血清PSA、ALP检测和核素骨显像诊断前列腺癌早期骨转移

目的:探讨早期明确前列腺癌骨转移的有效方法。方法:选择45例前列腺增生患者作为对照组,用化学发光免疫分析法检测PSA;酶法检测单脂磷酸水解酶(ALP即AKP);用SPECT对38例前列腺癌患者进行全身核素骨显像的同时,测定血清PSA、ALP。结果:有骨转移的Pca患者的血清PSA和ALP浓度明显高于无骨转移及前列腺增生(BHP)患者;骨显像阳性组和骨显像阴性组分别与前列腺增生组比较,PSA有极显著性意义(P<0. 001);ALP测定阳性组与增生组比较有显著性意义(P<0. 001),阴性组与增生组比较无显著性意义(P>0. 05)。结论:同时测定血清PSA和ALP有助于明确前列腺癌患者核素骨显像异常表现的病变性质。     

血清PSA、fPSA浓度与前列腺癌骨转移的关系分析

目的:探讨PSA、fPSA与前列腺癌骨转移的关系.方法:以核素全身骨扫描为金标准,回顾性分析了化学发光法测定的128例前列腺癌患者血清PSA、fPSA水平与骨转移的关系.结果:骨转移患者PSA明显高于非转移患者,fPSA明显低于非转移患者;PSA＞20μg/L,特别是同时伴有fPSA/PSA＜0.18者骨转移的阳性率极高.结论:对于前列腺癌患者PSA＜20μg/L者密切随访PSA;PSA＞20μg/L者骨转移可能性极大,应行骨扫描确诊;PSA、fPSA联检对诊断前列腺癌骨转移具有重要意义.     

血清t-PSA、f-PSA检测联合99mTc-MDP全身骨显像诊断前列腺癌的临床价值

目的:比较血清前列腺特异抗原(t-PSA)、游离前列腺特异抗原(f-PSA)诊断前列腺癌(PCa)和全身骨显像对PCa骨转移的诊断效能,探讨PSA检测联合全身骨显像诊断PCa的临床价值.方法:回顾性分析33例PCa患者和14例前列腺增生(BPH)患者的血清t-PSA、f-PSA和全身骨显像结果,以病理诊断或临床随访为确诊标准,骨显像结果依照5分法评分(0分:骨显像正常;1分:骨良性病变可能性大;2分:不确定;3分:骨转移可能性大;4分:骨转移明确).比较t-PSA、f-PSA和全身骨显像的ROC曲线下面积和最佳域值点的诊断灵敏度和特异性.结果:t-PSA、f-PSA和全身骨显像的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.686、0.637和0.948,最佳域值点的诊断灵敏度和特异性分别为57.6%、78.6%;84.8%、42.9%,90.0%、82.6%.结论:血清PSA检测联合骨显像可有效地诊断PCa,排除高PSA水平良性病例,避免不必要的创伤检查.     

PSA、fPSA检测和核素骨显像在前列腺癌骨转移诊断中的意义

我们对73例确诊为前列腺癌（PC）患者的前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）,游离前列腺特异性抗原（fPSA）和核素骨显像等资料进行回顾性分析,探讨三者在诊断PC骨转移中的意义。     

PSA、SPECT骨显像在前列腺癌诊断和治疗中的临床价值

目的:探讨PSA、SPECT骨显像在前列腺癌诊断及治疗中的临床应用.方法:对72例经临床确诊的前列腺癌患者全部行血清PSA测定及全身骨显像,并对部分患者治疗后进行了随访.结果:前列腺癌组PSA明显高于正常对照组、良性前列腺疾病组;前列腺癌骨转移组PSA明显高于非骨转移组;72例前列腺癌初诊患者骨显像发现24例骨转移瘤,阳性率33.3%.结论:血清PSA与骨显像联检对前列腺癌临床诊断、疗效观察及预后判定具有重要的指导意义.     

SPECT全身骨显像、血清tPSA及fPSA/tPSA比值及病理分级与前列腺癌骨转移的关系探讨

目的：探讨SPECT全身骨显像、血清tPSA水平、fPSA/tPSA比值及前列腺癌病理分级与前列腺癌骨转移的关系,并研究其发生骨转移的规律和特点。方法：以核医学SPECT全身骨显像为金标准,回顾性分析了体外放免法测定的107例前列腺癌患者的血清PSA（前列腺特异抗原）水平、血清fPSA/tPSA比值及全身骨显像和病理分级。结果：107例前列腺癌患者：49例发生骨转移,占45.8%（49/107）,其中不同病理分组之间骨转移发生率比较差异有统计学意义,分化程度越低,骨转移发生率越高;随着tPSA水平的升高,骨转移的发生率明显增加;血清tPSA（4～40）ng/ml时,采用fPSA/tPSA比值,可明显提高前列腺癌诊断特异性。结论：前列腺癌患者骨转移发生率与前列腺癌的分化程度、血清PSA水平及fPSA/tPSA比值有一定的关系。分化程度越低,骨转移发生率越高。     

