慢性嗜酸性粒细胞肺炎长期误诊为慢性阻塞性肺疾病

目的提高对慢性嗜酸性粒细胞肺炎(chronic eosinophilic pneumonia,CEP)的认识,减少误诊误治。方法回顾性分析1例CEP误诊病例资料。结果患者因反复咳嗽、咳痰伴胸闷、气喘8年,加重2周入院,在外院及我院多次按慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)合并肺部感染处理效果不佳,病情反复发作。后结合外周血嗜酸粒细胞升高及胸部CT、支气管肺泡灌洗液检查、经支气管镜肺活检病理结果及糖皮质激素诊断性治疗有效确诊为CEP,予以糖皮质激素治疗病情控制。结论 CEP临床少见,易误诊为COPD并肺部感染、哮喘等呼吸系统常见病,应注意鉴别;纤维支气管镜活检病理及支气管肺泡灌洗液检查有助于本病的确诊。     

急性嗜酸性粒细胞性肺炎和达托霉素

急性嗜酸性粒细胞性肺炎是一种急性发热,伴肺部浸润,肺泡灌洗液中嗜酸性粒细胞增多的疾病,无感染或过敏性疾病史,糖皮质激素治疗效果好。     

腹股沟嗜酸性淋巴肉芽肿伴肺部浸润一例并文献复习

目的探讨嗜酸性淋巴肉芽肿的临床病理特点、诊断和治疗方法。方法对我院收治的1例腹股沟嗜酸性淋巴肉芽肿伴肺部浸润的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并复习相关文献。结果本例因双侧腹股沟无痛性肿块入院,外周血嗜酸粒细胞0.384,嗜酸粒细胞计数3100×106/L。胸部CT平扫示两肺多发大小不等结节状、斑片状高密度影。右侧腹股沟肿块活检病理报告示嗜酸性淋巴肉芽肿。术后行局部放疗及口服类固醇激素治疗,腹股沟和肺部病变明显消退,外周血嗜酸粒细胞基本恢复正常。随访2年无复发。结论对颌面部和腹股沟肿块伴外周嗜酸粒细胞增多者应高度警惕嗜酸性淋巴肉芽肿,确诊需行活检病理及免疫组织化学染色检查。确诊后根据病情选择手术、放疗、糖皮质激素治疗,预后良好。     

嗜酸性粒细胞性胃肠炎一例报道

嗜酸性粒细胞性胃肠炎临床表现缺乏特异性,容易误诊。该文对1例嗜酸性粒细胞性胃肠炎患者临床资料进行分析,患者以反复呕吐、腹痛、腹泻1月余为首发表现,行腹水、电子胃肠镜病理、CT等检查,确诊为嗜酸性粒细胞性胃肠炎,给予糖皮质激素治疗后症状消失。     

嗜酸性肉芽肿性多血管炎20例误漏诊原因剖析

目的探讨嗜酸性肉芽肿性多血管炎(eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiities,EGPA)的临床特点及误漏诊原因,提高诊断水平。方法回顾性分析2010年3月—2015年3月我院收治的20例EGPA的临床资料。结果本组主要表现为反复咳嗽、喘息,合并多种肺外表现,且外周血嗜酸粒细胞计数均升高。首诊误诊15例(75%),误诊为支气管哮喘8例,过敏性肺炎、肺结核各2例,支气管哮喘并消化道出血、周围神经炎、过敏性皮炎各1例;漏诊1例。结合临床表现、影像学检查、外周血嗜酸粒细胞计数、肌电图及活组织病理检查(活检)均确诊为EGPA,予单纯糖皮质激素治疗16例,其中3例效果差,后联合甲氨蝶呤治疗;予糖皮质激素联合甲氨蝶呤治疗2例;予糖皮质激素联合丙种球蛋白治疗2例。随访1年,14例临床症状缓解,2例症状加重,4例死亡。结论 EGPA临床表现复杂多样,提高对该病的认识,及时完善肌电图、活检、实验室及影像学检查可避免或减少误漏诊。     

