg / L vs. 0.05（0.01,0.20）μg / L,Z = 3.437,P = 0.001]、D-二聚体[3 538（1 348,9 310）μg / L vs. 2 333（653,4 169）μg / L,Z = 2.458,P = 0.049]、去甲肾上腺素（66.0% vs. 39.0%,χ² = 1.309,P = 0.007）、日呋塞米最大使用剂量[40（20,98）mg vs. 10（0,20）mg,Z = 3.992,P < 0.001]、机械通气（59.8% vs. 25.0%,χ² = 0.145,P = 0.001）、血液净化（12.9% vs. 0%,χ² = 76.945,P = 0.030）及深静脉置管（67.5% vs. 47.0%,χ² = 4.400,P = 0.041）等比较,差异均有统计学意义。将上述指标纳入Logistic回归分析,结果显示,平均动脉压[OR = 1.035,95%CI（0.997,1.075）,P = 0.032]、乳酸[OR = 1.065,95%CI（0.982,1.102）,P = 0.028]、SOFA评分[OR = 1.232,95%CI（1.013,1.455）,P = 0.049]、机械通气[OR = 1.942,95%CI（1.461,4.191）,P = 0.036]、日呋塞米最大剂量[OR = 1.123,95%CI（0.884,1.793）,P = 0.013]是脓毒症致AKI的危险因素。 结论平均动脉压、乳酸、SOFA评分、机械通气及日呋塞米最大剂量的检测有助于临床早期识别脓毒性休克发生AKI的高危患者,从而早期采取预防措施。     

一氧化氮与脓毒性休克

一氧化氮与脓毒性休克叶林书（综述）脓毒症（Ｓｅｐｓｉｓ）和脓毒性休克（Ｓｅｐｔｉｃｓｈｏｃｋ，ＳＳ）仍然是临床上较为常见、处理颇为棘手的危重症，接近５０％的ＳＳ患者可死于高心输出量并对血管加压剂顽抗的低血压状态〔１〕。近年来，由于分子生物学和免疫学的...     

Terlipressin as a rescue therapy for catecholamine-resistant septic shock in children

Objective To evaluate the effect of terlipressin on oxygenation, PaO₂/FIO₂, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and mortality in children with septic shock refractory to high doses of dopamine/dobutamine and adrenaline. Design and setting A randomized, nonblind study in the pediatric intensive care unit of a university hospital. Patients and measurements We studied 58 children with septic shock and refractory hypotension despite fluid loading and high doses of catecholamines, randomly enrolled to terlipressin (TP, n = 30) or control (n = 28). TP was administered as intravenous bolus doses of 20 μg/kg every 6 h for a maximum of 96 h. Hemodynamic changes, PaO₂/FIO₂ rates, length of stay, and mortality rate in PICU were recorded prospectively. Results Mean arterial pressure and PaO₂/FIO₂ significantly increased, and heart rate significantly decreased 30 min after each TP treatment, but mortality did not differ from control (67.3% vs. 71.4%). Mean stay in the PICU was shorter in the TP group (13.4 ± 7.9 vs. 20.2 ± 9.7 days and was longer among nonsurvivors of the TP group vs. control (10.4 ± 6.9 vs. 6.2 ± 3.4 days). Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, AST, ALT, and urine output of patients in the TP group did not change after terlipressin. Conclusions Although terlipressin infusion had no effect on mortality, it significantly increases mean arterial pressure, PaO₂/FIO₂, and survival time in nonsurvivors. Terlipressin seems to cause no adverse effect but warrants further evaluation as a rescue therapy in refractory septic shock.     

Terlipressin for catecholamine-resistant septic shock in children

Objective To report the effects of terlipressin treatment in four paediatric patients with catecholamine-resistant hypotensive septic shock.Design and setting Case report in the pediatric intensive care unit of a university hospital.Patients Four children with severe septic shock and hypotension resistant to high doses of norepinephrine and other cathecolamines.Interventions Terlipressin was added to the standard treatment, by intravenous bolus at a dose of 0.02 mg/kg every 4 h during a maximum time of 3 days.Measurement and results In all cases, terlipressin induced a rapid and sustained improvement in mean arterial pressure, which allowed the lessening or even withdrawal of norepinephrine infusion. No related adverse effects were detected.Conclusion Terlipressin might be considered, at least as a rescue therapy, for hypotension resistant to catecholamines in children with septic shock. Further studies are needed to confirm the beneficial effects found in our patients. The optimal administration schedule remains to be elucidated.     

Hemodynamics and metabolic studies on septic shock in patients with acute liver failure

Backgrounds

Acute liver failure is often accompanied by hyperdynamic circulation, which is also a characteristic of septic shock. Pre-existing acute liver failure may worsen the hemodynamic impairment and prognosis in sepsis.

