普通话言语测听单音节词表的编辑与初步等价性评估

目的根据目前听力学发展、尤其是人工耳蜗植入评估的的需要，编辑、录制普通话言语测听词表（mandarin speech test materials，MSTM）中的单音节词表，并进行初步的等价性分析。方法在建立专家小组的基础上，设定单音节词表的目的。依据普通话语音声、韵、调三维平衡和言语测听要求编辑了10张词表，每表50词。选词符合常用口语词和便于临床使用的原则，词源为普通话学界和国家公认的素材。然后由男声发音，录制合成磁带。对72例正常听力受试者进行单耳耳机测试，在其50％正确率水平评估各词表的等价性。结果通过试验证实有7张单音节词表具有良好的难度等价性，可以作为进一步验证和临床使用的基本材料。结论严格按照国际惯例和普通话规则编辑的普通话言语测听单音节词表，其中具有等价性者可以基本满足听力学临床、科研的需求。     

语音学理论在普通话单音节小词表编录中的应用

目的 探讨以汉语语音学理论为依据编制普通话言语测听材料 (mandarin speech test materials, MSTMs) 单音节小词表,从全新角度建立更适用于临床应用的评估材料.方法 以语音学理论为基础,将声母、韵母进行归类缩减后拼合.按照拼合后的音节选择日常生活中常用字,编制完成单音节小词表.对编制材料进行数字化录音以及音频处理,形成CD测试材料,并对词表进行初步等价性评估.结果 编制出体现语音学特征的汉语普通话言语测听小词表24张,每表20个单音节字.结论 体现语音学特征的汉语普通话言语测听小词表可以明显缩短测试时间,但在临床推广前尚需等价性评估.     

福州方言人群单音节词识别-强度函数修正值探讨

目的采用标准化言语测听材料《普通话言语测听材料》对福州方言人群开展言语测听,根据测试结果研究影响普通话识别特征因素,探讨标准化测听材料在福建方言人群的测试效果并找出标准化应用强度函数修正值;方法选取56例受试者均具有大专以上学历,年龄18～25岁,其中方言组36例,标准普通话组20例;采用MSTMs中经过等价性评估的7张(每张50词)单音节词表作为测试材料对56例受试者进行言语识别率测试;使用SPSS17.0软件对数据进行分析,描绘言语识别率与给声强度间的函数曲线并将福州方言人群测试结果与普通话组数据进行单因素方差分析。结果福州话方言组及普通话单音节词表的言语识别率与给声强度间的函数关系的线性部分分别为Y=3.074X-36.157和Y=3.163X-40.498。结论本研究初步建立了基于具有难度等价性的7张普通话单音节测听词汇表的福州话方言人群正常人识别-强度函数曲线;方言组母语为福州话并熟练掌握普通话人群在应用MSTMs普通话版言语测听词表可无需校正。     

正常人单音节词及语句识别-强度函数测试

目的:对难度等价性一致的普通话言语测听材料(MSTMs)中的单音节词表和句表进行分析,以期描绘出基于此测试材料的听力正常人识别-强度函数曲线.方法:选取18～25岁具有大专以上学历、且日常生活中以普通话作为交流方式的40例听力正常人作为受试者,对其中8例受试者进行预试验,从而获得正式测试时所需的给声强度;对其余32例受试者进行正式的言语识别测试.采用MSTMs中经过等价性评估的7张(每张50词)单音节词表和15张句表(每表50个关键词)作为测试材料.使用SPSS11.0软件对数据进行分析.结果:MSTMs单音节词表的言语识别率与给声强度间的函数关系的线性部分为Y=3.194X-46.147,识别率为50%时的给声强度为30.1 dBSPL;MSTMs句表的言语识别率与给声强度间的函数关系的线性部分为Y=7.419X-121.744,识别率为50%时的给声强度为23.1 dBSPL.结论:本研究初步建立了基于具有难度等价性的7张普通话单音节测听词汇表和15张普通话语句测听词汇表的正常人识别-强度函数曲线,为临床应用提供了基于MSTMs的正常听力者的鉴别标准.     

