腹腔镜下置管侧脑室-腹腔分流术治疗脑积水

【目的】探讨电视腹腔镜置管侧脑室-肝膈间隙分流术治疗脑积水的临床疗效。【方法】70例脑积水患者采用腹腔镜治疗38例（腹腔镜组），采用常规手术治疗32例（对照组），比较两组病例的术后并发症及Karnofsky评分。【结果】腹腔镜治疗组分流管远侧端梗阻3例（7．90％），而常规手术组为11例（34．38％），两组相比差异有显著意义（χ^2=7．613，P〈0．05）；术后腹腔镜治疗组感染1例（2．6％），常规手术组感染1例（3．1％），两组相比差异无显著性意义（χ^2=0．015，P〈0．05）。腹腔镜治疗组术后Karnofsky评分为72．58±12．08，常规手术组为65．15±15．18，两组相比差异有显著性意义（F=4．488，P〈0．05）。【结论】腹腔镜下置管侧脑室-肝膈间隙分流术治疗脑积水并发症少，值得推广。     

腹腔镜辅助下脑积水脑室-腹腔分流术围手术期护理

脑积水是神经外科常见病,有效的手术方式是行脑室-腹腔分流术,但术后容易发生分流管梗阻,尤其是腹腔的包裹、粘连导致梗阻占分流术并发症的50%左右^[1]。而腹腔镜应用于脑室-腹腔是腹腔镜微创外科手术与颅脑外科结合应用的一种手术方式,是治疗脑积水的首选术式,因其手术微创、并发症少,易为患者及术者接受。该术式较开放性分流术更具优势^[2]。现将我院2010年6月-2012年8月采用腹腔镜辅助下行脑室-腹腔分流术治疗的28例脑积水患者围手术期的护理体会总结如下。     

腹腔镜下置脑室腹腔分流管的手术配合

腹腔镜脑室分流术是将脑积水由分流管从脑室分流到腹腔的一种手术,借助腹腔镜把分流管腹腔端固定于膈下侧腹壁上,减轻了病人开腹手术带来的痛苦,损伤小,愈合快,术中可直接观察到引流的效果[1].现将腹腔镜下置脑室腹腔分流管的手术配合介绍如下.     

两孔法腹腔镜辅助脑室腹腔分流术的临床应用

目的比较两孔法腹腔镜辅助脑室腹腔分流术(ventriculoperitonealshunt,VPS)和常规VPS的临床疗效,探讨两孔法腹腔镜辅助下VPS的临床应用经验。方法回顾性总结分析16例两孔法腹腔镜辅助VPS和42例常规VPS的临床资料,分析比较两种手术方式的腹部并发症的发生率。结果常规VPS组42例中6例出现腹腔端分流管梗阻,4例出现术后感染。两孔法腹腔镜辅助VPS组16例患者术后均恢复良好,症状均有不同程度的缓解,全部采用右肝膈间隙分流术,除1例感染外,无腹腔端分流管梗阻、移位、扭曲、堵塞,且无与腹腔镜手术相关的并发症发生。结论两孔法腹腔镜辅助脑室腹腔分流术安全可靠,具有创伤小、定位准、术后并发症少、术后恢复快等优点,具有良好的临床推广应用前景。     

经脐单孔腹腔镜辅助下脑室腹腔分流术的临床应用

目的探讨经脐单孔腹腔镜技术在治疗脑积水手术时脑室腹腔分流管腹腔端放置中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析26例采用经脐单孔腹腔镜行脑室腹腔分流术治疗脑积水患者的临床资料。结果 26例患者均行右肝膈间隙置管脑室腹腔分流术成功,术后颅内高压症均有改善,未发生与经脐单孔腹腔镜手术相关的并发症。结论经脐单孔腹腔镜下脑室腹腔分流术具有创伤小,显露定位好、患者恢复快,切口美观及术后分流管堵塞梗阻率低的优点。     

一种简单的腹腔镜脑室肝膈间隙分流术腹腔端引流管的固定方法

一种简单的腹腔镜脑室肝膈间隙分流术腹腔端引流管的固定方法山东医科大学附属医院外科（２５００１２）胡三元，张庆林，姜希宏，张楠，刘玉光１９９６年３月，我们利用腹腔镜穿刺皮下固定法对４例患有脑积水的病人进行了脑室腹腔分流术腹腔端引流管固定，取得了满意效果...     

