Two-step selective clamping of IVC for removal of hepatocellular carcinoma with intracaval extension

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with retrohepatic intracaval extensions are difficult to treat. HCC may sometimes extend into the inferior vena cava (IVC) through two routes: via the right hepatic vein and via the inferior right hepatic vein. In such cases, in which tumor emboli are located both above and below the confluence of the hepatic vein with the IVC, we first remove the upper embolus during THVE, and then remove the lower one while the IVC is clamped obliquely in order to preserve the residual liver circulation.     

肝细胞癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的手术治疗

目的 探讨肝细胞癌(简称肝癌)合并下腔静脉癌栓的手术治疗方法。方法 采用肝切除 腔静脉取栓治疗4例肝癌合并下腔静脉癌栓患者,取栓方法包括经荷栓肝静脉取栓(1例)和下腔静脉切开取栓(3例),后者又分在全肝血流阻断下取栓(2例)和在萨氏钳局部血管阻断下取栓(1例)。结果 4例肝癌及下腔静脉癌栓均得到成功切除,术中无明显并发症发生;术后除l例发生中等量胸水外,无其他并发症发生;随访中3例已死亡,分别生存30、10和14个月;1例尚存活,已生存7个月。结论 肝癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的手术治疗安全可行,其基本术式为肝切除 下腔静脉切开取栓。     

In situ graft-trimming method using polyester vascular prosthesis for inferior vena cava reconstruction after hepatectomy

Hepatectomy for secondary liver cancer that has invaded the inferior vena cava (IVC) can be the only way to achieve long-term survival. We describe a method for hepatectomy combined with partial IVC resection without venous bypass circulation and an in situ graft-trimming method to avoid graft size mismatch after reconstruction. We carried out left hepatectomy extended to segment 1 with partial IVC resection first. During resection and reconstruction of the IVC, it was clamped below the right hepatic vein and above the inferior right hepatic vein to maintain systemic circulation. The graft was trimmed in situ, after a half running suture of the graft was finished to ensure the correct size. Preservation of both inferior right hepatic vein and right hepatic vein helps to maintain systemic circulation during reconstruction of the IVC. The in situ graft-trimming method is an easy and safe method to ensure the correct graft size after IVC reconstruction.     

Thrombectomy before hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with a tumor thrombus extending to the inferior vena cava

Tumor thrombi of hepatocellular carcinoma occasionally invade into the inferior vena cava (IVC) through the hepatic vein. Once the tumor thrombus is dislodged, severe and lethal complications, such as pulmonary infarction, can develop. We successfully operated on a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patient with a tumor thrombus extending to the IVC through the right hepatic vein. To avoid dislodging the thrombus during surgery, a thrombectomy using selective hepatic vascular exclusion was performed before a hepatic resection, which is the most dangerous procedure to dislodge the thrombus.     

体外肝切除联合剩余肝脏自体移植治疗特殊位置肝癌

Ex-vivo liver resection is developed based on liver transplantation and technique of cold preservation of organs.It overcomes the shortcomings of time limit of warm ischemia and high technique demand of hepatectomy of tumors located at critical sites.A 58-year-old woman with hepatocellular carcinoma located close to the middle hepatic vein combined with invasion of right hepatic vein was admitted to Southwest Hospital.Because of the critical tumor site,conventional liver resection Wag assessed as impossible.Ex-vivo liver resection was performed,and a vessel patch from an organ wag harvested to repair the defect of the right hepatic vein,and then the liver remnant was subsequently autotransplanted.After operation,the patient recovered smoothly without venous outflow complication.Bile leakage wag observed on postoperative day 23,and the maximnm volume of intraperitoneal drainage wag 200 ml per 24 hours.Endoscopic nasobiliary drainage Was performed and the volume of intraperitoneal drainage gradually decreased to none.Liver function of the patient was back to normal and with no tumor recurrence at the end of 6 months of follow up.Ex-vivoliver resection is beneficial to patients with centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma with the involvement of hepatic vein and inferior vena cava.     