语谱噪声下普通话单音节小词表等价性分析

目的 对经由语音学专家修订的24张普通话单音节小词表进行不同信噪比下的言语识别率测试和难度等价性评估,以期选出具有较高信度者用于临床和科研工作.方法 选取听力言语正常的青年受试者48例,运用首都医科大学生物医学工程学院与首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院(以下简称北京同仁医院)联合开发的汉语言语测听智能化系统,在4种不同信噪比下通过同侧耳机给声,对受试者进行24张单音节小词表言语识别率的心理声学测量.使用SPSS 17.0软件进行P-I函数拟合和统计分析.结果 (1)24张普通话单音节小词表中11张彼此难度等价;(2)线性拟合了24张小词表噪声下信噪比一言语识别率的P-I曲线;(3)得到24张小词表噪声下信噪比-言语识别率的线性拟合方程,并分别反解出各表识别率为50%点处对应信噪比,24张词表总方程该点对应信噪比为-0.03 dB.结论 本试验初步证明.所得等价的11张普通话单音节小词表,可初步应用于临床测试和试验研究,并在正常人群中交互使用.     

普通话言语测听材料的数字化录制与等价性分析

目的：对已经编制并通过初步等价性测试的普通话言语测听材料（MSTM）进行数字化录制，并进行第2次等价性测试和分析，为全面推广和进一步的多中心试验做准备。方法：根据第1次等价性测试的结果调整词表内容，增加练习用表。按照国际标准数字化录制所有材料，最后形成3张CD。每张CD均含有校准纯音、练习表、测试表。测试了60名青年正常听力受试者，单音节词、双音节词和句表的给声强度不尽相同。结果：统计分析后得到了具有等价性的两套单音节词表（每套9表）、9张双音节词表和27张句表。临床应用中如果不需要如此多的词表，可以选用最具有等价性的词表、句表用于同一（组）受试者。结论：具有等价性的普通话言语测听词表已经制备成CD，可以直接提供临床应用。     

普通话单音节小词表的等价性评估

目的对普通话单音节小词表进行难度等价性评估,以期选出具有较高信度者用于临床和科研工作。方法选取听力言语正常的青年受试者48例,在6个给声强度下针对24张单音节小词表进行言语识别率的心理声学测量。通过logistic回归进行P-I曲线拟和,获得在不同声强级下单音节词的言语识别率,并用SPSS 11.0统计软件进行表间难度等价性分析。结果拟和24张单音节小词表P-I曲线,识别率平均50的阈值为(5.4±1.0)dB HL。线性区域的斜率为(4.2±1.8)%/dB。在24张单音节小词表中,16张之间彼此难度等价。结论经验证具有难度等价性的16张普通话单音节小词表可应用于临床测试和试验研究。     

普通话单音节词言语测听材料的等价性分析

目的评估按照语音平衡和音素平衡的原则编制出的汉语(普通话)测听词汇表(MandarinSpeechTestMaterials,MSTM)中单音节词言语测听词表,以适用于临床诊断和康复效果的评估。方法分析60例正常听力者接受词表测试的结果,比较表间的难度,寻找难度一致的单音节词表作为测试用表。结果10张单音节词测试表可以分成两部分,测试表一、二、三、五、六、七、八、九、十难度具有等价性;测试表一、三、四、五、六、七、八、九、十难度具有等价性。结论分成的这两部分所包含的九张测试表之间具有等价性,可以初步应用于临床,但在推广前尚需更大样本测试。     

