腹腔镜胆囊切除术中右副肝管及右肝管损伤的预防及处理

目的 总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术中防治右副肝管及右肝管损伤的经验. 方法回顾性分析21例腹腔镜胆囊切除术右副肝管或左右肝管低位汇合、胆囊管汇入右肝管病例资料.结果 通过术中解剖肝门及胆道造影相结合的方法,21例病例中发现右副肝管18例(I-V型),左右肝管低位汇合、胆囊管汇入右肝管3例(Ⅵ型).其中,18例具有右副肝管病例中,术中发现11例,保留副肝管未做处理3例;夹闭7例,术后皆无胆漏;术中缝合1例,术后出现胆漏,保守治疗成功.损伤右副肝管7例,2例术中夹闭损伤肝管;2例中转开腹端端吻合损伤肝管;3例术后出现胆漏,二次腹腔镜探查证实右副肝管夹闭损伤.3例左右肝管低位汇合、胆囊管汇入右肝管病例,其中术中发现2例;损伤1例,中转开腹行右肝管端端吻合.21例随访2年,皆无腹痛、黄疸、肝功能不良.结论 为防止在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中损伤右肝管及右副肝管,应熟悉胆管变异的各种类型、正确解剖胆囊三角、合理应用术中胆道造影、困难病例术后放置腹腔引流管及术后剖视胆囊等多种方法相结合.不同类型的胆道损伤处理上应分别对待.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术致右侧副肝管损伤7例防治体会

目的 总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术中副肝管损伤的防治经验.方法 回顾性分析7例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中右侧副肝管损伤的诊治情况.结果 7例右侧副肝管损伤病例中,5例为术中发现,2例为术后发现;4例副肝管直径小于3.0 mm予以结扎,2例副肝管直径为大于3.0 mm予以重建或胆肠吻合,l例副肝管直径为3.0 mm,但有交通胆管存在,亦予以结扎.结扎及重建的7例患者均经1年随访,预后良好.结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中必须严格遵守正确的操作规程,警惕副肝管的存在,避免损伤;若发生副肝管损伤,可行胆管造影,若为有交通的或其直径小于3 mm的副肝管损伤,可在腹腔镜下或开腹下行副肝管直接结扎,若无交通且其直径大于3 mm的副肝管损伤,应在开腹下行重建引流或胆肠吻合,及时发现和正确处理是获得良好效果的关键.     

胆肠吻合术后肝内胆管复发结石的微创治疗

目的 探讨胆道镜技术在胆肠吻合术后肝内胆管复发结石治疗中的作用及价值.方法 13例行胆肠吻合术后肝内胆管复发结石的患者,术中找出胆肠吻合输出襻肠管行胆道镜诊治,留置T管并在其周围使用钛夹标记.术后经T管瘘道行胆道镜检查,利用胆道镜下电切技术和球囊扩张处理胆管狭窄,辅助等离子碎石取净复发结石.结果 本组13例患者全部取净结石,术后最多取石次数为9次,平均3.9次,其中狭窄胆管行电切开4例,球囊扩张5例,等离子碎石5例.结论 经胆肠吻合输出襻肠管利用胆道镜技术联合电切、球囊扩张和等离子碎石技术治疗胆肠吻合术后复发结石是安全、微创、有效和可行的,钛夹标记输出攀肠管为术后肝胆管复发结石的治疗提供了简捷的通路,值得推广和临床应用.     

医源性胆道损伤12例分析

１９８４年￣１９９４年间，我院收治１２例医源性胆道损伤。其中胆总管损伤１０例，肝总管损伤１例，右肝管损伤１例。采用端端吻合修复３例，修补术４例，胆肠Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ吻合术５例。全部修复成功。讨论了医源性胆道损伤的原因、修复措施及预防方法。     

