TIA与脑血管狭窄及闭塞

<正> TIA(Transient Ischemic Attack,TIA短暂性脑缺血发作)是缺血性脑血管病的常见发作类型,被比喻为“大脑间歇性跛行”,被公认为缺血性卒中的最重要的危险因素。目前关于其病因及发病机制尚不完全清楚,有微栓塞、脑血管痉挛、血液成分、血流动力学改变及血管炎、颈椎病所致椎动脉受压的多种学说。关于其预后,公认为约1/3发展为脑梗死,1/3继续发作,1/3可自行缓解。现总结2001年1月～2002年7月在我科住院行DSA检查并经随访的TIA患者8例。以对其病因及发病机制、预后有更进一步的了解。     

脑血管血液动力学指标对颈动脉系统TIA的诊断价值

目的　探讨脑血管血液动力学指标 (CVDI)对颈动脉系统 TIA的诊断价值。方法　对 32例颈动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作 (TIA)患者进行脑循环动力学检测仪 (CVA)检测 ,并与健康对照组比较。结果　 87.5 %的患者病侧 CVDI异常 ,表现为脑血流下降、外周阻力增高、微循环障碍。结论　颈动脉系统 TIA存在不同程度的脑血管血液动力学改变 ,CVDI可作为颈动脉系统 TIA实验室诊断的敏感指标。     

短暂性脑缺血发作脑血管造影102例临床分析

目的观察短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者的脑血管造影特点及脑动脉狭窄分布情况。方法回顾性分析本院102例短暂性脑缺血发作患者住院期间行数字减影全脑血管造影(DSA)的影像学特点及脑动脉狭窄分布情况。结果 102例患者中存在脑动脉狭窄或闭塞的85例,占83.3%;仅前循环受累占52例,占61.1%;仅后循环受累占18例,占21.1%;前后循环均受累15例,占17.6%。结论 TIA的主要原因之一是脑血管狭窄,前循环病变较后循环多,颅内病变较颅外多。     

138例短暂性脑缺血发作患者脑血管造影分析

目的 通过数字减影脑血管造影检查,分析短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者脑动脉狭窄程度和分布,探讨TIA与脑动脉狭窄的相关性.方法 138例符合TIA诊断标准的患者,行数字减影选择性全脑血管造影,明确有无脑动脉狭窄、狭窄程度及分布.结果 138例患者中有116例共185支血管狭窄.其中闭塞血管48支,占25.9％,重度狭窄血管42支,占20.9％,中度狭窄血管52支,占32.8％,轻度狭窄血管43支,占25.3％;颅外段狭窄占60.2％,颅内段占39.8％;颅外段狭窄动脉中以颈内动脉颅外段最常见,占28.9％,而颅内段狭窄则以大脑中动脉最常见,占19.9％.结论 颅内外脑动脉粥样硬斑块形成伴狭窄是TIA的主要发病原因,数字减影选择性全脑血管造影可以确定TIA患者颅内外脑动脉粥样硬斑块形成及狭窄情况,对TIA治疗方案的选择起非常重要作用.     

颈动脉系统TIA的血流动力学与发病机制初探

目的 探讨颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）患者的血流动力学与发病的关系。方法 84例颈内动脉系统TIA患者均在末次发作后24h内进行经颅多谱勒（TCD）和血流动力学指数（CVDI）测定。结果 （1）TCD显示绝大多数患者脑动脉有严重狭窄或痉挛存在,从而引起脑血流速度的改变。（2）患者组与对照组CV-DI比较,零压顺应性（Co)明显下降,脑血管阻力（R）,特性阻抗（ZC）、脉搏波波速（WV）,动态阻力（DR）,临界压力（CP）增高,具有统计学意义,病灶侧与健侧比较,Co的下降及R、DR的增高具有统计学意义。结论 血流动力学的障碍是引起颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作的机制之一。     

TIA患者颈动脉狭窄与临床症状发作的相关性

目的探讨频发型短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)与症状相关侧颈动脉狭窄程度的相关性。方法应用颈动脉超声、经颅彩色多普勒超声联合对114例颈内动脉系统TIA患者进行检查,按照患者首次发作到入院当天(时间范围<7d)的TIA发作次数分为非频发组TIA(发作次数<3次)和频发组TIA(发作次数≥3次),以及按患者TIA发病年龄分>50岁组和≤50岁组,比较频发组与非频发组,以及各年龄段组间患者责任侧颈动脉狭窄程度发生情况。结果①TIA频发组的责任侧颈动脉发生狭窄以及中重度狭窄的发生率高于非频发组(P<0.05);②114例TIA患者以50～79岁居多,且重度狭窄及闭塞发生率随年龄增长而呈升高的趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论颈动脉系TIA频发作与颈动脉血管狭窄程度相关,颈动脉狭窄是发生颈动脉系TIA的重要因素。     