血清PSA、FPSA测定在前列腺癌骨转移诊断中的价值

目的 探讨检测前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)、游离PSA(FPSA)对前列腺癌骨转移的诊断价值.方法 对68例经临床确诊的前列腺癌患者的PSA和FPSA检测结果及全身骨显像进行回顾分析.结果 前列腺癌骨转移组和非骨转移组PSA和FPSA的均值差异均有显著性(P<0.01);PSA<10ug/L的7例患者中,发生骨转移者1例,诊断阳性率为14.3%;PSA在10ug/L～50ug/L的患者共18例.发生骨转移者7例,诊断阳性率为38.9%;PSA>50ug/L的患者43例,发生骨转移39例,诊断阳性率为90.7%.结论 PSA<10ug/L的前列腺癌患者发生骨转移的可能性小;PSA>50ug/L的患者发生骨转移的可能性大.     

血清PSA对前列腺癌骨转移的诊断评价

放射性核素99mTc-MDP SPECT全身骨显像是诊断骨转移的首选方法.本文对49例前列腺癌术后患者的病历进行复习,并确定发生骨转移的患者38例,记录血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)水平变化,以讨论其与前列腺癌骨转移之间的关系.现报道如下.     

前列腺增生及前列腺癌患者f-PSA/T-PSA的变化

目的:探讨诊断灰区内血清游离态前列腺特异性抗原与总前列腺特异性抗原的比值,在前列腺增生与前列腺癌的鉴别诊断中的应用价值.方法:选择血清总前列腺特异性抗原(4.0～10.0)μg/L的39例前列腺癌患者和36例前列腺增生患者,检测血清中总前列腺特异性抗原(T-PSA)和游离态前列腺特异性抗原(f-PSA),计算f/T比值.结果:T-PSA在(4.0～10.0)μg/L,组间T-PSA浓度无显著性差异(P＞0.05),而(f/T)PSA比值有显著性差异(P＜0.05),前列腺癌患者f/T比值明显低于前列腺增生患者(P＜0.01).结论:应用f/T比值＜0.16为鉴别点,提高了对前列腺癌诊断灵敏性和特异性,尤其T-PSA在(4.0～10.0)μg/L更有意义.     

tPSA和cPSA对前列腺疾病诊断的临床价值

为了进一步探讨血清总前列腺特异性抗原(tPSA)和复合前列腺特异性抗原(cPSA)对前列腺疾病诊断的临床价值,用CLIA检测良性前列腺增生(BPH)组30例、前列腺癌(Pca)组30例患者和对照组45名血清tPSA和cPSA水平,比较各组间差异。结果表明:Pca组患者血清tPSA和cPSA水平较对照组及BPH组有显著性差异(P<0.01)。血清tPSA在低水平(4.0~10.0ng/mL),即“灰色区域”内,cPSA与tPSA对Pca组的阳性预测值比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)。Pca组联检tPSA cPSA的阳性率与单检tPSA或cPSA的阳性率比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。本研究认为:tPSA、cPSA均是诊断与鉴别诊断Pca和BPH的重要指标。对Pca的诊断,血清tPSA在4.0~10.0ng/mL时,cPSA优于tPSA。联检tPSA cPSA可明显提高对早期Pca诊断的准确率。     

前列腺特异性抗原EIA试剂盒的研制及应用

目的 建立可定量测定人血清中前列腺特异性抗原（ＰＳＡ）含量的夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ法,研制ＰＳＡ－ＥＩＡ检测试剂盒。方法 从健康男性精液中提取并纯化ＰＳＡ,分别免疫Ｂａｌｂ／ｃ小鼠和山羊制备特异性单克隆抗体和多克隆抗体,并以纯化的ＰＳＡ为标准品,建立可定量测定血清中ＰＳＡ含量的夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ法。在此基础上组装ＰＳＡ－ＥＩＡ试剂盒,对该试剂盒的特异性、灵敏度、精密度、正确性和稳定性等多项指标进行评价。应用该     

