眼眶骨折常规体位CT加直接倾斜矢状面的研究：附120例分析

目的：探讨直接倾斜矢状面ＣＴ在眼眶骨折中的应用价值。材料与方法：１２０例眼眶外伤患者，在常规横断面及冠状面ＣＴ的基础上加扫直接倾斜矢状面ＣＴ，比较观察各体位显示的信息。结果：１２０例眼眶骨折中，上下壁骨折冠状面显示１０３例，矢状面显示１０５例；横断面未能显示。上下直肌增粗冠状面显示５０例，矢状面显示７２例；视神经弯曲２７例均矢状面显示。结论：直接倾斜矢状面ＣＴ能更全面地观察眼眶上下壁的情况及上下直     

Evaluation of coronal CT findings of rare cases of isolated medial orbital wall blow-out fractures

OBJECTIVES: To report rare cases of isolated medial orbital wall blow-out fractures and to evaluate their coronal CT findings. METHODS: Nine cases of medial orbital wall blow-out fractures, diagnosed by coronal CT in a general medical hospital between 1995 and 1999, were studied. CT was performed using direct coronal acquisition with a slice thickness of 5 mm. Images were obtained at bone window settings. Clinical examination findings from the medical records were used to give information on the cause of injury, ocular symptoms and the days after injury that the CT examination was performed. RESULTS: Most of the patients (67%) were young male adults. The cause of injury was most frequently the result of fist fighting or athletics (78%). Diplopia and/or limitation of the gaze were the main ocular symptoms (78%). The average time from injury to CT examination was 4 days (range 0-16 days). Seven of the nine patients with medial orbital wall fractures had isolated medial orbital wall blow-out fractures. Herniation of orbital contents toward the ethmoid sinus was observed among all nine fractures. Only three patients (33%) had a swelling and/or medial deviation of the medial rectus muscle, all three having isolated medial orbital wall blow-out fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Nine cases of medial orbital wall blow-out fractures were examined, seven of which were isolated medial wall blow-out fractures. CT findings of this type of fracture included herniation of the orbital contents toward the ethmoid sinus. However, swelling and/or medial deviation of the medial rectus muscle was also seen.     

The value of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of orbital floor fractures

The value of MRI in the diagnosis of acute orbital floor fractures has not been clearly defined. We therefore compared MR findings with CT findings in patients with orbital trauma. In 30 patients with isolated orbital trauma both coronal CT and coronal MRI were used to examine the orbits and the adjacent paranasal sinuses. Visualization of anatomical landmarks, the kind and extent of traumatic lesions, as well as artifacts were scored. The scores were compared using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. Interexamination agreement between the two methods was calculated using a kappa analysis. All examinations had diagnostic quality: 30 fractures of the orbital floor (9 right and 21 left orbital floor fractures) were identified. In addition, CT showed fractures of the medial orbital wall in 19 patients (63.3%), of the lateral wall in 10 patients (33.3%), of the zygomatic arch in 2 patients (6.7%), and of the maxillary sinus in 4 patients (13.3%). Soft tissue herniation was shown in 13 patients (inferior rectus muscle twice, orbital fat in 11 cases). Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated soft tissue herniation in 21 patients: muscle in 4, orbital fat in 17 cases. Magnetic resonance imaging is able to demonstrate orbital floor fractures as sensitively as CT, but CT is superior to MRI in showing small and associated fractures; therefore, CT remains in orbital fractures the imaging modality of choice. Magnetic resonance imaging is superior to CT in showing soft tissue herniations; therefore, MRI may have a role as an adjunct to CT if soft tissue entrapment remains unclear.     

CT对眼眶内、下壁骨折的诊断价值(附42例分析)

目的：探讨眼眶内、下壁骨折的CT征象、诊断及临床应用价值。方法；42例眼眶内、下壁骨折患者行CT扫描，男36例，女6例， 横轴位扫描19例，横轴位加冠状位扫描23例。结果：眼眶内侧壁骨折32例，眼眶下壁骨折18例。结论：CT能清晰显示眼眶内、下壁骨质结构及骨折征象，对骨折部位、程度的发现与确定完全而精确，是当前外伤检查中性价比最高的一种方法，具有重要的临床价值。     

眼眶爆裂骨折的CT表现(附64例分析)