颈动脉系统TIA患者的血流动力学和血液流变学改变

目的 探讨颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作（ＴＩＡ）患者的脑血流动力学指标（ＣＶＤＩ）和血液流变学改变及其临床意义。方法 对６０例颈内动脉系统ＴＩＡ患者在末次发作后２４小时内进行脑血流动力学和血液流变学检查。结果 （１）ＴＩＡ组与对照绥比较,平均血流量、血流速度、零压顺应性明显下降;脑血管阻力（Ｒ）、特民生阻抗、脉搏波波速（ＷＶ）、动态阻力（ＤＲ）、临界压力（ＣＰ）均增高。病灶侧与病灶对侧比较,除 Ｃ     

颈动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作的数字减影全脑血管造影与血管内支架治疗53例临床分析

2003年4月～2004年11月,我们对53例颈动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者行数字减影全脑血管造影检查, 并根据临床症状和血管病变的程度行颈动脉支架置入手术 (CAS)治疗,报告如下。     

颈动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作与颅内外动脉狭窄的相关性研究

目的探讨颈动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)与颅内外动脉狭窄的关系,评价数字减影血管造影(DSA)在颈动脉系统TIA中的诊断价值。方法对70例颈动脉系统TIA患者进行DSA检查,观察血管病变的性质,判断责任动脉。结果 70例患者中检出血管狭窄或闭塞59例(84.3%),其中症状相关侧血管狭窄或闭塞51例,症状相关侧对侧8例;颅内动脉狭窄发生率为86.9%(73/84),颅外动脉狭窄发生率为13.1%(11/84);56例(94.9%)可以判断责任动脉。结论颅内外动脉狭窄是颈动脉系统TIA的重要原因,DSA可以明确TIA患者血管狭窄的部位、程度、性质。     

短暂性脑缺血发作患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块检测

目的探讨短暂性脑缺血发作（transient ischemic attack，TIA）与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法观察对象分为2组，短暂性脑缺血发作患者（以下简称TIA组）57例，对照组为同期门诊健康体检者50例，2组分别行颈动脉超声检查，检查项目包括动脉内膜中膜厚度（intima—media thickness，IMT）、管腔狭窄程度、斑块位置、斑块类型及性质等。结果TIA组IMT明显高于对照组（P〈0.01）；TIA组颈动脉管腔狭窄率明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）；斑块发生率TIA组明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）；软斑占总斑块百分率，TIA组明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论短暂性脑缺血发作与颈动脉粥样硬化密切相关，颈动脉超声检查是一项可靠的评价颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的方法。     

89例TIA患者颅内—外血管狭窄情况

目的 探讨短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)与颅内—外血管狭窄的关系.方法 对89例TIA患者行数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,按照患者TIA发作临床表现分为:颈动脉系组和椎基底动脉系组;按照发作次数分为非频发组(发作次数＜3次)和频发组(发作次数≥3次),比较各组患者颅内—外动脉狭窄的分布情况,比较不同发作频率间和各年龄段间患者颅内—外血管严重狭窄及闭塞的发生情况.结果 (1)本研究共63例患者存在颅内—外动脉狭窄,占70.78％.以颈内动脉颅外段最多,颅内动脉狭窄以大脑中动脉最多.颅内、颅外狭窄动脉比约为1.55∶1.(2)频发组颅内—外血管重度狭窄及闭塞的发生率高于非频发组(P＜0.05).(3)89例TIA患者以50～70岁居多,且重度狭窄及闭塞发生率随年龄增长而呈升高的趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 颅内—外动脉狭窄是发生TIA的重要因素.DSA可以确定短暂性脑缺血发作患者是否存在血管狭窄及狭窄程度,对短暂性脑缺血发作治疗方案的选择起重要作用.     

DSA在短暂性脑缺血发作病因诊断中的价值

目的研究DSA对短暂性脑缺血发作(T IA)血管病变的诊断价值,探讨T IA的发病机制。方法选择符合T IA诊断标准的患者66例行DSA检查,观察T IA患者颈内动脉和椎动脉颅内、外血管有无狭窄及粥样硬化斑块。结果66例患者中发现56例有血管狭窄(84.8%)。其中狭窄程度≥70#例(34.8%),50%~70%的25例(37.9%),<50%8例(12.1%),10例正常(15.2%)。颅内段狭窄占36.4%,颅外段狭窄占63.6%。发现狭窄部位有粥样斑块41例,占狭窄动脉的73.2%。频发T IA患者血管狭窄程度多表现为重度(76%),且多数有粥样硬化斑块。发现4例盗血现象。结论DSA可以确定T IA患者血管狭窄的程度及溃疡斑块的程度,确定斑块的稳定性与否,对T IA治疗方法的确定有重要作用。     