双音节普通话言语测听词表的等价性评估

目的：本项研究针对已编制完成的具有语音平衡特性的双音节普通话测听词汇表（MSTM）进行难度等价性分析，以期挑选出具有难度一致性的一组词表应用于临床。方法：对10张（每张50词）的双音节词表进行数字化录音。选取65名年龄18～25岁具有大专以上文化程度，日常生活中以普通话为交流方式的听力正常人作为受试者。对5名受试者进行预试验，获得正式测试时所需的给声强度。对60名受试者进行正式的言语识别测试，使用SPSS11．0软件对结果进行等价性分析。结果：10张双音节测试词表中，除测试表5外，其余各表间均具有难度等价性。结论：9张双音节普通话测听词汇表具有较好的难度等价性，可应用于临床测试和实验研究中。     

普通话词汇相邻性词表在人工耳蜗植入儿童中的等价性验证

目的 在人工耳蜗植入(cochlear implant,CI)儿童中进一步验证四类普通话词汇相邻性测试词表(Standard-Chinese lexical neighborhood test,M-LNT)的表间等价性,同时比较词汇学特征对词汇识别的影响.方法 应用四类普通话词汇相邻性词表,在隔声室内对30名语前聋人工耳蜗植入儿童进行声场下的言语测试,按循环播放顺序获得各个测试词表的言语识别率,通过球形检验及方差分析,验证四类词表各表内的表间等价性,同时分析词汇学效应对各类词表识别率的影响.结果 3张双音节易词表识别率均值分别为80.00%±14.80%、83.00%±14.54%和80.50%±12.69%,3张双音节难词表识别率均值分别为65.33%±13.13%、68.83%±14.24%、66.33%±13.83%;3张单音节易词表识别率均值分别为72.33%±13.24%、74.50%±12.75%、72.33%±14.72%;3张单音节难词表识别率均值分别为53.33%±14.58%、58.17%±14.71%和57.83%±12.98%.各表间言语识别得分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.5,α=0.05).词汇学因素对CI儿童言语识别有显著影响,易词表识别率高于难词表(P<0.01),双音节词表识别率高于单音节词表(P<0.01).结论四类普通话词汇相邻性测试词表各表间具有等价性,其言语识别率可提供CI儿童语言辨识的基本过程,难易词表及单双音节词表间的识别率差异可反映CI儿童言语识别能力的词汇学发展是从易词到难词,从简单到复杂.     

Development of Mandarin monosyllabic speech test materials in China

In this study, monosyllabic Mandarin speech test materials (MSTMs) were developed for use in word recognition tests for speech audiometry in Chinese audiology clinics. Mandarin monosyllabic materials with high familiarity were designed with regard to phonological balance and recorded digitally with a male voice. Inter-list equivalence of difficulty was evaluated for a group of 60 subjects (aged 18–25 years) with normal hearing. Seven lists with 50 words each were found to be equivalent. These seven equivalent lists were used to measure performance-intensity (PI) functions for a group of 32 subjects with normal hearing and a group of 40 subjects with mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss. The mean slope of PI function was found to be 4.1%/dB and 2.7%/dB, respectively. The seven lists of Mandarin monosyllabic materials were found to have sufficient reliability and validity to be used in clinical situations.     

普通话单音节小词表正常人识别-强度函数

目的：对普通话言语测听材料（MSTMs）中等价性一致的一组单音节小词表进行有效性分析,以期描绘出听力正常人的识别-强度函数曲线,为临床听力检测提供快速有效的方法及量度。方法：选取年龄18～26岁,具有大专及以上学历,且以普通话作为日常交流方式的听力正常人37例。选取MSTMs中经过等价性评估的8张单音节小词表,每张20词,其中第1张前10个单音节词统一作为练习表使用。使用SPSS17．0软件对结果进行分析。结果：单音节小词表的言语识别率与给声强度间的Logistic曲线拟合方程为：x=98．557／{（1＋12．243exp[-0．17（P-15）]},x max=98．557;识别率为50％时的给声强度为29．6dBSPL,线性部分的回归方程为y=3．098X-43．149。结论：该研究初步建立了基于具有难度等价性的7张普通话单音节小词表的正常人识别-强度函数曲线,为临床听力学检测提供了一种快速有效的评估手段,并且为下一步测试和临床应用提供了基础。     