前列腺增生症患者血清前列腺特异性抗原水平与前列腺炎关系的临床研究

目的探讨前列腺增生症患者血清中前列腺特异性抗原水平与前列腺炎的关系。方法120例门诊诊断为前列腺增生症的患者,其血清前列腺特异性抗原高于4.0ng/ml且合并前列腺炎;所有患者口服莫西沙星,治疗随访4周;根据治疗后血清前列腺特异性抗原水平及前列腺穿刺活检结果分为三组,观察比较各组治疗前后血清前列腺特异性抗原的水平及前列腺癌诊断阳性率。结果仅治疗后血清前列腺特异性抗原低于4.0ng/ml的一组在治疗前后的水平变化有统计学意义,其余两组均无统计学意义;治疗后前列腺癌诊断阳性率明显高于治疗前。结论对血清前列腺特异性抗原高于4.0ng/ml且合并前列腺炎的前列腺增生患者进行抗炎治疗,既可提高前列腺特异性抗原对前列癌早期诊断的特异性,又可使部分患者避免前列腺穿刺活检造成的痛苦和相关并发症。     

Practice Patterns of Korean Urologists for Screening and Managing Prostate Cancer according to PSA Level

Purpose

There are still debates on the benefit of mass screening for prostate cancer (PCA) by prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing, and on systemized surveillance protocols according to PSA level. Furthermore, there is a paucity of literature on current practice patterns according to PSA level in the Korean urologic field. Here, we report the results of a nationwide, multicenter, retrospective chart-review study.

Materials and Methods

Overall 2122 Korean men (>40 years old, PSA >2.5 ng/mL) were included in our study (from 122 centers, in 2008). The primary endpoint was to analyze the rate of prostate biopsy according to PSA level. Secondary aims were to analyze the detection rate of PCA, the clinical features of patients, and the status of surveillance for PCA according to PSA level.

Results

The rate of prostate biopsy was 7.1%, 26.3%, 54.2%, and 64.3% according to PSA levels of 2.5-3.0, 3.0-4.0, 4.0-10.0, and >10.0 ng/mL, respectively, and the PCA detection rate was 16.0%, 22.2%, 20.2%, and 59.6%, respectively. At a PSA level >4.0 ng/mL, we found a lower incidence of prostate biopsy in local clinics than in general hospitals (21.6% vs. 66.2%, respectively). A significant proportion (16.6%) of patients exhibited high Gleason scores (≥8) even in the group with low PSA values (2.5-4.0 ng/mL).

Conclusion

We believe that the results from this nationwide study might provide an important database for the establishment of practical guidelines for the screening and management of PCA in Korean populations.     

Ratio of prostate specific antigen to the outer gland volume of prostrate as a predictor for prostate cancer

Objective: As a definite diagnosis of prostate cancer, puncture biopsy of the prostate is invasive method. The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of OPSAD (the ratio of PSA to the outer gland volume of prostate) as a non-invasive screening and diagnosis method for prostate cancer in a select population. Methods: The diagnosis data of 490 subjects undergoing ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate were retrospectively analyzed. This included 133 patients with prostate cancer, and 357 patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). Results: The OPSAD was significantly greater in patients with prostate cancer (1.87 ± 1.26 ng/ml²) than those with BPH (0.44 ± 0.21 ng/ml²) (P < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that the performance of OPSAD as a diagnostic tool is superior to PSA and PSAD for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. In the different groups divided according to the Gleason score of prostate cancer, OPSAD is elevated with the rise of the Gleason score. Conclusion: OPSAD may be used as a new indicator for the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer, and it can reduce the use of unnecessary puncture biopsy of the prostate.     

The utility of PSMA and PSA immunohistochemistry in the cytologic diagnosis of metastatic prostate carcinoma

The diagnosis of metastatic prostate carcinoma frequently requires the use of immunohistochemical adjuncts. Immunohistochemistry for prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) is commonly used for this purpose but can be of limited utility. Recently, prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has been shown to be a promising marker for the identification of metastatic prostate carcinoma in surgical specimens. The utility of this marker has yet to be reported for cytology specimens. We sought to compare the sensitivities of PSMA and PSA immunohistochemistry and investigate the specificity of PSMA by utilizing cell block preparations from cytologic cases of metastatic prostate carcinoma (n = 19) and carcinomas of nonprostatic origin (n = 33). The sensitivity of PSMA immunohistochemistry was higher (16/19; 84%) in detecting metastatic prostate carcinomas than that of PSA immunohistochemistry (11/19; 58%). Strong, diffuse staining for PSMA was seen in 13 (81%) of 16 PSMA‐positive cases whereas strong, diffuse staining for PSA was observed in six (55%) of 11 PSA‐positive cases. Positivity for either PSMA or PSA was seen in 17 of 19 cases of metastatic prostate carcinoma for a combined sensitivity of 89%. PSMA immunohistochemistry was completely negative in 32 of 33 cytology cases of nonprostatic carcinomas. Therefore, the specificity of this marker was 97% in this study. In conclusion, our results indicate that PSMA is a highly sensitive and specific immunomarker for the detection of metastatic prostate carcinoma in cytology specimens. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:570–575. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Distribution and secretory pathways of prostate specific antigen,alpha1-antichymotrypsin and prostate secretory granules in prostate cancers