短暂性脑缺血发作患者ABCD~2评分与脑动脉狭窄关系的研究

目的探讨短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）患者ABCD2评分与脑动脉狭窄的关系。方法将71例TIA患者根据ABCD2评分分为低危组（15例）、中危组（32例）、高危组（24例）3组,行全脑血管造影（DSA）检查并将脑动脉狭窄程度分为轻度狭窄（狭窄〈50%）;中度狭窄（狭窄50%~69%）;重度狭窄（狭窄70%~100%）。分析3组患者ABCD2评分与脑动脉狭窄严重程度及动脉狭窄范围的关系。结果高危组患者重度脑动脉狭窄的比例高于低、中危组（P〈0.01）;出现多支脑动脉狭窄的比例高于低危组（P〈0.05）。结论 ABCD2评分≥6分时重度脑动脉狭窄和多支动脉狭窄的发生率增高,可能是高危TIA患者短期脑卒中风险增加的原因之一。     

Comparison of ultrasonography, CT angiography, and digital subtraction angiography in severe carotid stenoses

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is considered to be the 'gold standard' for confirmation of severe (70-99%) stenoses of internal carotid arteries (ICAs). However, it is associated with a risk of complications. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of ultrasonography (US), computed tomographic angiography (CTA), and their combined use for the detection and quantification of severe carotid stenoses, when compared with DSA. Severe ICA stenoses were diagnosed by US in a set of 29 patients. All patients also underwent CTA and DSA. Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV), negative predictive values (NPV), and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used in the evaluation of the percentage of stenosis results. Homogeneity chi2 test was applied when assessing statistical significance. Severe stenosis was diagnosed in 34 ICAs. Two ICAs with uninterpretable CTA finding were excluded. The number of ICAs with stenoses 70-99%/<70%- US 32/0; CTA 29/3; US + CTA 29/3; DSA 24/8. Pearson's correlation coefficient - US 0.601; CTA 0.725; US + CTA 0.773. Sensitivity/specificity/PPV/NPV - US 1.0/0.75/0.75/xxx; CTA 1.0/0.844/0.828/1.0; US + CTA 1.0/0.844/0.828/1.0. Homogeneity chi2 test results - US, P = 0.002; CTA, P = 0.098; US + CTAG, P = 0.098. US in combination with CTA can be used for relatively secure diagnostics of severe ICA stenoses. Thus, invasive DSA can be avoided in a substantial number of patients.     

Cognitive impairment in patients with carotid artery occlusion and ipsilateral transient ischemic attacks

Abstract. Although transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) by definition do not cause lasting neurological deficits, cognitive impairment has been suggested in patients with carotid artery disease who have suffered from a TIA. The purpose of our study was to assess whether patients with carotid artery disease and TIAs are cognitively impaired, to describe the frequency, nature and severity of this impairment, and to search for associated patient characteristics.Thirty-nine consecutive patients with carotid occlusion and ipsilateral cerebral or retinal TIAs, and 46 healthy controls underwent extensive neuropsychological assessment. Performances were compared group-wise with analysis of variance. In addition, the presence of cognitive impairment in the individual patient was determined. Associations between illness characteristics and cognitive impairment were explored with regression analysis.Fifty-four percent of patients were cognitively impaired. Cognitive deficits were non-specific in nature and mild in severity. Impairment occurred also in patients with isolated retinal symptoms and in those without visible ischemic brain lesions on MRI. Neither the presence of any vascular risk factor, the side of the symptomatic carotid occlusion, the uni- or bilaterality of carotid occlusion, nor the number of cerebral ischemic lesions were predictors of cognitive impairment.We conclude that about half of the patients with carotid artery occlusion and ipsilateral TIAs are cognitively impaired. The presence of cognitive deficits in patients with isolated retinal symptoms and in those without cerebral ischemic lesions on MRI argues against an exclusive role for structural brain damage in the pathogenesis of these deficits.     