目的：通过对眼眶爆裂骨折ＣＴ表现的分析,达到对本病早期诊断的目的。方法：作者回顾性分析了６４例（男５０,女１４）眼眶爆裂骨折的ＣＴ征象、好发部位和发病原因。病人的年龄在５～５７岁之间,平均３１．８ 岁。根据眼眶骨折的ＣＴ表现,将其分为三型：（１）单眶壁爆裂骨折;（２）多眶壁爆裂骨折;（３）混合型骨折（眼眶直接骨折合并有爆裂骨折）。结果：眼眶爆裂骨折的直接ＣＴ征象为眶壁骨质的连续性中断、粉碎、凹陷和曲度失常。其中单眶壁骨折３４ 例,多眶壁骨折７例,混合型骨折２３例。爆裂骨折最好发于眼眶内侧壁和眶底,占９４．８％ ,而混合型骨折眶外侧壁和内壁同时受累多见（占６０．８％ ）。结论：ＣＴ诊断眼眶爆裂骨折具有重要临床价值。     

螺旋CT对眼眶内侧壁骨折的诊断价值

目的探讨SCT对眼眶内侧壁骨折的诊断价值。方法通过对48例面部外伤后眼眶内侧壁骨折行轴位、冠位扫描,同时进行多方位MPR及3D成像,综合分析影像特征。结果眼眶内侧壁骨折直接SCT征象为眶壁骨质的连续性中断、粉碎、凹陷和曲度失常。新鲜骨折36例多合并有眼球旁或球后积气、筛窦积液、内直肌增粗等间接征象,陈旧性骨折12例,表现为骨折片移位或塌陷。结论SCT容积扫描能全面准确地诊断眼眶内侧壁骨折并能区分新鲜与陈旧性骨折及骨折程度。     

The usefulness of orbital lines in detecting blow-out fracture on plain radiography

The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of orbital line changes on plain radiographs in detecting blow-out fracture. 92 cases of surgically confirmed blow-out fracture were retrospectively analysed in regard to plain radiographs and CT. Anterior and posterior lamina papyracea lines (ALPL and PLPL, respectively) of the orbital medial wall as well as the posteromedial floor line (PMFL) were assessed on orbital posteroanterior projections. The inferomedial orbital line (IMOL) and the inferior wall line were assessed on Waters projections. Orbital lines on plain radiographs were compared with CT findings. Of 53 cases of lamina papyracea fracture, 47 cases showed orbital line changes on plain radiographs (sensitivity 88.7%). Changes of PLPL (41/47), IMOL (29/47), ALPL (4/47) and PMFL (2/47) were demonstrated as depression, loss, discontinuity and irregularity. In four cases showing normal radiographs, the fractures measured less than 9 mm in size on CT. All 25 cases with orbital floor fracture accompanying medial wall fracture demonstrated orbital line changes of PMFL (16/25), PLPL (14/25), ALPL (3/25) and IMOL (2/25) (sensitivity 100%). 12 of 14 cases with orbital floor fracture demonstrated changes of inferior wall line (7/12) and PMFL (6/12) (sensitivity 85.7%). Two cases demonstrated asymmetric focal soft tissue density without orbital line changes. Orbital line changes on plain radiographs corresponded well with CT findings, confirming the usefulness of plain radiographs in detecting blow-out fracture.     

眼眶内侧壁凹陷骨折的CT诊断与鉴别诊断

目的:了解眼眶内侧壁凹陷骨折及正常凹陷的不同CT表现特点。方法:对眼眶内侧壁骨折凹陷与正常凹陷的多排螺旋CT直接及间接征象进行回顾性分析,观察其异同之处。结果:20例眼眶内侧壁凹陷骨折直接征象为眶壁骨质的连续性中断、骨质塌陷、断端分离、表面毛糙,多合并内直肌增粗、眶内积气、筛窦积液、积血等间接征象;而20例眼眶内侧壁正常凹陷表现为眼眶内侧壁虽有不同程度的凹陷,但表面光滑,未见内直肌增粗等间接征象。结论:对眼眶内侧壁凹陷骨折的直接征象及间接征象的细心观察有助于判断骨折与否。     

眼眶单纯内侧壁骨折的CT诊断

目的 分析和评价CT、特别是高分辨率CT（HRCT）扫描对眼眶单纯内侧壁骨折的诊断价值。材料与方法 回顾性分析30例眼眶单纯内侧壁骨折患者的CT资料。男27例,女3例。轴位扫描22例,冠状位和冠状位加轴位扫描各4例,其中25例行HRCT扫描。结果 骨折发生在眶内缘1例,筛骨眶板29例。结果 CT特别是HRCT能细致地显示眼眶内侧壁的解剖结构,能精确地显示眼眶单纯内侧壁骨折的直接、间接征象和并发症,是最重要和有价值的检查方法。     