颅骨修补联合同侧脑室分流术治疗颅骨缺损并脑积水35例

目的 探讨颅骨修补联合同侧脑室分流术治疗颅骨缺损并脑积水的临床效果及安全性.方法 回顾性分析78例颅骨缺损合并脑积水患者的临床资料,均一期行颅骨修补术及脑室分流术治疗,其中颅骨修补联合同侧脑室分流术35例(同侧手术组),对侧术式43例(对侧手术组).结果 同侧手术组在手术切口长度[(28.97±4.55)cm]、手术时...     

脑室镜或脑室镜-腹腔镜联合应用治疗脑积水临床分析

目的评价脑室镜或脑室镜-腹腔镜联合应用治疗脑积水的临床疗效。方法选取2012年1月至2016年4月符合条件的交通性脑积水患者,常规手术治疗者15例纳入常规组,脑室镜手术治疗者15例纳入脑室镜组,脑室镜联合腹腔镜辅助治疗者15例纳入联合组,对比三组分流效果、治疗效果及并发症发生情况。结果常规组随访9~24（12±5）个月,脑室镜组（13±7）个月,联合组（13±6）个月,差异未见统计学意义（P〉0.05）;常规组、脑室镜组、联合组分流成功率分别为80.00%、86.67%、86.67%,差异未见统计学意义（P〉0.05）;常规组脑积水症状改善率（78.13%）低于联合组（89.22%）,常规组并发症发生率（40.63%）高于联合组（17.65%）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论采用脑室镜治疗脑积水可降低颅内感染、低颅压综合征等并发症发生风险。采用脑室镜-腹腔镜联合应用治疗脑积水,相较于开腹手术以及单纯采用脑室镜治疗的并发症较低,引流效果好,临床疗效较为理想。     

同期与分期行颅骨修补术及脑室-腹腔分流术治疗创伤性脑损伤脑积水的疗效比较

目的 观察同期与分期行颅骨修补术及脑室-腹腔(V-P)分流术治疗创伤性脑损伤脑积水患者的临床疗效.方法 前瞻性选取接受颅骨修补术及V-P分流术的53例患者作为研究对象,根据是否同期手术将患者分为同期手术组21例和分期手术组32例.比较2组患者一般资料和脑积水改善情况,并比较2组手术前后格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)、格拉斯哥预后量表(GOS)、Karnofsky功能状态量表(KPS)评分变化和术后并发症发生情况.结果 2组患者一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);2组间术前、术后的GCS、GOS、KPS评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);术后,2组GCS、GOS、KPS评分均高于术前,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);2组术后脑积水改善情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);分期手术组患者的并发症发生率(9.38％)低于同期手术组(33.33％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 同期与分期行颅骨修补术及V-P分流术的临床疗效相当,但分期手术患者的并发症发生率更低,因此创伤性脑损伤脑积水患者建议优先考虑分期手术.     

脑室-胸腔分流术治疗难治性脑积水

脑室—腹腔分流术 (ＶｅｎｒｉｃｕｌｏｐｅｒｉｔｏｎｅａｌＳｈｕｎｔ)是治疗脑积水的最常用分流方法。但由于引流管下端梗阻或腹腔感染等因素而失败者 ,不得不改为向其他体腔分流。我们 1998～2 0 0 0年收治 3例脑室—腹腔分流术后失败病例 ,采用脑室—胸腔分流术治愈了脑积水 ,取得了满意效果。1　资料与方法1 1　典型病例　男 ,35岁。 1998年 3月因“交通性脑积水”在南方某大医院行脑室—腹腔分流术。 1ａ后出现引流管梗阻 ,于当地医院手术解除梗阻 ,但很快又出现引流管梗阻和腹膜炎 ,经抗炎脱水治疗后 ,先后两次调整远位端引流管 ,…     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.