50岁以下短暂性脑缺血发作患者单纯舒张期高血压与颈动脉溃疡斑块的相关性分析

目的探讨50岁以下短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者单纯舒张期高血压(IDH)与颈动脉溃疡斑块(CAPU)的相关性。方法选取132例50岁以下TIA患者,根据颈动脉彩超检查结果分为颈动脉溃疡斑块组(CAPU组,n=70)和非溃疡斑块组(非CAPU组,n=62)。检测患者血压情况,利用Logistic回归模型,分析患者临床资料及IDH与CAPU的相关性。结果 CAPU组高血压病、饮酒史比率、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白水平及舒张期血压水平显著高于非CAPU组(P0.05~0.001),IDH患者的比例(58.57%)也显著高于非CAPU组(40.32%)(P=0.0364)。CAPU组IDH者与神经系统局灶症状对侧CAPU的检出率(85.37%)明显高于非IDH的患者(75.86%)(P=0.0224)。多因素分析结果显示,IDH是CAPU形成的独立危险因素(OR=1.052,95%CI:1.137~3.254,P=0.013)。结论 IDH可能导致50岁以下TIA患者CAPU的形成。     

颈内动脉系统频发短暂性脑缺血发作CTA分析

目的探讨颈内动脉系统频发短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)颈内动脉系统血管狭窄率及特点。方法分析43例颈内动脉系统频发TIA患者的脑CT血管成像(CTA),并与非频发TIA进行对比。结果43例颈内动脉系统频发TIA患者中,有15例(35%)表现为颈内动脉系统颅内动脉狭窄,10例(23%)颅外动脉狭窄,4例(9%)颅内动脉、颅外动脉均有狭窄,14例(33%)无狭窄,狭窄率为67%。轻度、中度、重度狭窄患者分别为7例(16%)、9例(21%)、13例(30%)。33例颈内动脉系统非频发TIA颈内动脉系统血管狭窄率为79%,两组之间无显著性差异(P=0.273)。结论67%的颈内动脉系统频发TIA患者存在颈内动脉系统血管狭窄,但与非频发TIA患者颈内动脉系统狭窄比较无统计学差异。     

颈内动脉系统TIA型脑梗死与高同型半胱氨酸血症关系的临床研究

目的 探讨血同型半胱氨酸水平与颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)及颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA型)脑梗死的关系.方法 对颈内动脉系统TIA及颈内动脉系统TIA型脑梗死的患者血同型半胱氨酸水平进行分析.结果 颈内动脉系统TIA型脑梗死患者血同型半胱氨酸水平高于颈内动脉系统TIA患者,且两组患者的血同型半胱氨酸水平水平均高于对照组.结论 高同型半胱氨酸血症与颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作相关,且其升高水平与是否进展为脑梗死有关.     

瑞舒伐他汀钙对短暂性脑缺血发作患者血脂及颈动脉粥样硬化的影响

目的探讨瑞舒伐他汀钙对短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者血脂及颈动脉粥样硬化的影响。方法 64例有颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的TIA患者随机分为治疗组(32例)和对照组(32例),两组在常规给予尼莫地平、阿司匹林、胞二磷胆碱等药物治疗的基础上,治疗组口服瑞舒伐他汀10 mg/d 6个月。检测治疗前后血脂水平;用彩色多普勒超声仪测量颈动脉内膜-中层厚度(IMT)、颈动脉粥样硬化斑块面积;随访6个月,记录脑血管病发生率及药物不良反应。结果治疗后治疗组血三酰甘油、胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白水平明显低于治疗前及对照组,颈动脉IMT、斑块面积明显小于治疗前及对照组(均P<0.05);对照组上述指标治疗前、后比较差异无统计学意义。治疗组随访期间脑血管病发生率(9.4%)明显低于对照组(37.5%)(χ2=7.108,P<0.05)。两组患者均未发现明显不良反应。结论瑞舒伐他汀钙可以有效降低血脂水平,改善颈动脉粥样硬化,降低脑血管病发生率。     

Time delay between symptom and surgery in patients with carotid artery stenosis

Andgren S, Sjöberg L, Norrving B, Lindgren A. Time delay between symptom and surgery in patients with carotid artery stenosis.
Acta Neurol Scand: 2011: 124: 329–333.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objectives – Many severe strokes are preceded by warning signs such as a transient ischemic attack or stroke with minor deficits. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) of a symptomatic carotid artery stenosis can prevent future strokes, but should be performed within 2 weeks after the initial symptom to maximize the benefit. The aim of this study was to determine the time delays between symptom and CEA. Methods – We performed a single center observational retrospective study at a tertiary stroke center. A total of 142 carotids in 139 patients with symptomatic stenoses between 2002 and 2006 were included. The main outcome measure was time between qualifying cerebrovascular symptom and CEA. Results – The median time between symptom and CEA was 26 days. The longest delays were between the last diagnostic examination and carotid conference, and between carotid conference and surgery. The median time was shorter for those who received emergency medical care (median 21 days) and for those who were admitted immediately to hospital (median 20 days). Conclusions – The time between symptom and surgery is often longer than desirable. There are several measures to improve the chain of procedures for patients with carotid artery stenosis. These may include omitting the formal carotid conference for uncomplicated cases and minimizing waiting time for surgery.