Aims

To evaluate the hemodynamic and metabolic characteristics and clinical outcomes of septic shock in patients with acute liver failure.

Methods

Twenty patients with acute liver failure and 19 patients without preexisting liver disease were evaluated. Systemic hemodynamics, arterial and mixed vein blood gases, arterial lactate levels, plasma renin activity, and plasma aldosterone levels were checked during the early phase of septic shock.

Results

In acute liver failure group, cardiac index (4.92 ± 1.13 vs 3.69 ± 1.06 L/min per square meter, P < .001) and oxygen delivery (604.7 ± 139.7 vs 485.4 ± 137.3 mL/min per square meter, P = .011) were significantly higher than those without preexisting liver diseases, while systemic vascular resistance index (1041.2 ± 503.3 vs 1409 ± 505.25 dyne·s/cm⁵·m²), oxygen consumption (119.1 ± 29.2 vs 162.4 ± 49.4 mL/min per square meter) and oxygen extraction ratio (20% ± 6% vs. 32% ± 8%) were significantly higher in the latter group. Furthermore, the patients with acute liver failure had higher arterial lactate (P = .026), plasma renin activity (P = .03), plasma aldosterone levels (P < .001), and intensive care unit as well as hospital mortality rates (P = .005, and 0.02 respectively).

Conclusions

In patients with acute liver failure, septic shock was characterized by an accentuated hyperdynamic circulation, hyperlactatemia and an augmented renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity. Pre-existing liver failure has a significant impact on the disease severity of septic shock and portends a grave prognosis.     

Rescue therapy with terlipressin by continuous infusion in a child with catecholamine-resistant septic shock

A 2-month-old female infant presented with septic shock, refractory to high doses of catecholamines. Continuous infusion of terlipressin at a rate of 10 mcg/kgh produced a significant increase in the mean arterial pressure that was evident within half and hour, so allowing a reduction in the rate of catecholamine infusion. However, 18 h later, the blood pressure fell again and finally the patient died. This case shows the potential value of terlipressin infusion to restore normal mean arterial pressure in children with vasodilatory shock and hypotension refractory to catecholamines.     

婴儿肠套叠整复术后并发感染性休克的护理

目的:分析婴儿肠套叠整复术后并发感染性休克的护理。方法:选取我院2010年10月~2013年10月收治的肠套叠整复术后并发感染性休克的患儿24例,对其进行针对于感染性休克的完善护理,比较护理前后婴儿的生命体征变化情况。结果:护理前后婴儿的心率、血压、血乳酸浓度比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:完善的护理措施可以对肠套叠整复术后并发感染性休克的婴儿起到很好的恢复作用,能够让婴儿恢复生命体征的正常,避免感染性休克危及婴儿生命。     

Admission plasma vasopressin levels in children with meningococcal septic shock

Objective Vasopressin (AVP) response has been reported to be inappropriately low in adult established septic shock. We studied admission AVP levels in children with meningococcal septic shock (MSS).Patients and methods All children with meningococcal infection admitted to our PICU between May 2001 and August 2002 were classified as MSS (persistent hypotension despite fluid therapy, with perfusion abnormalities and the need for vasoactive drug infusion for at least 24 h or until death), or meningococal infection without shock (fever and purpura, with or without meningitis). Blood samples were collected at admission and AVP levels were subsequently determined using Nichols Institute Diagnostics vasopressin assay. Eighteen of 19 children with MSS (7 deaths) and 15 without shock (no death) were included.Results In children with MSS median admission AVP level was 41.6 pg/ml (1.4–498.9) and in those without 3.3 pg/ml (1.6–63.8). In children with MSS the AVP level was not correlated with duration of shock and fluid expansion prior to AVP sampling, or with age-adjusted blood pressure and natremia at the time of blood sampling. AVP levels were higher in nonsurvivors, but not significantly so. Only one nonsurvivor had an admission AVP level below 30 pg/ml.Conclusions In our children with established MSS who died the admission AVP level were not inappropriately low. Further studies including serial AVP level assessments are needed before concluding that AVP administration is of little interest in children with MSS.     

