儿童气管异物低剂量CT扫描及后处理图像诊断价值的分析

目的 探讨CT低剂量扫描及后处理图像质量对气管支气管异物的诊断价值。方法 对96例气道异物患儿行MSCT扫描,CT扫描参数为100kV,40～80mA,层厚5mm,间距5mm,螺距0.396,扫描后进行层厚0.625mm,间隔0.625mm重建,对获得的数据进行图像后处理,后处理技术包括多平面重建（MPR）、最小密度投影（MinIP）、CT仿真支气管内窥镜（CTVB）。并与支气管内窥镜结果进行比较。结果 96例气管支气管异物均获得满意的后处理图像,螺旋CT及后处理技术的诊断准确性为97.9%,异物定位与支气管镜检相符97.9%。其中MPR（包括CPR）及MinIP在显示异物本身和局限性气管、支气管阻塞最好。结论 小儿气管支气管异物可用螺旋CT低剂量扫描,但不能用单一的后处理技术,应该将轴位和多种后处理技术结合起来,综合分析。本病的直接征象是显示异物本身,而局限性支气管阻塞需结合其他征象才能确诊。     

64 排 CT 气道成像技术在气道异物检查中的临床应用

目的：评价64排CT气道成像技术对气管支气管异物检查的诊断价值。方法对50例临床怀疑气道异物的患者应用GE Light Speed 64排容积CT（VCT）进行容积扫描,将所得的容积数据经0.625 mm重建后传至工作站,运用CT仿真内窥镜（CTVE）、多平面重组技术（MPR）、容积再现技术＋透明化处理（VR＋Raysum）、最小密度投影（MinP）对图像进行后处理重建,以支气管镜检查为金标准,评估64排CT检查的敏感性和特异性,并采用χ2检验比较不同后处理方法与支气管镜诊断气管异物形态符合率。结果64排CT扫描结合气道成像技术诊断气道异物的敏感性为100%,特异性为60%,准确率为96%;不同后处理方法（CTVE、MPR、VR＋Ray-sum、MinP 4种方法结合）诊断异物形态与支气管镜检查的符合率分别为：98%、87%、82%、42%、100%,不同后处理方法与支气管镜诊断气管异物形态符合率之间差异有统计学意义（χ2=4.810,P＜0.05）。结论64排CT气道成像结合不同后处理方法能够提高气道异物诊断的准确性,不同后处理方法联合应用诊断异物形态对指导内窥镜检查或手术有重要意义。     

幼儿气管支气管异物低剂量MSCT重组成像的诊断价值

目的：探讨64层螺旋CT低剂量扫描重组成像对幼儿气管支气管异物的诊断价值。方法：36例临床怀疑气管支气管异物并行低剂量螺旋CT扫描的幼儿,记录每位患儿的平均有效剂量（mGy）;将容积数据进行多平面重组（MPR）、最小密度投影（MinIP）和仿真支气管镜（VB）成像,32例MSCT检查证实或高度怀疑异物者后24h内行硬支气管镜检查;并将两者结果进行对比,评价MSCT诊断的优势及局限性。结果：硬支气管镜证实气管支气管异物32例,MSCT均得到准确诊断,异物位于右主支气管16例,左主支气管10例,中间段支气管3例,叶支气管2例,双侧支气管1例,MSCT与传统支气管镜检查结果一致,32例异物并发肺气肿24例,阻塞性肺炎18例,肺不张4例;图像质量好的25例（69.4%）,符合诊断要求的7例（19.2%）,不能达到诊断要求的4例（11.4%）;MPR与MinIP、VB间比较有统计学差异（P〈0.05）,MinIP与VB间无统计学差异（P〉0.05）,MPR能多角度清晰显示段以上气管支气管异物并能显示肺部并发症,优于其它两者,可弥补横断面图像的不足。结论：幼儿气管支气管异物MSCT低剂量扫描能满足诊断,准确评估异物大小、位置、形态及肺部并发症,能减少不必要的支气管镜检查及弥补X线胸片的不足。     

多层螺旋CT 对儿童气管、支气管异物的诊断价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT在儿童气管、支气管异物诊断中的价值。方法对临床疑诊为气管、支气管异物20例患者行多层螺旋CT检查,原始图像重建采用多平面重建(MPR)、CT仿真支气管镜(CTVB)、表面遮盖显示(SSD)、最小密度投影(MinIP)和容积再现(VR)技术。结果共检出异物20例,其中1例位于气管,19例位于支气管。异物中瓜子、花生米碎片18例;小虾及塑料管各1例。全部病例均经纤维支气管镜或临床证实。后处理图像清晰显示了异物的位置、形态和异物与支气管黏膜的关系等。结论多层螺旋CT是一种很有价值的无创性诊断气管、支气管异物的检查方法。     