Conventional radiology and computed tomography in facial fractures

The possibilities and limitations of conventional radiography and CT in detecting maxillo-facial fractures are shown both experimentally and in a clinical setting. In 36 patients examined by both methods after maxillo-facial trauma, CT and conventional radiography (including pluridirectional tomography) proved to be equal in detecting fractures of the orbital roof, the anterior wall of the frontal sinus, the nasal bone and the pterygoid process. CT is inferior to conventional radiography in fracture of the orbital floor, the frontal base of the skull, the hard plate and the zygomatic arch. CT is superior to conventional radiography in fractures of the medial and lateral wall of the orbit, the posterior wall of the frontal sinus, the posterior, medial and anterior wall of the maxillary sinus as well as the zygomatic bone.     

Sources of radiographic distortion in conventional and computed tomography of the temporal bone

OBJECTIVES: To identify those bony regions of the glenoid fossa where, due to the inclination, there is an increased risk of radiographic distortion in conventional and computed tomography (CT). METHODS: The inclination of the roof and posterior wall of the glenoid fossa was determined relative to established imaging planes. Measurements were performed on 50 corrected coronal MR and 50 axial CT images and 200 sagittal cryosections of 50 temporomandibular joints (TMJs). The location of regions with unfavourable bone wall inclination was identified using the condyle as a reference. RESULTS: The inclination of parts of the fossa roof exceeded the limit for reliable depiction in corrected sagittal and coronal planes in 40% and 8% of the joints respectively. The inclination of parts of the posterior wall of the fossa exceeded the limit for reliable depiction in corrected sagittal and in true sagittal planes in 100% and 84% of the joints respectively. In 84% of the joints the inclination exceeded the limit for reliable depiction in the axial plane. For both bone walls the regions with unfavourable inclination were in the medial part of the joint. CONCLUSIONS: The angulation of parts of the roof and posterior wall of the glenoid fossa in relation to established imaging planes makes them highly susceptible to distortion. The oblique coronal projection is well suited for depiction of the roof of the fossa and preferable to a sagittal projection. An oblique axial projection is required for the posterior wall.     

Computed tomography in the evaluation of orbital fractures

Orbital fractures should be evaluated by CT in frontal and transverse planes. The significance of blow-out floor and medial wall fractures is discussed. Limitation of inferior rectus muscle mobility is thought to be a result of edema, enophthalmos, fat prolapse or scar tissue formation, rather than muscle incarceration. The consequent therapeutic attitude implies a rigorous preoperative exploration by CT or for some orbital floor fractures by MR.     

HRCT诊断眼眶底壁骨折

目的 :探讨高分辨力CT(HRCT)诊断眼眶底壁骨折的临床价值。材料和方法 :对 10 5例眼钝力伤患者进行横断 冠状高分辨力CT扫描 ,进行图像对比分析。结论 :10 5例患者中 41例有眼眶底壁骨折 ,其中眶内下壁骨折 15例 ,眶下沟骨折 16例 ,眶底前缘骨折 10例。合并眶内容物疝出 2 5例 ,窦口—鼻道复合体狭窄 4例 ,眶下神经管或眶下孔骨折 5例 ,鼻泪管骨折 2例。结论 :HRCT冠状扫描显示眼眶底壁骨折优于横断扫描。眼眶底壁骨折HRCT诊断除应仔细观察骨折类型以外 ,还应充分估计眶下神经、窦口—鼻道复合体及鼻泪管的损伤情况 ,为临床制定治疗方案及预后提供有利依据。     

MR imaging of orbital blow-out fractures

We report on a case of orbital blow-out fractures involving the medial and inferior walls. In this case conventional multiplanar 8 mm thick sections with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging proved to be more helpful than 1.5 mm axial thin sections with CT in demonstrating the extent of orbital floor herniation of fat. Entrapment of muscle was excluded. Oblique sagittal views were most helpful in evaluating the orbital floor, since the full course of the inferior rectus muscle is seen. Additionally, the optic nerve is seen along its entire length. Masking of intraorbital contents by isodense hemorrhage on CT studies apparently is not a problem with MR imaging if hemorrhage is small or nonacute.     

