盐酸羟考酮通过JNK/p38MAPK信号通路调控异丙肾上腺素诱导的心肌细胞凋亡的机制

目的探究盐酸羟考酮对异丙肾上腺素(ISO)诱导的心肌细胞凋亡的影响及其作用机制。方法体外培养心肌细胞H9c2,设置对照组、ISO组、盐酸羟考酮1μmol/L组、盐酸羟考酮5μmol/L组、盐酸羟考酮10μmol/L组、ISO+SB203580〔c-Jun氨基末端激酶/p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(JNK/p38MAPK)信号通路阻断剂〕组。噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测心肌细胞存活率;流式细胞学法检测各组心肌细胞的凋亡率;Western印迹检测心肌细胞的B淋巴细胞瘤(Bcl)-2、B淋巴细胞瘤-2相关蛋白(Bax)及JNK/p38MAPK信号通路相关蛋白的表达;测定培养细胞上清液乳脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)含量。结果与对照组比较,ISO组心肌细胞存活率降低,各给药组心肌细胞存活率明显升高(P<0.05);与对照组比较,ISO组心肌细胞的凋亡率明显升高(P<0.05),而盐酸羟考酮可显著降低细胞凋亡率(P<0.05);与ISO组比较,盐酸羟考酮10μmol/L组LDH、CK水平及Bax、磷酸化(p)-JNK、p-p38MAPK表达水平显著降低(P<0.05),Bcl-2表达水平显著升高(P<0.05);阻断JNK/p38MAPK信号通路可显著增加细胞存活率(P<0.05),降低细胞凋亡率(P<0.05),促进Bcl-2表达(P<0.05),而抑制Bax表达(P<0.05)。结论盐酸羟考酮对ISO诱导的心肌细胞损伤具有抗凋亡作用,其作用机制可能与抑制JNK/p38MAPK信号通路的活化有关。     

橄榄苦苷对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠神经元凋亡及JNK/p38 MAPK信号通路的影响

目的研究橄榄苦苷对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠神经元凋亡及c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)/促分裂素原活化蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)信号通路的影响。方法SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、尼莫地平组(0.5 mg/kg)及橄榄苦苷高、低剂量组(40、20 mg/kg),每组14只。连续灌胃给药14 d,末次给药结束后采用线栓法建立脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,进行2 h缺血后再灌注24 h,测定神经症状评分、脑梗死面积、脑组织含水量、半胱氨酸蛋白酶(Caspase)-3、B淋巴细胞瘤(Bcl)-2、Bcl-2相关的x蛋白(Bax)mRNA表达及磷酸化的JNK(p-JNK)、磷酸化的p38 MAPK(p-p38)蛋白表达等指标。结果与模型组比较,橄榄苦苷高、低剂量组大鼠神经症状评分、脑梗死面积及橄榄苦苷高剂量组脑组织含水量均显著降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,橄榄苦苷高、低剂量组大鼠Caspase-3、Bax mRNA及p-JNK、p-p38蛋白表达均明显降低(P<0.05),而Bcl-2 mRNA表达明显增加(P<0.05)。结论橄榄苦苷对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,该作用与抑制JNK/p38 MAPK信号通路的活化进而减少神经元凋亡有关。     

高糖对人肾小球系膜细胞p38MAPK／CREB通路与纤维化的影响

目的探讨高糖环境下人肾小球系膜细胞中p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶／cAMP反应元件结合蛋白（p38MAPK／CREB）通路的活性及细胞外基质成分纤维黏连蛋白（FN）的变化。方法以5．6mmol／L葡萄糖培养基培养肾小球系膜细胞为对照组,观察高糖（30mmol／L）培养12、24、48小时。肾小球系膜细胞p38MAPK／CREB活性和FNmRNA、FN的变化。结果与对照组比较,高糖组各时间p-p38MAPK、P—CREB的表达均上升,并随着时间的延长,其表达逐渐升高;FN的表达升高,并且随着时间的延长,其表达进一步升高。结论高糖环境下p38MAPK／CREB通路被激活,FN表达增加,p38MAPK／CREB通路参与了细胞外基质重构的过程。     