前入路绕肝悬吊解剖性肝右三叶切除术治疗巨大肝癌

前入路肝切除术是指先离断肝实质后游离肝脏的肝切除方法;绕肝悬吊是指在肝后下腔静脉前方放置悬吊带,供在切肝过程中提起肝脏.2011年10月中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院采用前入路、绕肝悬吊、解剖性肝右三叶切除术治疗1例54岁男性肝癌患者.肿瘤位于肝左内叶和右半肝,长径约16 cn.术前肿瘤分期为ⅢA期,T3N0M0;术前评估ICG R15为5.4％,肝左外叶肝脏体积占标准肝脏体积的44％;左肝管受压、轻度扩张.术中首先分离、切断入肝血流,包括肝右动脉、门静脉右支、肝中动脉、门静脉左内叶分支;然后在镰状韧带的右侧离断肝实质,期间在肝后下腔静脉前打隧道并悬吊肝脏;切断右肝管;接着分离、切断肝中静脉和肝右静脉;游离肝周韧带,移出肝右二叶;最后行左肝管、肝总管端端吻合.手术时间为4h,术中出血量为350 mL.患者术后康复顺利,术后4个月复查MRCP示胆管吻合口通畅,肝内未见肿瘤复发.     

Balloon control of the suprahepatic inferior vena cava: a novel technique for renal cell carcinoma tumor thrombus

Renal cell carcinoma has a tendency to extend via the renal vein into the inferior vena cava (IVC), and we describe a novel approach to this situation. A 64-year-old male presented with metastatic right renal cell carcinoma and tumor thrombus extending into the retrohepatic IVC. Preoperative imaging revealed a large hemangioma adjacent to the IVC, potentially complicating hepatic mobilization. Instead, we used a compliant balloon to occlude the suprahepatic IVC, securing the wire in the right hepatic vein. With the infrarenal IVC and left renal vein occluded, the thrombus was extracted via a right renal venotomy/partial cavotomy with minimal bleeding. Balloon occlusion of the suprahepatic IVC offers a safe alternative to surgical control of this vessel in difficult situations. In addition, it allows for nephrectomy through a conventional, small retroperitoneal incision rather than the extended exposure needed for the IVC. Hepatic vein positioning of the wire prevents thrombus manipulation during balloon placement.     

肝癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的外科治疗

肝癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的治疗仍是医学难题,一直被视为手术禁忌证.患者主要接受非手术治疗或放弃治疗,其生存率较低.近年来随着医学的进步,手术治疗肝癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的成功率逐年增高.201 1年5月哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院为1例肝癌合并下腔静脉癌栓患者行肝脏Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ段切除＋下腔静脉癌栓取出术.术前CT检查示肝Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ段占位性病变,下腔静脉内癌栓充盈,三维重建测算左半肝体积489 cm^3,低于最小存活肝脏体积.为了最大限度保留剩余肝脏,拟行保留肝Ⅵ段的右半肝切除术,于全肝血流阻断下腔静脉癌栓取出术.患者术后恢复良好,术后18个月复查未见明显复发转移症状.     

肝癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的外科治疗

目的总结7例肝癌合并下腔静脉（inferior vena cava,IVC）癌栓患者的手术方法及治疗经验。方法自2003年7月至2005年5月,我们为7例肝癌合并IVC癌栓的患者实施了肝癌切除及右心房和（或）IVC切开取栓手术。所有患者均采用全肝血流阻断来控制IVC血流。根据癌栓上极位置的不同,分别采用5种不同术式：（1）静脉转流,心脏停搏,右心房及下腔静脉切开取栓1例;（2）静脉转流,心脏不停搏,心包内高位阻断下腔静脉,右心房和（或）下腔静脉切开取栓2例;（3）经腹部切口切开膈肌,心包内高位阻断下腔静脉,下腔静脉切开取栓1例;（4）经腹部切口,经膈肌腔静脉裂孔小切口,心包外高位阻断肝上下腔静脉,下腔静脉切开取栓1例;（5）经腹部切口,肝上阻断下腔静脉,下腔静脉切开取栓2例。结果所有手术均获成功,术后并发症包括胸腔积液2例,右膈下积液1例,切口感染1例。7例患者的生存时间为2周～26个月,平均9．8个月。已死亡的6例患者术后生存时间分别为13、9、11、2、17个月和2周,尚生存的1例患者已无瘤生存26个月。结论对合适病例实施肝癌切除和IVC切开取栓手术是安全可行的。手术治疗可以避免右心流人道阻塞和肺动脉栓塞造成的猝死,并有可能获得相对提高的生存时间和生活质量。     