医源性胆道损伤治疗效果分析

目的总结医源性胆道损伤的临床治疗经验。方法回顾性分析我院外科自1989年1月至2005年1月收治的医源性胆道损伤患者38例，其中胆总管横断伤3例，行胆管端端吻合T管引流术1例，胆总管十二指肠吻合2例；肝总管横断伤6例，行胆管端端吻合T管引流术2例，胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术4例；胆总管部损伤5例，行胆管壁缺损修补T管引流术2例，胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术3例；肝总管部分损伤9例，行胆管壁缺损修补T管引流术3例，胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术6例；胆总管、肝总管、左肝管缝扎各3、8、4例，均行Roux-en-Y吻合术。结果失访2例，36例获随访，时间1—14年，痊愈30例(78．9％)。胆道狭窄并结石形成3例，再次行Roux-en-Y吻合，术后反复发作胆道感染2例，死亡1例。结论医源性胆道损伤一经确诊，应有计划、有步骤地采取合理的治疗程序，术式要视损伤后时间、部位、程度及类型而定。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除围手术期预防较大副右肝管损伤体会

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）围手术期发现和避免较大副右肝管（最大径>3 mm）损伤及损伤处理措施。方法 回顾性分析2015年12月至2021年12月上海市宝山区中西医结合医院7例LC术中存在较大右副肝管患者围手术期的病例资料。结果 7例较大副右肝管均在术前行MRCP检查时发现,并在术中证实。其中副右肝管损伤1例,术中发现漏胆后一期行胆肠吻合,术后随访期内出现胆管感染,反复发作,予以保守处理,未出现其他并发症。结论 术前常规MRCP检查、术中精细操作、熟悉胆道变异,是预防LC术中较大副右肝管损伤的关键。     

胆肠吻合术在治疗肝胆管结石中的作用

目的探讨胆肠吻合术在治疗肝胆管结石中的指征和作用。方法回顾分析我院314例不伴有胆管狭窄或囊性病变的肝胆管结石,比较不同胆道引流下的残石率和手术疗效。结果全组无手术死亡,住院死亡率为16%。胆肠吻合组和T管引流组术后残石率无差异,但经胆道镜取石后,T管组术后总的残石率显著低于胆肠吻合组(05%vs175%,P<001)。肝切除 T管引流术后胆管炎发生率为82%,显著低于肝切除 胆肠吻合术。胆肠吻合组手术时间明显延长,手术并发症高于T管引流组。结论肝切除术 术中或术后胆道镜取石是治疗肝胆管结石最有效的方法。只有同时合并胆道狭窄或囊性扩张的病例,由于要切除病变的胆管,才必须行胆肠吻合术重建胆道引流。     

胆道手术中副肝管损伤的防治体会：附26例报告

目的: 总结胆道手术中防治副肝管损伤的经验。方法: 回顾分析近10年间发现的26例副肝管病例资料。结果: 26例病例中I型10例，占38.5％，均被切断、结扎，术后无胆汁漏、胆系感染或梗黄发生;II型7例，占26.9％，损伤3例,经相应处理，未发生并发症;III型6例，占23.1％，损伤2例,1例术后发生胆漏,经再次手术治愈。IV型2例，占7.7％，2例均得以保护，未损伤。V型1例，占3.8％，术前得以确诊，未损伤。结论: 为防止副肝管损伤，应加强术前、术中副肝管诊断，尤其是术中胆道造影。不同类型副肝管损伤，处理上应分别对待。对于I型胆囊胆管可切断结扎，II型汇入胆囊管的副肝管应尽量保护，如损伤，根据管径大小，采取不同处理方法。III型、IV型副肝管均应保护，防止损伤，如损伤，采用修补或内引流术，防止术后发生严重并发症。     

右肝管缺如与医源性胆道损伤

目的 探讨合并有右肝管缺如者行胆囊切除术时易致医源性胆道损伤的危险因素及防治方法。方法 对我院1990年3月至2002年4月收治的18例合并有右肝管缺如行胆囊切除术所致的医源性胆道损伤进行回顾性分析。结果 损伤原因主要是将右肝后叶胆管误认为胆囊管而一并切除。损伤部位以Ⅱ类多见。结论 对右肝管缺如胆道异常解剖结构的认识及胆囊切除前遵循“辨—切—辨”三字原则是预防医源性胆道损伤的关键，而损伤后诊断时期与损伤类型决定了外科手术方式的正确选择。     