吡格列酮预处理对大鼠缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡和线粒体超微结构的影响

目的:观察PPARγ激动剂吡格列酮对在体大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注(I/R)心肌细胞凋亡和线粒体超微结构的影响以及其可能机制。方法:将42只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(对照组)、I/R组、吡咯列酮预处理组(预处理组)。I/R组、预处理组于I/R前24 h分别由尾静脉注射相应溶媒(0.9%氯化钠溶液)及吡格列酮(3 mg/kg)。对照组不结扎前降支,4 h后取出心脏;余2组结扎前降支30 min,再灌注4 h后取出心脏。每组取8只,用透射电镜观察心肌线粒体的超微结构改变,采用TUNEL法和免疫组化法检测各组缺血心肌细胞凋亡和Bcl-2、Bax、caspase-3蛋白的表达,RT-PCR法测p38 MAPK和JNK的mRNA表达;Western blot法测核转录因子-κBp65(NFκB p65)蛋白水平的表达;每组取6只,行心肌梗死面积测定。结果:①与I/R组相比,预处理组线粒体损伤程度明显减轻,梗死面积明显减少;②与I/R组相比,预处理组能明显增加Bcl-2蛋白的阳性细胞指数(P<0.05),降低心肌细胞凋亡率(P<0.05)及Bax、caspase-3蛋白的阳性细胞指数(P<0.05);③与对照组相比,I/R组p38 MAPK和JNK的mRNA表达水平及NFκB p65蛋白表达水平明显增加(P<0.05);与I/R组相比,预处理组能抑制以上水平的过度表达(P<0.05)。结论:吡格列酮预处理可通过保护心肌线粒体结构,减少心肌细胞凋亡起到抗I/R损伤作用,该保护作用机制可能与下调p38 MAPK和JNK的mRNA表达及NFκB p65蛋白表达活性有关。     

OSU-DY7, a novel D-tyrosinol derivative, mediates cytotoxicity in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and Burkitt lymphoma through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway

Drug resistance and associated immune deregulation limit use of current therapies in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), thus warranting alternative therapy development. Herein we demonstrate that OSU-DY7, a novel D-tyrosinol derivative targeting p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), mediates cytotoxicity in lymphocytic cell lines representing CLL (MEC-1), acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (697 cells), Burkitt lymphoma (Raji and Ramos) and primary B cells from CLL patients in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The OSU-DY7-induced cytotoxicity is dependent on caspase activation, as evidenced by induction of caspase-3 activation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage and rescue of cytotoxicity by Z-VAD-FMK. Interestingly, OSU-DY7-induced cytotoxicity is mediated through activation of p38 MAPK, as evidenced by increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and downstream target protein MAPKAPK2. Pretreatment of B-CLL cells with SB202190, a specific p38 MAPK inhibitor, results in decreased MAPKAPK2 protein level with concomitant rescue of the cells from OSU-DY7-mediated cytotoxicity. Furthermore, OSU-DY7-induced cytotoxicity is associated with down regulation of p38 MAPK target BIRC5, that is rescued at protein and mRNA levels by SB202190. This study provides evidence for a role of OSU-DY7 in p38 MAPK activation and BIRC5 down regulation associated with apoptosis in B lymphocytic cells, thus warranting development of this alternative therapy for lymphoid malignancies.     

p38 MAPK信号转导通路参与NO诱导兔关节软骨细胞凋亡

目的探讨p38 MAPK信号转导通路在软骨细胞凋亡中的作用。方法体外培养兔关节软骨细胞,一氧化氮(NO)供体NOC-18和p38 MAPK抑制剂SB203580作用于细胞24 h,用AnnexinV-FITC/PI流式细胞术检测软骨细胞凋亡率,W estern b lot测定p38、磷酸化p38蛋白的表达水平。结果与对照组比较,SB203580显著降低了NOC-18诱导的软骨细胞凋亡率(P<0.05);NOC-18以浓度依赖的方式促进p38 MAPK的磷酸化,而SB203580能抑制其磷酸化(P<0.05)。结论p38 MAPK通路参与了NO诱导的兔关节软骨细胞凋亡的信号转导。     

The oxygen radical generator pyrogallol impairs cardiomyocyte contractile function via a superoxide and p38 MAP kinase-dependent pathway