Using 19 radical prostatectomy specimens, we studied the histological distribution of free prostate specific antigen (PSA), total PSA, alpha1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) and prostate secretory granules (PSG) in both normal and cancerous cells of the prostate. After glutaraldehyde fixation, numerous fine eosinophilic droplets of PSG could be found mainly in the apical portions of normal acinous epithelial cells, but was markedly decreased in cancer cells. With antibodies against free PSA, normal acinous cells were granularly positive in the apical portion of the epithelium, which corresponded to the PSG, whereas cancer cells were diffusely positive. With antibodies against ACT, normal duct cells and cancer cells were often positive, but few normal acinous cells were positive. Presumably, these findings indicate that free PSA is secreted into the lumen as PSG in normal glands, but not by the same pathway in cancers where free PSA appears to accumulate due to a decrease of PSG, then leak into the blood producing complexed PSA to some extent in the cytoplasm. One factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the correlation of tumor differentiation or Gleason score with serum values of total PSA, free PSA and a free/total PSA ratio demonstrated no significant links. Elucidation of secretory mechanisms should provide better comprehension of various PSA indices for prostate cancer screening.     

Accuracy of a high prostate-specific antigen level for prostate cancer diagnosis upon initial biopsy in Korean men

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the cancer detection rate in a Korean population with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels greater than or equal to 20.0 ng/mL. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 174 men 50 to 79 years old (median 69) included in the study. The median prostate volume of the patients was 44.8 mL (range 14.1 to 210.0) and their serum PSA ranged from 20.0 to 9725.0 ng/mL (median 44.8). RESULTS: Of 174 men 141 (81.0%) were diagnosed with prostate cancer on initial biopsy. In the total number of patients, the positive predictive value (PPV) was 62.9% for PSA 20 to 29.9, 72.7% for PSA 30 to 39.9 and 100% for PSA 40 to 49.9 ng/mL. In patients with an abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE), the values for these PSA ranges increased to 89.5%, 91.7% and 100%, respectively. The PPV was 81.0% for PSA cutoff of 20, 89.2% for a cutoff of 30, 95.4% for a cutoff of 40, and 94.7% for a cutoff of 50 ng/mL. In conjunction with an abnormal DRE, the values for these PSA cutoffs increased to 95.9%, 98.1%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest the ability to predict the presence of prostate cancer reliably on initial biopsy when PSA threshold is greater than or equal to 50 ng/mL. This PSA threshold may be lowered to 40 ng/mL in the presence of an abnormal DRE. In Korean men with high PSA, the detection rate of prostate cancer on biopsy appears to be comparable to that for American men.     

TPSA,FPSA,F/TPSA和PAP联检在前列腺癌诊断中的意义

目的 :研究各年龄组正常人血清总前列腺特异性抗原 (TPSA)、游离前列腺特异性抗原 (FPSA)、前列腺酸性磷酸酶 (PAP)和F/TPSA比值的正常值范围以及与年龄的相关性 ,并探讨其联合应用在良性前列腺增生(BPH)和前列腺癌 (PC)鉴别诊断中的价值。方法 :采用酶放大化学发光法测定 89名正常志愿者、35例PC患者和 82例BPH患者血清TPSA、FPSA和PAP的水平 ,并计算F/TPSA的比值。结果 :4 1岁～ 88岁的正常人血清TPSA和FPSA水平与年龄有显著正相关性 (TPSA/年龄 :r=0 .4 4～ 0 .4 5 ,P <0 .0 1 ;FPSA/年龄 :r =0 .4 9～ 0 .5 1 ,P<0 .0 1 ) ;PC组和BPH组血清TPSA、FPSA和PAP水平明显高于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,而PC组F/TPSA比值则明显低于BPH组和正常人组 (P <0 .0 1 )。F/TPSA比值的分段研究显示 ,在TPSA轻、中度升高时 ,F/TPSA <0 .1提示PC可能性较大 (88 2 % ) ,而F/TPSA >0 .2 5时 ,表明PC可能性很小 (4 0 % )。结论 :4 0岁以上正常男性血清TPSA和FPSA水平随年龄升高而增加 ,并与年龄呈明显的正相关 ;TPSA、F/TPSA比值和PAP的联检可明显提高对PC和BPH诊断的准确性和特异性