Indications for and techniques of hepatic vein reconstruction in hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma]

The indications for hepatic vein reconstruction (HVR) in resection of segments 7 and 8 for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been controversial. Although right hepatic vein ligation may not cause complications in some patients, hepatic parenchymal congestion and liver dysfunction occur in others. We performed HVR using autovein grafts in 6 HCC patients, patch grafts in 3, and direct anastomosis in 1, respectively. From this experience, we consider that HVR may be indicated in patients with a discolored hepatic area after hepatic vein ligation, and without inferior right hepatic vein and intrahepatic venous communication. Furthermore, although repeat hepatectomy has resulted in improved survival in patients with recurrent hepatic tumors, when the right hepatic vein has already been ligated, numerous intrahepatic communicating vein anastomoses develop. In repeat hepatectomy in such patients, uncontrollable massive bleeding from hepatic veins occurs. Therefore, HVR is recommended to maintain the previous hepatic vein anatomy. Recently, the indications for HVR have been studied to prevent hepatic vein congestion and liver dysfunction in both the remant and graft livers in living-related donor partial liver transplantation from the standpoint of hemodynamics. Additionally, the technique of direct hepatic vein anastomosis is presented.     

肝后隧道手术高危区的解剖特点及临床应用研究

目的:探讨肝后隧道及手术高危区的解剖特点及临床应用价值。方法:解剖20具成人尸体肝脏标本,收集经前入路绕肝提拉法右半肝切除术27例患者的临床资料,分别统计汇入肝后下腔静脉和肝后隧道路径上肝短静脉总数。结果:解剖研究中发现,肝短静脉主要从左右两侧汇入肝后下腔静脉,且较多集中于中、下1/3段;在肝后隧道路径上,汇入肝后下腔静脉的肝短静脉主要集中在下1/3段前方,平均(2.90±1.07)支,上1/3段仅有1例出现1支肝短静脉,中1/3段20例中仅4例出现1支肝短静脉;肝右后下静脉多出现在肝后下腔静脉的中、下1/3段,出现率达85.0%(17/20)。临床手术中发现,在肝后隧道路径上,汇入肝后下腔静脉肝短静脉主要集中在下1/3段,平均(3.21±1.67)支,多数病例此区域上下距离约3～4 cm,同时此区域中肝右后下静脉出现率达85.2%(23/27);27例中仅1例有1支肝短静脉汇入中段肝后下腔静脉前方。结论:肝后隧道手术高危区位于肝后下腔静脉下段前方3～4 cm区域,有较多肝短静脉伴随肝右后下静脉汇入。准确把握此区域的解剖特点并进行解剖分离是成功建立肝后隧道的关键。     

Hepatectomy after transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for hepatocellular carcinomas

Subjects of this study were 26 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent hepatectomy after TAE. They did not develop serious complications due to TAE. A suitable interval between TAE and the planned hepatectomy was about one month, based on AFP levels and the recovery of liver functions. Hepatic arteriography after TAE was useful to observe changes of the blood flow into the liver and the carcinoma, as well as to find intrahepatic metastases. It is also necessary for making final decisions on the strategy of the hepatectomy. The effects of TAE greatly depended on patterns of arterial blood feeding. When the tumor was less than 5 cm in diameter, had a capsule, and was fed by a single artery the necrotic rate was high. TAE was effective in intrahepatic metastases 0.5 cm or more in diameter, which were detectable by hepatic arteriography. TAE had little effect on intrahepatic metastases less than 0.5 cm in diameter, on intracapsular or extracapsular invasion, or on tumor embolus. For tumor embolus in the portal vein, since TAE and hepatectomy give poor results, other methods should be considered.     