Oxygen-derived free radicals have been demonstrated to contribute to the pathogenesis of myocardial dysfunction, although the underlying mechanism remains not fully understood. This study was designed to examine the role of the superoxide generator pyrogallol on cardiac contractile function and possible intervention with herbal medicines anisodamine and tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on pyrogallol-induced cardiac contractile response. Adult rat ventricular myocytes were isolated and stimulated to contract at 0.5 Hz. Mechanical properties were evaluated using an lonOptix system including peak shortening (PS), time-to-PS (TPS), time-to-90% relengthening (TR₉₀), and maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening (±dL/dt). A 10-min exposure of pyrogallol (0 to 10⁻² M) did not affect cardiac contractile mechanics. However, longer duration of pyrogallol exposure (1, 3, and 6 h) significantly shortened resting cell length, reduced PS and ±dL/dt, and prolonged TPS and TR₉₀ in time- and concentration-dependent manners. The pyrogallol (10⁻⁴ M with 6-h incubation)-induced mechanical defects were prevented by the p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor SB203580 (1 μM) and superoxide dismutase (SOD, 500 U/mL) with the exception that pyrogallol-induced PS depression was unaffected by SOD. Interestingly, incubation of herbal antioxidants anisodamine (10⁻⁷ M) and TMP (10⁻⁷ M) effectively attenuated the pyrogallol-induced cardiac mechanical defects with the exception of PS unaffected by TMP. Our data demonstrate a direct inhibitory effect of pyrogallol on cardiac contraction, probably in a superoxide- and p38 MAP kinase-dependent manner. The antioxidant medicines anisodamine and TMP may be useful in the treatment of oxygen free radical-induced myocardial dysfunction.     

Hypoxia,angiotensin-II,and norepinephrine mediated apoptosis is stimulus specific in canine failed cardiomyocytes: a role for p38 MAPK,Fas-L and cyclin D1

BACKGROUND: Apoptosis may contribute to the myocardial dysfunction associated with heart failure (HF). Activation of the p38 MAPK cascade can induce apoptosis in non-cardiac cells through increased expression of Fas-L, or through decreased expression of cyclin D(1). AIMS: We tested the hypothesis that hypoxia (HX), angiotensin-II (A-II) and norepinephrine (NEPI) can mediate apoptosis by activating p38 MAPK, and thus initiating stimulus specific changes in Fas-L and cyclin D(1) expression in failing cardiomyocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cardiomyocytes isolated from ten dogs with HF induced by coronary microembolizations were subjected to HX or A-II or NEPI with and without a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB 203580). TUNEL staining for DNA fragmentation and Western blots for p38 MAPK, Fas-L and cyclin D(1) detection were performed. HX-induced apoptosis was associated with increased Fas-L expression, A-II-induced apoptosis was associated with increased Fas-L and decreased cyclin D(1) expression, and NEPI-induced apoptosis was associated with decreased cyclin D(1) expression. Inhibition of p38 MAPK activity attenuated stress-induced apoptosis in all experiments and reversed changes in Fas-L and cyclin D(1) expression. CONCLUSIONS: HX, A-II and NEPI mediate apoptosis in failing cardiomyocytes via different effects on Fas-L and cyclin D(1) expression. Inhibition of p38 MAPK reversed these effects, suggesting that apoptosis induced by HX, A-II and NEPI involves activation of p38 MAPK upstream from Fas-L and cyclin D(1).     

牡荆苷上调FGD5-AS1抑制缺氧复氧诱导的心肌细胞氧化应激和凋亡

[目的]探究牡荆苷对缺氧复氧(H/R)诱导的心肌细胞损伤的影响及其与FGD5-AS1的调控关系。[方法]大鼠心肌细胞H9c2分为对照组,H/R组,H/R+牡荆苷低、中、高剂量组,H/R+pcDNA组,H/R+pcDNA-FGD5-AS1组,H/R+牡荆苷+si-NC组和H/R+牡荆苷+si-FGD5-AS1组。流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,Western blot检测Caspase-3、cleaved Caspase-3蛋白表达,试剂盒检测SOD活性和MDA含量,RT-PCR检测FGD5-AS1表达。[结果]与H/R组比较,H/R+牡荆苷低、中、高剂量组凋亡率各降低13%、25%、48%,Caspase-3蛋白表达量各下降21%、38%、56%,cleaved Caspase-3蛋白表达各下降17%、40%、65%,MDA含量各下降15%、36%、52%,SOD活性升高0.88、2.73、3.86倍,FGD5-AS1表达各升高0.84、1.84、3.00倍(均P<0.05),呈浓度依赖性。与H/R+pcDNA组比较,H/R+pcDNA-FGD5-AS1组凋亡率、Caspase-3和cl...     