左、右肝管低位汇合的临床意义

目的探讨左、右肝管低位汇合的临床意义。方法以４０例胆道造影片为基础,研究左、右肝管低位汇合的类型,并对左、右肝管低位汇合的患者进行病史和手术回顾。结果左、右肝管低位汇合的可分为十二指肠上及十二指肠后汇合两型;左、右肝管低位汇合,术前不易确诊,对术后黄疸的鉴别诊断带来困难。５例左、右肝管低位汇合病例中,右肝管横断伤１例,右副肝管线性裂伤１例,遗漏左肝管结石１例。结论行胆囊切除术时,必须强调左、右肝管低位汇合及副肝管存在的可能;左、右肝管低位汇合及副肝管存在是致右肝管、副肝管损伤和遗漏左肝管病变的解剖学基础。     

Iatrogenic bile duct injury: the scourge of laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background : Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has become the first‐line surgical treatment of calculous gall‐bladder disease and the benefits over open cholecystectomy are well known. In the early years of LC, the higher rate of bile duct injuries compared with open cholecystectomy was believed to be due to the ‘learning curve’ and would dissipate with increased experience. The purpose of the present paper was to review a tertiary referral unit’s experience of bile duct injuries induced by LC. Methods : A retrospective analysis was performed on all patients referred for management of an iatrogenic bile duct injury from 1981 to 2000. For injuries sustained at LC, details of time between LC and recognition of the injury, time from injury to definitive repair, type of injury, use of intraoperative cholangiography (IOC), definitive repair and postoperative outcome were recorded. The type of injury sustained at open cholecystectomy was similarly classified to allow the severity of injury to be compared. Results : There were 131 patients referred for management of an iatrogenic bile duct injury that occurred at open cholecystectomy (n = 62), liver resection (n = 5) and at LC (n = 64). Only 39% of bile duct injuries were recognized at the time of LC. Following conversion to open operation, half the subsequent procedures were considered inappropriate. When the injury was not recognized during LC, 70% of patients developed bile leak/peritonitis, almost half of whom were referred, whereas the rest underwent a variety of operative procedures by the referring surgeon. The remainder developed jaundice or abnormal liver function tests and cholangitis. An IOC was performed in 43% of cases, but failed to identify an injury in two‐thirds of patients. The bile duct injuries that occurred at LC were of greater severity than with open cholecystectomy. Following definitive repair, there was one death (1.6%). Ninety‐two per cent of patients had an uncomplicated recovery and there was one late stricture requiring surgical revision. Conclusions : The early prediction that the rate of injury during LC would decline substantially with increased experience has not been fulfilled. Bile duct injury that occurs at LC is of greater severity than with open cholecystectomy. Bile duct injury is recognized during LC in less than half the cases. Evidence is accruing that the use of cholangiography reduces the risk and severity of injury and, when correctly interpreted, increases the chance of recognition of bile duct injury during the procedure. Prevention is the key but, should an injury occur, referral to a specialist in biliary reconstructive surgery is indicated.     

29例医源性胆管损伤手术疗效的临床分析

目的:探讨医源性胆管损伤的手术时机与修复方式,以期提高术后的远期疗效。方法:回顾性分析1999年1月至2010年12月我院收治的29例医源性胆管损伤病人的临床资料,并对所有病人手术修复后进行随访。结果:根据2008年中华医学会外科学分会胆道外科学组制定的《胆管损伤的预防与治疗指南》中胆管损伤的分型,29例胆管损伤中Ⅰ型损伤3例,Ⅱ1型22例,Ⅱ2型3例,Ⅱ3型1例。即时修复12例,早期修复(两周以内)6例,延期修复(6-8周)11例。修复手术方式有迷走胆管结扎术1例,胆总管修补术1例,胆管修补加T管引流术9例,胆管端端吻合加T管引流术2例,胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术16例。29例病人中失访6例,死亡1例,平均随访时间为4.7年。在随访的22例病人中有20例一次修复成功,所有随访病人末次手术至今均无明显胆道感染及黄疸。结论:腹腔镜胆囊切除术是高位胆管损伤最主要的原因。只要正确选择手术时机、手术方式,掌握修复技巧,胆管损伤可以获得较好的远期效果。在胆管修补术中,适时留置T管有助于减少术后胆漏和狭窄,一般留置3个月左右。     