眼眶骨折的CT表现及分型(附86例分析)

目的探讨CT对眼眶骨折的诊断价值及分型方法。方法回顾性分析86例共92只眼眶骨折的CT特征，根据眼眶骨折的部位、范围及其他部位受累的情况，将眼眶骨折分为单纯型、复杂型、复合型。结果在92只眼眶骨折中，单纯型57只（61．97％），复杂型10只（10．87％），复合型25只（27．17％）。结论cT检查可较全面地观察眼眶骨折的情况，为临床治疗提供重要依据，是眼眶骨折的首选检查方法。     

螺旋CT扫描立体成像对眼眶爆裂骨折的诊断价值

目的 分析眼眶爆裂骨折螺旋CT（SCT）容积扫描的表现,旨在对本病作出早期诊断。资料与方法 回顾性分析80例眼眶爆裂骨折的SCT轴位扫描图像以及多平面重建（MPR）和三维（3D）重建立体图像的CT表现。并根据CT征象将其分为3型：（1）单眶壁爆裂骨折;（2）双眶壁爆裂骨折;（3）混合型骨折（并发其他面部直接骨折的爆裂骨折）。结果 眼眶爆裂骨折的直接SCT征象为眶壁骨质连续性中断、粉碎、凹陷及曲度失常;上颌窦和筛窦内“泪滴征”是诊断眼眶下壁和内侧壁爆裂骨折的特异性间接征象。由于骨折局部往往伴有软组织增厚及眼外肌的改变,所以对早期诊断、选择治疗方法、估计预后及法医学鉴定可提供更多的信息。结论 SCT容积扫描立体成像对诊断眼眶爆裂骨折具有重要价值。     

Direct sagittal scans in computed tomography of the orbits

Sagittal scans of the brain and orbits can be performed with the Varian body scanner and an accessory table. These scans are obtained directly, with no image reconstruction from scans in other planes. A case of Graves' ophthalmopathy is presented which demonstrates the potential advantage of sagittal images in showing abnormalities near the orbital roof and floor. Sagittal scans complement coronal and axial views in CT evaluation of the orbits.     

儿童眼眶骨折的临床与CT分析（附40例报告）

笔者分析４０例儿童眼眶骨折。受伤原因以撞伤、摔伤多见，拳击伤少见。主要表现为视力下降甚至失明、复视及眼球运动障碍。ＣＴ检查常规为水平位及冠状位扫描。主要ＣＴ表现为眶壁骨质连续性中断，占７１．４％眶壁移位眶腔扩大占２８．６％；眶壁直接骨折最多达５０．５％，爆裂骨折占３３．３％，复合骨折占１６．７％；各壁骨折发生率依次为内壁、下壁、外壁及上壁；此外骨折局部可伴有软组织增厚及眼外肌改变。初步认为儿童眼眶     

眼眶外壁骨折的CT分析

目的：探讨眼眶外壁骨折的临床特点并评价ＣＴ检查对其诊断价值。方法：以１５５例眼眶外壁骨折为研究对象,均行眼眶横断及冠状位ＨＲＣＴ检查。结果：眶外壁骨折受伤原因以车祸最多,失明者达５６．７７％,还可表现为眼球运动受限、眼球内陷等。眼眶外壁分为四段,以前三段骨折多见,且多波及颧骨蝶骨缝,造成骨缝分离移位;后段骨折少见,但失明发生率却明显高于其它各段（Ｐ＜０．０１）。单纯眶外壁骨折少见,仅占２１．２９％;外壁骨折伴发邻近骨折占７８．７１％,多伴发其它眶壁骨折。结论：ＨＲＣＴ检查是诊断眶外壁骨折较好的方法,眼部创伤后应及时行ＣＴ检查。     

Interrater reliability of sonographic examinations of orbital fractures

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine whether there are statistically significant variations among different observers when examining fractures of the orbital walls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From December 2003 to April 2004, 28 patients with clinically suspected orbital fractures were examined by ultrasound prospectively. The US images of the infra-orbital margins, the orbital floors, the medial and lateral orbital walls of each patient were reexamined by two independent investigators. RESULTS: Computed tomography revealed fractures of the orbital floor in 28 out of 31 patients (90.3%). The infra-orbital margins showed fractures of 14 of 31 patients (45.2%). The ultrasound examinations of the orbits by the three examiners presented satisfactory correlation regarding sensitivity and specificity. There were no significant differences between investigators. There was good agreement among the ultrasound examiners regarding the infra-orbital margins. This was not the case for the orbital floors. CONCLUSIONS: If there are clear cut clinical findings ultrasound examination could represent an alternative to computed tomography. If the clinical findings were indeterminate, computed tomography was essential as implicated by this study. Accordingly, further evaluation of ultrasound examinations of fractures of the orbital margins and floors are necessary.