Adrenal response in children with septic shock

Objective To describe the serum cortisol profile and evaluate the adrenal response in children with septic shock, and determine the influence of these factors on the outcome and mortality in this group. Methods Between May and November 2003, 22 children with septic shock admitted to two pediatric intensive care units in southern Brazil were followed. Adrenal function was evaluated based on the levels of cortisol measured on the occasion of the diagnosis of septic shock and on the response of serum cortisol 30 min after the administration of intravenous corticotrophin (0.5 μg/1.73 m²). Adrenal insufficiency was defined as a baseline serum cortisol below 690 nmol/l and/or a cortisol response to corticotrophin less than 250 nmol/l. Results Adrenal insufficiency was detected in 17 patients (77.3%). All patients who died had baseline cortisol higher than 690 nmol/l. A cortisol response to corticotrophin less than 250 nmol/l was associated with a 60% mortality (RR = 7.2, 1.03–50.28). Regression analysis showed that the combination of baseline cortisol higher than 690 nmol/l and a cortisol response to corticotrophin less than 250 nmol/l were associated with mortality after correction for gender and PRISM. Conclusions Adrenal insufficiency is a frequent finding in children with septic shock. The low-dose corticotrophin stimulation test seems to be an important tool to distinguish between a normal cortisol response to stress and evidence of adrenal failure. Mortality was significantly higher in children that failed to respond to a corticotrophin stimulation test.     

多巴酚丁胺对脓毒症休克兔急性肺损伤的影响

目的 探讨不同剂量多巴酚丁胺对脓毒症休克兔急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)的保护作用及其可能机制.方法 采用盲肠结扎穿孔联合静脉注射内毒素制备脓毒症休克模型,将70只新西兰雄性大白兔随机(随机数字法)均分为假手术组(A组)、ALI模型组(B组)、多巴酚丁胺低剂量组(C组)、多巴酚丁胺中剂量组(D组)和多巴酚丁胺高剂量组(E组),分别于造模后3h和6h点处死,留取肺组织标本.ELISA法检测环磷酸腺苷(cyclicadenosine monophosphate,cAMP)浓度;Western-blot法检测水通道蛋白5(Aquaporin 5,AQP5)蛋白浓度;计算肺湿/干重(wet to dry weight,W/D)比值;光镜和电镜下观察各组小鼠肺组织病理学改变,并对肺组织病理损伤进行评分.多组间差异比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用LSD法.结果 与A组相比,B组cAMP、AQP5蛋白浓度在3h及6h明显降低(3.53±0.43)pmol/mL vs.(21.18±0.62)pmol/mL; (0.44±0.04)pmol/mLvs.(0.99 ±0.06)pmol/mL;(2.71 ±0.56) pmol/mL vs.(21.78±0.62) pmol/mL; (0.29±0.05) pmol/mLvs.(0.91±0.06) pmol/mL;P＜0.001,W/D比值则明显升高P＜0.00.与B组相比,C组cAMP及AQP5蛋白水平在6h明显增加(8.48±0.61) pmol/mLvs.(2.71 ±0.56) pmol/mL,P＜0.001; (0.49 ±0.04)pmol/mLvs.(0.29±0.05) pmol/mL,(P=0.001),D、E组cAMP及AQP5蛋白水平在3h、6h明显增加(10.86±0.66) pmol/mLvs.(3.53±0.43) pmol/mL;(0.60 ±0.05) pmol/mLvs.(0.44±0.04) pmol/mL; (13.80 ±0.49) pmol/mLvs.(2.71 ±0.56) pmol/mL; (0.64 ±0.03) pmol/mLvs.(0.29±0.05) pmol/mL; (15.57 ±0.60) pmol/mLvs.(3.53±0.43) pmol/mL; (0.91 ±0.05)pmol/mLvs.(0.44±0.04)pmol/mL; (19.30±0.42)pmol/mLvs.(2.71±0.56)pmol/mL;(0.89±0.08) pmol/mLvs.(0.29±0.05)pmol/mL;P＜0.01,E组W/D比值明显降低(P=0.002;P=0.001).与C、D组相比,E组cAMP及AQP5水平在3h、6h均有所增加(P＜0.01).光镜及电镜下,B组肺的病理形态及超微结构损伤均较重,肺病理学评分明显升高(P＜0.01);多巴酚丁胺干预后,肺的病理形态及超微结构损伤有所减轻,肺组织病理学评分明显降低(P＜0.01).结论 多巴酚丁胺对内毒素诱导的急性肺损伤有一定程度保护作用,其机制可能与提高肺组织cAMP水平,上调AQP5蛋白表达量有关,且大剂量多巴酚丁胺效果更佳.     

特利加压素在脓毒血症难治性休克中的应用价值

目的旨在探讨特利加压素(Terlipressin)对脓毒血症难治性休克的临床应用价值。方法对12例经多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素治疗无效的脓毒血症休克患者改用特利加压素2μg/(kg·h),并分别观察用药后6、12、24h心率、平均动脉压、休克指数和尿量变化。结果特利加压素使用6h后平均动脉压明显上升、休克指数明显下降,使用12h后心率、尿量明显改善。结论对严重脓毒血症难治性休克,特利加压素具有一定的临床应用价值。