No-Touch En Bloc Right Lobe Living-Donor Liver Transplantation with Inferior Vena Cava Replacement for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Close to Retrohepatic Inferior Vena Cava: Case Report

Current studies have shown that living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) satisfying the Milan criteria does not compromise patient survival or increase HCC recurrence compared with deceased-donor liver transplantation (DDLT). For patients with HCC beyond the Milan criteria, however, worse outcomes are expected after LDLT than after DDLT, despite insufficient data to reach a conclusion. Regarding operative technique, LDLT might be a less optimal cancer operation for HCC located at the hepatic vein confluence and/or paracaval portion. The closeness to the wall of the retrohepatic inferior vena cava (IVC) is greater than in conventional DDLT, rendering it difficult to perform a no-touch en bloc total hepatectomy. An LDLT, which must preserve the native IVC for the piggyback technique during engraftment, may lead to tumor remnants. To reduce recurrences after LDLT, we successfully performed a no-touch en bloc total hepatectomy including the retrohepatic IVC and all 3 hepatic veins. IVC replacement with an artificial vascular graft together with a modified right-lobe LDLT was performed for a patient having advanced HCC close to the hepatic vein confluence and paracaval portion. There was no artificial vascular graft-related complication, such as thrombosis or infection. Despite the limitations of LDLT, requiring the piggyback technique for graft implantation, IVC replacement using an artificial graft led us to perform a no-touch en bloc total hepatectomy as with a conventional DDLT.     

陈氏绕肝提拉法在巨大肿瘤右半肝切除术中的应用

目的 评价陈氏绕肝提拉法在右半肝切除术中的应用价值.方法 右肝巨大肿瘤行右半肝切除时,采取陈氏绕肝提拉法经下腔静脉右侧放置提肝带,离断肝实质的过程中通过牵拉提肝带辅助肝切除.结果 全组共32例右肝巨大肿瘤患者行右半肝切除术,其中前入路肝切除15例,经典入路17例.术中均成功放置提肝带,放置和牵拉过程中无肝短静脉撕裂和大出血等相关并发症.32例肝切除术的肝实质离断时间约25～45 min,肝门阻断时间约20～32 min,术中出血量300～1 300ml.所有患者无围手术期死亡.结论 陈氏绕肝提拉法有助于右半肝切除术中手术野的显露,缩短肝实质离断时间,减少肝实质离断过程中的出血;且其操作简单、使用安全、适用范围广泛.     

Ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma in the adrenal gland with inferior vena cava thrombosis and right atrial extension

Intravascular tumor extension in the inferior vena cava (IVC) is known to occur with abdominal tumors, such as renal cell, hepatocellular, adrenal cell carcinoma, and Wilm's tumor. We encountered a 53-year-old male patient presenting with pulmonary embolism and a right atrial mass with imaging evidence of an adrenal tumor extending into the IVC, up to the right atrium. The patient underwent surgery for the resection of the tumor using cardiopulmonary bypass by a team of cardiothoracic surgeons and urologists. Histology identified the tumor as hepatocellular carcinoma, which developed as ectopic hepatic tissue in the right adrenal gland.     

Surgical resection combined with chemotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombus: report of 19 cases

BACKGROUND: Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with tumor thrombus in the main portal vein (MPV), inferior vena cava (IVC), or extrahepatic bile duct (EBD) treated by conventional therapies has been considered poor. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy after surgical resection as an adjuvant therapy or as a treatment for intrahepatic recurrence of HCC with tumor thrombus in MPV, IVC, or EBD. METHODS: Nineteen patients with HCC and tumor thrombus in the MPV, IVC, or EBD who underwent hepatectomy with thrombectomy were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: The overall 3-year survival rate was 48.5%. Two patients with postoperative residual tumor thrombus died within 6 months owing to rapid progression of the residual tumor thrombus. Five patients survived more than 5 years after their operations. Tumors disappeared completely in 3 patients after hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with a combination of cisplatinum and 5-fluorouracil, and the longest survival period was 17 years and 11 months in a patient with EBD thrombus. CONCLUSIONS: If hepatic reserve is satisfactory, an aggressive surgical approach combined with chemotherapy seems to be of benefit for patients having HCC with tumor thrombus in the MPV, IVC, or EBD.     