肾病综合征并发卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎漏诊病例报告并文献复习

目的探讨卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎(pneumocystis pneumonia,PCP)的临床特点及诊治要点,旨在减少临床误漏诊。方法回顾性分析1例肾病综合征并发PCP患者的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果本例为74岁女性,先后3次因双下肢水肿伴发热、气短入院。首次住院时行肾脏穿刺活检术,确诊为肾病综合征(nephrotlc syndrome,NS),给予糖皮质激素治疗病情缓解。2个月后再次出现双下肢水肿、全身充血性皮疹、瘙痒在某院诊断为药物过敏,给予对症治疗,次日转我院肾病科,仍按NS给予对症支持治疗后病情缓解。2个月后患者因前述症状第3次入住我院肾病科,因胸部CT检查示两肺多发斑片状磨玻璃影、多发微小结节影及条状致密影,经支气管肺泡灌洗液培养检出肺孢子菌孢囊,确诊为PCP。经积极对症抗感染治疗,病情一度缓解,但因患者高龄、病情复杂,病程中出现肺部鲍曼不动杆菌感染,终因呼吸衰竭抢救无效死亡。结论对长期应用糖皮质激素治疗的NS患者,如出现发热伴气短,有肺部感染征兆,应高度警惕是否并发PCP,支气管肺泡灌洗液培养检出肺孢子菌孢囊可作为确诊依据。     

嗜酸性粒细胞增多症18例临床分析

目的探讨嗜酸性粒细胞增多症的病因和临床治疗效果。方法回顾分析2000年5月至2009年11月住院的18例嗜酸性粒细胞增多症的临床资料。结果病因主要为结缔组织病6例、过敏性疾病6例、感染性疾病2例、原因不明的特发性嗜酸性粒细胞增多综合征（IHES）2例。除恶性肿瘤2例外,经治疗其他16例均预后良好。结论继发性嗜酸性粒细胞增多症患者治疗,首先应给予病因治疗,必要时辅以糖皮质激素对症治疗,常能收到较满意疗效;对于原因不明的特发性嗜酸性粒细胞增多综合征（IHES）并发多脏器功能损害患者治疗,应给予糖皮质激素和酪氨酸激酶抑制剂伊马替尼（中国商品名：格列卫）联合治疗,可取得良好效果。     

急性纤维素性机化性肺炎的研究进展

急性纤维素性机化性肺炎(acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia,AFOP)是一种具有急性、亚急性临床表现,组织病理学表现以肺泡腔内"均质嗜酸性纤维素球"改变为显著特征的一种与急性肺损伤相关的不同于典型弥漫性肺泡损伤(diffuse alveolar damage,DAD)、隐源性机化性肺炎(cr y ptogenic organizing pneumonia,COP)、嗜酸性粒细胞肺炎(eosinophil pneumonia,EP)的特发性间质性肺炎的罕见的组织病理学类型。由于其临床表现、胸部CT影像学无特异性,确诊需依据肺活检,因此临床上易误诊及漏诊。     

生物制剂治疗变应性支气管肺曲霉菌病的研究进展

变应性支气管肺曲霉菌病(allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, ABPA)是曲霉菌致敏引起的一种变应性肺部疾病,好发于支气管哮喘和囊性纤维化(cystic fibrosis, CF)患者,其治疗目标为控制炎症、减少急性加重次数、防止或减轻肺损伤,糖皮质激素和抗真菌药物是其主要治疗药物。但长期应用糖皮质激素可诱发或加重感染、消化道溃疡及出血、骨质疏松和电解质紊乱等不良反应,且并非所有患者对糖皮质激素、抗真菌药物反应良好。生物制剂可明显缓解ABPA患者的临床症状,降低炎症标志物如嗜酸性粒细胞计数、血清IgE水平,减少急性加重次数,改善肺功能。本文就ABPA的发病机制、治疗措施及生物制剂应用的研究进展作一综述。     

变应性肉芽肿性血管炎12例临床分析

目的探讨变应性肉芽肿性血管炎（CSS）的临床表现，以提高临床诊断水平。方法回顾性分析12例CSS患者的临床表现、实验室检查、活检病理及治疗情况。结果12例患者中皮肤黏膜病变10例，呼吸系统症状11例，消化道症状8例，泌尿系统病变5例，骨关节肌肉病变10例，神经病变7例，心悸1例。12例患者外周血嗜酸性粒细胞比例均增高。有7例活检病理支持CSS诊断。所有患者均用糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂治疗有效。结论CSS的临床表现多样，有外周血嗜酸性粒细胞比例均增高者应提高警惕。     

Eosinophilic pneumonia associated with azacitidine in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome

Eosinophilic pneumonia is characterized by cough, lung infiltrates on imaging, and by the presence of eosinophils in the alveoli and pulmonary interstitium. Azacitidine, a pyramidine nucleoside analog of cytidine, is FDA approved for the treatment of various myelodysplastic syndromes. We present a case of a 76-year-old man with recently diagnosed myelodysplastic syndrome, who developed eosinophilic pneumonia after initiating therapy with azacitidine. There was clinical and radiographic improvement with cessation of the drug and treatment with prednisone. Diagnosis of drug-induced eosinophilic pneumonia is established by having a temporal relationship between onset of symptoms and initiation of therapy, bronchoalveolar lavage or lung biopsy evidence of pulmonary eosinophilia, no other explanation for the disease, and improvement upon cessation of the offending agent. Our case illustrates the need for a high index of suspicion to identify adverse pulmonary reactions associated with newly developed medications.     