医源性胆管损伤行胆管空肠吻合术后近远期疗效分析

目的探讨医源性胆管损伤行胆管空肠吻合术近远期疗效及影响疗效的主要危险因素。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2018年12月安徽医科大学第一附属医院接诊胆囊切除术医源性胆管损伤行胆管空肠Rouxen-Y吻合术(HJ)36例病人临床资料。术后近期并发症采用Clavien-Dindo评分系统进行分级评价,远期疗效按Terblanche分级进行分级评价。单因素及多因素分析TerblancheⅣ级病人的高危因素。结果36例病人,8例(22.2%)病人出现Clavien-DindoⅢ级以上的近期并发症。中位随访时间为117个月(IQR 49~156个月)。远期随访疗效Terblanche分级显示:Ⅰ、Ⅱ级21例(58.3%);Ⅲ级6例(16.7%)间断性胆管炎发作保守治疗;Ⅳ级9例(25.0%)吻合口狭窄或结石形成伴胆管炎均接受再次手术治疗。吻合口狭窄或结石形成伴胆管炎的中位时间为24个月(IQR 12~60个月)。单因素分析显示,术前存在脓毒症、转诊前修复、围手术期Clavien-DindoⅢ级以上并发症和术后住院时间≥15 d与术后胆管狭窄或胆管结石形成伴胆管炎显著相关。多因素分析显示,术前存在脓毒症、转诊前修复和高位损伤(Stresberger分型E3-E5)是术后发生胆管狭窄或胆管结石形成伴胆管炎的独立危险因素。结论医源性胆管损伤可行HJ进行修复,损伤后由经验丰富的肝胆外科专科医师手术修复及术前感染控制是保证病人近期和远期疗效的重要条件。     

医源性胆管损伤的诊断和治疗

目的 总结医源性胆管损伤的诊治经验.方法 对1994年1月至2007年12月收治的92例医源性胆管损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 医源性胆管损伤的诊断主要依靠临床症状、体征、腹部穿刺和影像学检查.本组16例因经济困难未作治疗;2例未经手术治疗即死亡;48例行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合胆道重建术;14例行内镜治疗;2例行胆管修补+T管引流术;3例行开腹置管充分引流术;1例行胆总管十二指肠吻合术;4例行PTCD;2例行B超引导下经皮穿刺引流术.术后62例患者随访4个月至10年(平均3.6年),效果满意.结论 术中及时发现,立即予以修复是治疗胆管损伤的有效措施.对于出现月口管损伤并发胆管狭窄,应行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术.内镜及PTCD等应作为胆管损伤治疗的重要辅助措施,以提高手术治疗的成功率.     

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目的 了解我国当前对医源性胆管损伤外科治疗概况及胆管损伤治疗效果。方法 通过检索解放军医学图书馆中文生物医学期刊数据库（CMCC）从1995年1月至2000年1月全国各级期刊关于胆管损伤的论文,统计来自165个医疗单位2742例医源性胆管损伤。结果 统计显示胆管损伤的94％来自与胆囊有关的手术,以胆管横断伤为多（47％）,损伤类型时要为胆总管（44％）和肝总管（36％）,有40％为术中及时发现处理,胆管损伤修复手术因狭窄再手术占总数的23％,术中发现和术后发现及胆管修复的方式有明显的差异。结论 胆管损伤后期的修复防止狭窄是较困难的,调查修复方式显示术中发现的作胆管修补＋T管支撑引流,术后发现手术作胆管空肠吻合＋长期支撑的手术方式效果较好。     

Posterior hepatic duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy finally necessitating hepatic resection: case report.

A case of bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy finally necessitating right hepatic lobectomy is reported to re-emphasize the importance of preoperative and intraoperative assessment of the biliary tree. A 47-year-old Japanese woman underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholecystolithiasis. On postoperative day 5, fever and right hypochondralgia developed, and CT revealed fluid collection at the right hypochondrium. Percutaneous drainage was performed, and subsequent fistulography revealed a communication of the cystic cavity with the right posterior bile duct, which suggested injury of the aberrant hepatic duct. Conservative therapy, including the adaptation of fibrin glue, was performed, but closure of the fistula and cavity was not obtainable. Finally, a right hepatic lobectomy was performed four months after cholecystectomy. In this case, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was unsuccessful preoperatively, and intraoperative cholangiography was not done. This case report re-emphasizes that the preoperative and intraoperative examination of the biliary tree is mandatory to avoid bile duct injury.     