淫羊藿苷通过雌激素受体和p38MAPK信号诱导MC3T3-E1Subclone14细胞的分化

目的观察淫羊藿苷(ICA)对MC3T3-E1Subclone14前体成骨细胞株活力、分化的影响,以及雌激素受体(ER)信号、p38MAPK信号在分化过程中的作用。方法 WST-8方法检测MC3T3-E1Subclone14细胞活力;pNPP法检测细胞碱性磷酸酶活性(ALP);ELISA检测I型胶原(ColI)和骨钙素(BGP);Western印迹法检测p38MAPK的蛋白磷酸化;并分别用ICI182780阻断ER受体或SB203580阻断p38MAPK信号后检测ICA对细胞ALP、Col I、BGP的影响;Western印迹法检测ICI182780阻断ER受体信号后,ICA对p38MAPK蛋白磷酸化的影响。结果 ICA(10-7、10-6、10-5mol/L)对细胞活力与对照组比较,在统计学上无显著差异(P>0.05);ICA可以浓度依赖性的提高细胞的ALP、Col I和BGP和矿化结节数量(P<0.01,P<0.05);ICI182780阻断ER受体信号后,10-5mol/L浓度的ICA促细胞分化的特性明显下降(P<0.01);ICA可以浓度组依赖性的提高细胞p38MAPK的蛋白磷酸的水平(P<0.01);SB203580阻断p38MAPK信号后,10-5mol/L浓度的ICA促分化的特性下降(P<0.01);ICI182780阻断ER受体信号后,10-5mol/L浓度ICA促p38MAPK磷酸化明显减弱(P<0.01)。结论 ICA可以促进MC3T3-E1Subclone14细胞分化,ER受体信号、p38MAPK信号在促分化过程中起着重要作用,ER受体信号通路在p38MAPK信号通路的上游。     

p38&alpha; MAPK pathway: A key factor in colorectal cancer therapy and chemoresistance

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most common malignancies in the world. Although surgical resection combined with adjuvant therapy is effective at the early stages of the disease, resistance to conventional therapies is frequently observed in advanced stages, where treatments become ineffective. Resistance to cisplatin, irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy has been shown to involve mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and recent studies identified p38α MAPK as a mediator of resistance to various agents in CRC patients. Studies published in the last decade showed a dual role for the p38α pathway in mammals. Its role as a negative regulator of proliferation has been reported in both normal (including cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, fibroblasts, hematopoietic and lung cells) and cancer cells (colon, prostate, breast, lung tumor cells). This function is mediated by the negative regulation of cell cycle progression and the transduction of some apoptotic stimuli. However, despite its anti-proliferative and tumor suppressor activity in some tissues, the p38α pathway may also acquire an oncogenic role involving cancer related-processes such as cell metabolism, invasion, inflammation and angiogenesis. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the predominant role of the p38α MAPK pathway in CRC development and chemoresistance. In our view, this might help establish the therapeutic potential of the targeted manipulation of this pathway in clinical settings.     

Melatonin reduces median nerve injury‐induced mechanical hypersensitivity via inhibition of microglial p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase activation in rat cuneate nucleus

In this study, we examined the relationships between p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation in the cuneate nucleus (CN) and behavioral hypersensitivity after chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the median nerve. We further investigated effects of melatonin administration and pinealectomy on p38 MAPK activation and development of hypersensitivity. Using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting, low levels of phosphorylated p38 (p‐p38) MAPK were detected in CN of normal rats. As early as 1 day after CCI, p‐p38 MAPK levels in the ipsilateral CN were significantly increased (1.4 ± 0.2‐fold, P < 0.05), which reached a maximum at 7 days (5.1 ± 0.4‐fold, P < 0.001). Double immunofluorescence labeling with cell‐specific markers showed that p‐p38 MAPK immunoreactive cells co‐expressed OX‐42, a microglia activation maker, suggesting the expression of p‐p38 MAPK in microglia. Microinjection of SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, into the CN 1 day after CCI attenuated injury‐induced behavioral hypersensitivity in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, animals received melatonin treatment at daily doses of 37.5, 75, 150, or 300 mg/kg from 30 min before until 3 days after CCI. Melatonin treatment dose‐dependently attenuated p‐p38 MAPK levels, release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, and behavioral hypersensitivity following CCI; conversely, pinealectomy that resulted in a reduction in endogenous melatonin levels exacerbated these effects. In conclusion, median nerve injury‐induced microglial p38 MAPK activation in the CN modulated development of behavioral hypersensitivity. Melatonin supplementation eased neuropathic pain via inhibition of p38 MAPK signaling pathway; contrarily, reducing endogenous blood melatonin levels by pinealectomy promoted phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and made rats more vulnerable to nerve injury‐induced neuropathic pain.     