Tumor Compression–Induced Portal Obstruction and Selective Transarterial Chemoembolization Increase Functional Liver Volume in the Unobstructed Area,Facilitating Successful Resection of a Large HCC

A 62-year-old man with hepatitis B was admitted for treatment of a large hepatocellular carcinoma. The right portal vein was completely obstructed by tumor compression. Although we initially planned a right trisectionectomy as curative hepatectomy, the percentage of future remnant liver volume (%RLV) and the percentage of functional liver volume (%RFLV) were 31.2% and 41.3%, respectively. Because %RFLV showed marginal tolerability for curative hepatectomy and %RLV was very low, we opted for transarterial chemoembolization of segment IV and the right lobe containing the tumor as an approach to selectively reduce liver volume and abolish liver function. One month later, %RLV and %RFLV had dramatically increased to 46.6% and 67.2%, resulting in curative hepatectomy. Our results suggest that tumor compression–induced portal obstruction and selective transarterial chemoembolization increase %RFLV much more than %RLV. This may represent a useful approach in preoperative management in patients with large hepatocellular carcinomas to improve %RFLV for hepatic resection.     

Left trisegmentectomy and combined resection of the inferior vena cava, without reconstruction, for giant cystadenocarcinoma of the liver

A 54-year-old woman with giant liver cystadenocarcinoma underwent left trisegmentectomy with combined resection of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and the right hepatic vein. As a result, only the right inferior hepatic vein was preserved as a drainage vein. Because the perivertebral plexus and the azygos vein were both well developed, neither veno-venous bypass nor IVC reconstruction was performed. The developed collateral veins acted as the venous drainage pathway to maintain a stable systemic circulation. On the seventh postoperative day, portal vein flow dramatically decreased and the patient tended to liver failure. Prostaglandin E₁ (PGE₁) was administrated via the superior mesenteric artery. The portal flow then gradually increased and liver failure was avoided. Six months after the operation, she was re-admitted due to obstructive jaundice and presented with complete stenosis of the common bile duct (CBD). The jaundice persisted and liver dysfunction progressed. The patient died seven months after the operation. The confluence of the right inferior vein and the IVC could have been deformed, causing outflow blockade. The intrinsic shunt was not good enough to act as the drainage pathway, and IVC reconstruction may have been needed.     

Balloon Venoplasty for Liver Failure Due to Stenosis of the Left Hepatic Vein After Right Tri-Segmentectomy

A 41-year-old male patient with hepatitis B underwent right tri-segmentectomy and total caudate lobectomy for a huge hepatocellular carcinoma associated with complete occlusion of the inferior vena cava with thrombosis of the infrahepatic inferior vena cava due to tumor compression. Five months later, he was readmitted for ascites and hyperbilirubinemia. Venography revealed stenosis and tortuosity of the left hepatic vein and the inferior vena cava, for which balloon angioplasty of the left hepatic vein and the inferior vena cava was performed using an 8-mm and 10-mm balloon, respectively. The left hepatic venous pressure decreased from 65 mmHg to 25 mmHg after dilatation. The patient made a satisfactory recovery thereafter and remains well with normal liver functions and without ascites. Balloon angioplasty may be useful for liver failure due to hepatic vein stenosis after hepatic resection.     

Downstaging and resection after neoadjuvant therapy for fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma

Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma(FLHCC) is a rare malignant liver neoplasm, commonly observed in adolescents and young adults of both genders. The disease is more common in Caucasians and in patients without a prior history of liver disease. The best treat-ment option is a surgical resection associated with liver hilum lymph node dissection. However, there is no established systemic drug treatment for patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease. We report on a patient with advanced FLHCC, initially considered un-resectable due to invasion of the right and the middle hepatic veins and circumferential involvement of the left hepatic vein. Following the treatment with gem-citabine-oxaliplatin systemic chemotherapy, the patient exhibited a significant tumor reduction. As a result, a complete resection was performed with an extended right hepatectomy associated with a partial resection of the inferior vena cava, a wedge resection in segment 2, and lymphadenectomy of the hepatic hilum. The case was unusual due to the significant tumor downstaging with gemcitabine-oxaliplatin, potentially enabling cura-tive resection. More studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of the systemic drug treatment for FLHCC.