医源性晚期胆管狭窄的起因和处理

本组医源性晚期胆管狭窄的７６例病例中６３例,是胆囊切除或胆道探查手术损伤所致,其中曾行一次或多次胆管修复无效者３８例,隐性胆管损作远期发生狭窄１４例,胆道探查“Ｔ”管引流后期胆管狭窄１４例,胆道探查“Ｔ”管引流后期胆管狭窄１１例;因胆肠吻合术的适应证选择不当或吻合口狭窄１３例。胆管损伤的早期修复的关键是根据不同情况选择恰当的修复术式,缝合技术准确精细,吻合口宽大,无张力,避免胆漏和感染,晚期胆管狭     

单中心腹腔镜胆囊切除术预防胆管损伤的体会

目的:探讨如何预防腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)胆管损伤。方法:回顾分析37 781例LC的临床资料。结果:胆管损伤25例(0.066%),其中术中发现8例,术后发现17例。胆管横断伤12例,其中离断+缺损8例(1例是中转开腹损伤),钛夹夹闭无胆管缺损4例;胆总管部分剪切伤4例;肝总管电损伤2例,分离损伤2例;右肝管损伤3例;副肝管损伤2例。胆管修补(端端吻合)+T管支撑引流5例、胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合16例,腹腔穿刺+鼻胆管引流1例(ENBD)、损伤胆管修复,置管引流3例。无死亡病例。结论:熟悉肝门解剖,仔细处理Calot三角,适时中转开腹,避免盲目自信可以有效的降低胆管损伤的发生率。     

医源性胆道损伤的诊治

目的 总结医源性胆道损伤的诊治经验。方法 对解放军第153中心医院22年间医源性胆道损伤的20例患者进行回顾分析。结果 经腹胆囊切除术损伤6例,腹腔镜胆囊切除术损伤10例,胆总管探查术损伤4例。损害部位:肝总管6例,胆总管1例,本组病例最终均需手术治疗,手术方式根据损伤部位、类型、损伤后发现的具体时间决定,但以规范的胆肠Roux-en-y吻合术疗效最满意。结论 术者的责任心与技术因素是引起医源性胆道损伤的重要原因。     

Long-term results of secondary biliary repair for cholecystectomy-related bile duct injury: results of a tertiary referral center

Abstract

Background: Management of bile duct injury (BDI) after cholecystectomy is challenging. The authors analyzed their center’s 49-year experience.

Methods: From 1968 to 2016, 120 consecutive patients were managed in a tertiary HBP center, 105 referred from other centers (Group A), 15 from our center (Group B). Surgical strategies and long-term outcomes were retrospectively reviewed.

Results: Primary cholecystectomy approach was open in 35% and laparoscopic in 65%. In Group A, intraoperative BDI diagnosis was made in 25/105 patients, including 13 via intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) which was used in 21% of cases. Median time from BDI to referral was 148 days (range 0–10,758), and 3 patients had BDI-related secondary cirrhosis. Ninety-four patients underwent secondary surgical repair, mostly a complex biliary procedure (97%). Postoperative overall and severe morbidity rates were 26% and 6%, respectively. One patient with biliary cirrhosis at referral died postoperatively from hepatic failure. Nine patients (9.6%) developed a secondary biliary stricture after a median of 54 months from repair (6–228 months). In Group B, IOC was performed in 14/15 in whom BDI were intraoperatively detected and immediately repaired. There were 13 minor and 2 major BDIs, all repaired by uncomplex procedures with uneventful postoperative course. One patient had a secondary biliary stricture after 5 months, successfully treated by temporary endoprosthesis.

Conclusion: Late follow-up after primary or secondary repair of BDI is recommended to detect recurrent biliary stricture. Bile duct injuries may occur in a tertiary center, but are intraoperatively detected with routine IOC and immediately repaired resulting in satisfactory outcome.