阻断p38信号转导通路对血管平滑肌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的:研究老年大鼠血管平滑肌细胞（VSMCs）增殖和凋亡与p38信号转导通路的关系,明确以p38为靶向的信号转导在VSMCs中的分子调控机制。方法: 将p38特异性抑制剂SB203580(25 μmol/L)作用于大鼠VSMCs,运用MTT比色法检测细胞增殖状态,流式细胞术检测SB203580对细胞凋亡的影响,Western blot法检测药物作用前后p38通路相关蛋白p38α、MKK3、GADD153和c-myc的表达及相关蛋白磷酸化活性。结果: SB203580可以时间、剂量依赖的方式抑制VSMCs增殖促进其凋亡。加入SB203580的VSMCs中p-p38α、GADD153和c-myc表达的水平,随作用时间的延长而下降（P<0.01）。结论: 阻断p38信号转导通路可能通过下调其下游靶基因GADD153和C-myc的表达,抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖,促进其凋亡。     

Melatonin promotes sorafenib‐induced apoptosis through synergistic activation of JNK/c‐jun pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma

Melatonin has been shown to exert anticancer activity on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through its antiproliferative and pro‐apoptotic effect in both experimental and clinical studies, and sorafenib is the only approved drug for the systemic treatment of HCC. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the combined effect of melatonin and sorafenib on proliferation, apoptosis, and its possible mechanism in human HCC. Here, we found that both melatonin and sorafenib resulted in a dose‐dependent growth inhibition of HuH‐7 cells after 48 hours treatment, and the combination of them enhanced the growth inhibition in a synergistic manner. Colony formation assay indicated that co‐treatment of HuH‐7 cells with melatonin and sorafenib significantly decreased the clonogenicity compared to the treatment with single agent. Furthermore, FACS and TUNEL assay confirmed that melatonin synergistically augmented the sorafenib‐induced apoptosis after 48 hours incubation, which was in accordance with the activation of caspase‐3 and the JNK/c‐jun pathway. Inhibition of JNK/c‐jun pathway with its inhibitor SP600125 reversed the phosphorylation of c‐jun and the activation of caspase‐3 induced by co‐treatment of HuH‐7 cells with melatonin and sorafenib in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, SP600125 exhibited protective effect against apoptosis induced by the combination of melatonin and sorafenib. This study demonstrates that melatonin in combination with sorafenib synergistically inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human HCC cells; therefore, supplementation of sorafenib with melatonin may serve as a potential therapeutic choice for advanced HCC.     

Involvement of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway in honokiol‐induced apoptosis in a human hepatoma cell line (hepG2)

Background: Honokiol has been known to have antitumour activity. This study was conducted to evaluate the antiproliferative potential of honokiol against the hepG2 heptocellular cell line and its mechanism of action. Methods: hepG2 cells were treated with honokiol of 0–40 μg/ml concentration. The cytotoxic effect of honokiol was determined by a 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry. Western blots were used to analyse the expression of various proteins (procaspase‐9, procaspase‐3, cleaved caspase‐3, cytochrome c, Bcl‐2, Bax, Bad, Bcl‐X_L and p38). Results: Honokiol induced apoptosis with a decreased expression of procaspase‐3 and ‐9 and an increased expression of active caspase‐3. Exposure of hepG2 cells to honokiol resulted in the downregulation of Bcl‐X_L and Bcl‐2 expression and the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c to the cytosol. In addition, honokiol activated the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and the inhibition of this pathway by SB203580 reduced honokiol‐induced apoptosis and activation of caspase‐3. Conclusion: Honokiol induces apoptosis of hepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through activation of the p38 MAPK pathway, and, in turn, activation of caspase‐3.