肺炎型肺癌五例误诊分析

回顾性分析2017年1月至2020年1月5例肺炎型肺癌患者的临床资料,5例患者临床症状均表现为咳嗽、咳痰,感染指标轻度异常,肿瘤标记物指标增高,经抗感染治疗后效果欠佳,通过完善纤维支气管镜活检等检查后明确肺炎型肺癌诊断。肺炎型肺癌因临床表现缺乏特异性,若早期无法明确诊断,可经抗感染治疗后复查胸部影像学,并及时完善纤维支...     

The value of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in diagnosis of HIV associated infections

32 patients with HIV infection presenting with fever or abnormal chest radiograph or both were investigated at the University Hospital of Mainz (FRG). Fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy was undertaken in each patient, additionally other methods were used for isolating pathogens (i.e. urine sample, stool and blood culture etc.). In 26 patients one or more complicating diseases were documented, in six persons no reason for fever or pulmonary symptoms could be detected. 21 patients had a pulmonary complication, 13 were found to have pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Bacterial lung diseases were diagnosed in seven individuals (three caused by M. tuberculosis, two by S. pneumoniae, one by E. cloacae and one by S. aureus). One nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis was diagnosed. By other diagnostic procedures 25 non-pulmonary complications were established. -Fiberoptic bronchoscopy is most accurate for the detection of pulmonary pathogens in HIV infected persons when transbronchial biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage is combined, especially in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Bronchoscopy should be performed also if the chest radiograph is normal.     

Rapid diagnosis of acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) in a patient with respiratory failure using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) with calcofluor white (CW) staining

A diagnosis of exclusion, acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) is an acute febrile illness with respiratory impairment, diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid eosinophilia. Whether pulmonary eosinophilia in AEP is primary or secondary remains undetermined. We report here a 22-year-old auto mechanic with severe AEP and acute respiratory failure who required intubation and ventilatory support. The patient's bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was analyzed using cultures, cytology, Wright/Giemsa, Gram, Gomori-methenamine-silver (GMS), and calcofluor white (CW) stains (1). Despite extensive evaluation, no infectious etiology was found. CW staining helped us rapidly to exclude Pneumocystis carinii or fungal infection and to focus attention toward the diagnosis of AEP. Transbronchial biopsy was unnecessary and supportive therapy without systemic glucocorticoids was followed by recovery within a few weeks. In this case, bronchoalveolar lavage with CW staining was of great assistance in the rapid diagnosis and initial management of AEP. Our literature review found no prior article using CW staining for evaluation of AEP. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 11:202–207, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Acute eosinophilic pneumonia associated with shock.

OBJECTIVE: To describe an unusual case of acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) associated with hemodynamic instability. DESIGN: Case report, clinical. SETTINGS: Tertiary care intensive care unit (ICU). PATIENT: A single patient admitted to the ICU. INTERVENTIONS: Intravenous corticosteroids. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Resolution of distributive shock and respiratory failure. CONCLUSIONS: AEP with respiratory failure was first reported in 1989 as a distinct clinical entity. Patients with this variant of eosinophilic lung disease develop acute hypoxemic respiratory failure with a rapid response to treatment with corticosteroids, The characteristic feature of this syndrome is a predominance of eosinophils found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung biopsy. Despite the increasing number of reported cases, to our knowledge, distributive shock has not been reported as a feature of AEP. We report a unique case of AEP associated with shock and review the pertinent literature.     

Eosinophilic pneumonia associated with heroin inhalation: a case report

Drugs are known to be a cause of pulmonary eosinophilia and several case reports of acute eosinophilic pneumonia associated with the use of cocaine have been reported. The changing pattern of heroin use, with a shift from intravenous use to smoking/inhalation of the substance, may lead to increased prevalence of heroin-induced pulmonary eosinophilia. We report on a case of a patient who had been inhaling heroin for about ten years. He presented with fever, cough, dyspnea and pleuritic chest pain. Chest radiograph showed unilateral pleural effusion with segmental atelectasis. Examination of pleuritic fluid aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid revealed significant eosinophilia. He was diagnosed with acute eosinophilic pneumonia. Rapid remission was achieved after heroin abstinence and initiation of corticosteroid treatment.     