The development of Cantonese Lexical Neighborhood Test: a pilot study

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at developing a theoretically driven open-set speech recognition test for pediatric clinical population of cochlear implant and/or hearing aid users, with Cantonese Chinese as their first language, to track progress in speech recognition performance as an outcome measurement of their rehabilitation. METHODS: Six monosyllabic and six disyllabic word lists were generated from the Cantonese CHILDES language database, constructed according to the Neighborhood Activation Model. There were three lexically "easy" and three lexically "hard" word lists in each sub-test, with 25 items in each list. Four pediatric cochlear implant users and 10 hearing aid users, with bilateral congenital severe to profound sensorineural hearing impairment and below the age of 10, participated in the study. Their performances on word recognition and phoneme recognition with the new test lists, as well as the inter-list equivalency, inter-rater reliability, and face validity of the new materials, were investigated. RESULTS: Word recognition was higher among disyllables than monosyllables. Lexically "easy" disyllabic words were better recognized than their "hard" counterparts and the monosyllables. No significant difference was noted among the three lists in each combination of syllable structure and lexical property. High inter-rater reliability, as well as high correlation between Cantonese LNT score and a receptive vocabulary test score, were revealed. CONCLUSIONS: These newly developed test lists provided reliable information on spoken word recognition of pediatric hearing prosthesis users with severe to profound hearing impairment. Inter-list equivalency and inter-rater reliability allowed monitoring of rehabilitation progress on such specific pediatric clinical population with this new test. (255).     

Development of a script of phonemically balanced monosyllable lists of Mandarin-Chinese

Objectives To develop a set of monosyllable audiometry test material that can be used in speech recognition testing in Mandarin Chinese. Materials and Methods In an effort to improve reliability and efficiency in clinical practice, a set of 30 test lists of 25 monosyllable test items each was designed with consideration of the following: length of the list, phonemical balance (PB), word utility frequency, coverage of common words, and equivalency among lists. The 30 lists contained 750 monosyllabic words and were constructed on the basis of Chinese phoneme distribution probability summarized in the Manual of Acoustic. The occurrence incidence of the 22 consonants, 36 vowels, and 4 tones of the Chinese Mandarin characters in the 30 test lists were calculated. To achieve PB, 489 monosyllables were selected from the 2500 most commonly used Chinese characters and the 4000 most commonly used Chinese phrases to compile the 30 monosyllable test lists using a computer algorithm with manual adjustment. Results Thirty phonemical balanced word lists of common Mandarin Chinese monosyllabic words were compiled. Each list consisted of 25 monosyllables. A total of 489 phonemes (consonants, vowels and tones) were included in the set. Conclusions This set of lists can potentially be used as the basic lists for future development of Mandarin PB monosyllable speech test materials.     

Saudi Arabic Speech Audiometry

Phonetically balanced monosyllabic classical Arabic word lists were chosen to construct a Saudi Arabic speech test. These words were taken from primary school books, daily newspapers and children's stories. They were first evaluated by our students for their familiarity and homogeneity and then divided into six sub-groups of 20 words each. The normal speech-audiometric curves obtained from our students (normally hearing subjects) with this material are similar to normal curves obtained with most European and American monosyllabic word lists. The threshold of intelligibility for our test material was also found to be similar to that of most foreign languages using monosyllabic word lists under the same conditions.     

一组普通话音位平衡单音节字表的文字编撰

目的编写一组适用于言语识别率测试的音位平衡的单音节测听词表。方法为兼顾测试的可靠性与临床实践中的效率,本课题将简短原则、音位平衡原则、常用字原则、覆盖原则、表间等价性等作为词表编写的主要原则。共设计了30张词表、每张词表包含25个单音节测试项。参照《声学手册》中的汉语音位一维概率分布,计算得到汉语拼音的22个声母(含零声母)、36个韵母、4个声调在30张词表、750个单音节测试项中的分布频次。基于音位平衡原则,通过计算机辅助编程和手动调整,从现代汉语常用字表的一级最常用汉字2500字和常用词表4000词中的单字词表中进行音节编选。结果形成了30张包含声母、韵母、声调在内的音位分配表。选取了489个音节,编撰了30张遵循音位平衡的单音节字表,每张表25字。结论该表文字稿是今后制作汉语音位平衡的单音节语音测试录音材料的基础。     