Radiographic approach to multifocal consolidation

Consolidation in the lung is seen on radiographs or computed tomography (CT) as increased areas of attenuation that obscure the underlying pulmonary vasculature. There are numerous causes of multifocal consolidative opacities. If the symptoms are acute (days to weeks), the most common causes include edema, pneumonia, and hemorrhage. Depending on the patient's history, signs, and symptoms, the less common causes such as radiation pneumonitis or acute eosinophilic syndrome may be considered. If the symptoms are more chronic (weeks to months), the differential may include alveolar proteinosis, neoplasms such as lymphoma or bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma, granulomatous or inflammatory conditions, and lipoid pneumonia. In this article, we review and discuss characteristic radiographic and clinical findings that can aid the radiologist in prioritizing the differential considerations when faced with multifocal parenchymal consolidative disease.     

Postoperative respiratory failure due to acute eosinophilic pneumonia

A non-smoking 63-year-old man developed respiratory failure following surgical repair of a thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm. He had severe hypoxemia and an elevated minute ventilation requiring prolonged mechanical support. Initial postoperative chest radiographs revealed new, transient, migratory infiltrates, and the patient received broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. Chest radiographs subsequently demonstrated persistent, diffuse infiltrates, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) analysis demonstrated significant eosinophilia (30%) with no evidence of infection. A diagnosis of acute eosinophilic pneumonia was made, and treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone resulted in rapid clinical improvement, and extubation. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia is not a previously recognized cause of postoperative respiratory failure and prolonged mechanical ventilation. It should be suspected in postoperative patients with unexplained diffuse lung infiltrates and acute respiratory failure.     

Interstitial lung disease

The interstitial lung diseases are comprised of a group of pulmonary disorders characterized clinically by diffuse infiltrates on the chest radiograph and histologically by distortion of the gas exchanging portion of the lung. The physiologic correlates are restriction of lung volumes and impaired oxygenation. The term "interstitial" when applied to these diseases is actually a misnomer because it implies that the inflammatory process is limited specifically to the area between the alveolar epithelial and capillary endothelial basement membranes. The diseases currently grouped as "interstitial" also frequently involve the alveolar epithelium, alveolar space, pulmonary microvasculature, and less commonly, the respiratory bronchioles, larger airways, and even the pleura. The enormous differential diagnosis of interstitial lung disease can be made manageable by understanding that pneumoconiosis, drug-induced disease, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis account for over 80% of the responsible entities and can usually be identified from the patient's history. The nine remaining diseases/disease categories include: sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia, histiocytosis X, chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, collagen vascular disease-associated interstitial lung disease, granulomatous vasculitis (Wegener's granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, lymphomatoid granulomatosis), Goodpasture's syndrome, and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. The diagnosis of a specific interstitial lung disease can be made via various means including the patient's history, specific serologies, bronchoalveolar lavage, transbronchial biopsy, and biopsy of extrathoracic tissues or open lung biopsy. A directed diagnostic approach can be formulated based on an understanding of these techniques and a thorough knowledge of the clinical presentations and specific diagnostic criteria for each of the major diseases. This monograph will serve as a guide for the clinician to use in evaluating and treating patients with interstitial lung disease. We begin by reviewing the clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, and management of specific interstitial lung diseases excluding pulmonary infection, neoplasm, and sarcoidosis. Pneumoconiosis and drug-induced syndromes are not discussed in detail, but the agents responsible and pertinent exposures are presented in tabular form in the discussion of the general diagnostic approach.     

Comparison of nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage to open lung biopsy for the bacteriologic diagnosis of pulmonary infections in mechanically ventilated patients

We compared nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (NB-BAL) with open lung biopsy to determine the etiological diagnosis of lung infiltrates in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. NB-BAL was performed via a cuffed resusable 7F catheter generally used for right heart catheterization (BAL-C). In 13 patients, BAL-C and open lung biopsy were performed in the same lobe immediately after death when the ventilator was still functioning. No organism was cultured from BAL-C cultures when histopathologic examination of the lung showed no pneumonia and lung culture isolated no organism. Among the 10 positive BAL-C cultures, lung biopsy showed histologic pneumonia in 9 cases. Among these 9 pneumonia cases, 14 organisms were isolated in lung cultures and BAL-C correctly identified the causative agent in 13 cases. BAL-C appears to be an effective and safe procedure in the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in patients under mechanical ventilation who have previously received antibiotic therapy.