Arabic Speech Audiomentry

Phonetically balanced monosyllabic word lists have been constructed from classical (literary) Arabic. These readily afford a means of determining speech hearing ability for Arabic-speaking subjects. The normal speech audiometric curve obtained on normally curve obtained with English monosyllabic word lists on English-speaking subjects. The threshold of intelligibility for this Arabic test material was also found to be similar to English monosyllabic word lists presented over the same speech audiometric equipment

The form of the speech audiometric curve is that of a cumulative distribution and this feature makes the presentation of the data on arithmetical probability Paper convenient. Consideration of other reports showes that an ogive function for normal speech audiometic curves is of general application     

A comparison of Tactaid II+ and Tactaid 7 use by adults with a profound hearing impairment

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare use of the Tactaid II+ and the Tactaid 7, in terms of speech perception, by adults with a hearing impairment. DESIGN: Eight adults used one device daily for approximately 10 wk and attended seven training sessions. Performance was measured with tests of phonetic contrast perception, closed-set vowel and consonant identification, word and phoneme recognition in monosyllabic word lists, word recognition in sentences and speechtracking rate. A questionnaire was also administered. The protocol was repeated with the alternative device. RESULTS: With each device, the group discriminated most phonetic contrasts at better-than-chance levels and demonstrated somewhat enhanced visual or auditory-visual perception when measured in terms of vowel identification, monosyllabic word recognition and speechtracking rate. An increase in speechtracking rate was also demonstrated for some individuals. Subjects generally reported little subjective improvement in speech perception and production, but were satisfied with the physical attributes of each device. Five of six subjects preferred the Tactaid 7. CONCLUSIONS: The Tactaid II+ and the Tactaid 7 provided suprasegmental and segmental information, enabling the group to discriminate phonetic contrasts and improve their perception of some speech materials. No consistent advantage was found for either device, thought most subjects preferred the Tactaid 7. Alternatives likely to provide a greater benefit to communication should be considered before a Tactaid fitting.     

Evaluation of equivalency in two recordings of monosyllabic words

Thirty "new" lists of monosyllabic words were created at the University of Melbourne and recorded by Australian and American English speakers. These new lists and the ten original CNC lists (Peterson and Lehiste, 1962) were used during the feasibility study of the Nucleus Research Platform 8 Cochlear Implant System (Holden et al, 2004). Performance was similar across original and new lists for six implanted Australian subjects; for four implanted U.S. subjects, mean performance was 23 percentage points lower with the new than with the original lists. To evaluate differences between original and new lists for the American English recording, 22 CI recipients were administered all 40 CNC lists (30 new and 10 original lists). The overall mean word score for the new lists was significantly lower (22.3 percentage points) than for the original lists. Acoustic analysis revealed that decreased performance was most likely due to reduced amplitudes of certain initial and final consonants. The new CNC lists can be used as more difficult test material for clinical research.     

Luganda speech audiometry

Monosyllabic, quasi-monosyllabic and disyllabic word lists have been constructed from Luganda language material. These lists readily afford a means for determining speech-hearing ability for Luganda-speaking subjects. The speech-audiometric curve obtained on normally hearing Luganda-speaking subjects with monosyllabic material has a form which is similar to that for the normal curve obtained with English monosyllabic word lists on English-speaking subjects. As indicated by previous authors, the form of the speech-audiometric curve is that of a cumulative distribution, making presentation of the data on arithmetical probability paper convenient. Since monosyllabic words are uncommon in the Luganda and other Bantu languages, it is considered that quasimonosyllabic lists might be preferred in clinical situations.