多排螺旋CT重建技术诊断气管性支气管

目的：探讨多排螺旋CT（MSCT）对气管性支气管的诊断及应用价值,认识先天性气管性支气管的临床意义。方法分析5例气管性支气管（TB）患者的MSCT薄层图像及多平面重组（MPR）、最小密度投影（MinIP）、容积再现（VR）及支气管虚拟内镜（VB）等多种后处理图像。结果5例气管性支气管均为右肺上叶尖段支气管发生在气管及右主支气管的右侧壁或右后壁,经多种后处理,均能清晰地显示气管性支气管的起源部位,有无狭窄及其他合并症情况。结论 MSCT无创、操作简单,可作为气管性支气管诊断的首选检查方法。     

多排螺旋CT对诊断小儿支气管内异物的应用价值

目的评价多排螺旋CT（MDCT）及其后处理技术对小儿支气管异物的诊断价值。方法 21例经纤维支气管镜检查证实支气管异物的小儿均经MDCT容积薄层扫描,多平面重建（MPR）和最小密度投影（MinIP）技术显示。回顾性分析其CT表现特征,并将轴位CT扫描及多平面重建图像进行对比和统计分析。结果本组病例发现异物位于气管者4例,右主支气管11例,中间段支气管3例,左主支气管3例。轴位CT诊断小儿支气管异物的敏感度、特异度及准确度分别为93%、90%和91%。结合MPR和MinIP成像其敏感度、特异度及准确度分别可达到99%、100%和99%。结论 MDCT及其后处理技术能准确判断异物的位置、大小、形态及其与相应支气管的关系,并可清晰显示伴随病变,具有重要的临床价值。     

多层螺旋 CT 在小儿气管支气管异物诊断中的应用

目的：评价多层螺旋 CT 对小儿气管支气管异物的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析139例气管支气管异物的临床和 CT资料,后处理采用多平面重建(MPR)、曲面重建(CPR)、容积再现(VR)、最小密度投影(MinIP)、仿真内窥镜(VE)等技术,并与纤维支气管镜检查结果对照。结果139例中,气管异物13例,右侧支气管异物75例,左侧支气管异物48例,双侧3例。CT 正确诊断137例(98.6%),漏诊2例(1.4%);气管异物及右侧主支气管异物 CT 与纤维支气管镜检查结果有显著性差异(P <0.05),但二者总体差异无统计学意义(P =0.340)。间接伴随征象：肺气肿74例,肺炎48例,肺不张22例,纵隔移位57例,间质性肺气肿4例,纵隔及皮下积气4例,支气管扩张2例,胸腔积液4例。结论多层螺旋 CT 及其后处理技术能准确直观地显示气管支气管异物及其继发征象,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

螺旋CT三维重建技术在气管异物中的诊断价值

目的 回顾性分析16层螺旋CT三维重建后处理技术在发现气管异物中的价值.方法 42例支气管异物的患儿行螺旋CT扫描,经后处理后在MPR、MinIP及VR上测量支气管异物的形态、大小,与纤维支气管镜手术证实后的异物大小、形态进行统计学分析.结果 42例气管支气管异物患者行肺窗MPR气管异物显示40例,1例穿透气管后停留在左肺内,1例显示不明确,其中35例行异物长径测定,最小0.3 cm,最大1.9 cm,平均大小1.08 cm.25例VR重建病灶平均大小1.32 cm.27例MinIP重建异物大小平均为1.14 cm.40例手术后取出异物,最小0.29 cm,最大1.6 cm,平均大小为1.05 cm,统计学显示肺窗MPR重建的结果与手术结果之间有统计学意义.结论 多层螺旋CT MPR重建技术是显示气管异物的最佳无创检查方法.     

螺旋CT图像后处理技术诊断小儿气管、支气管非金属异物的价值

目的：评价螺旋CT图像后处理技术诊断小儿气管、支气管非金属异物的价值。材料和方法：109例气管、支气管非金属异物患儿，经螺旋CT扫描后分别进行多平面重建（MPR）、CT仿真内窥镜（CTVE）、表面遮盖显示（SSD）和最小密度投影（MinP）4种图像后处理成像技术，并根椐诊断行小儿支气管内窥镜异物摘取术。结果：术中取出气管异物27例、右侧支气管异物53例、左侧支气管异物18例、双侧支气管异物1例、气管并左侧支气管异物2例、气管并双侧支气管异物2例；另有3例未见明确异物，1例异物位于Ⅲ级支气管无法取出，1例由于喉头水肿纤维支气管镜无法通过并手术，1例术前突然窒息死亡。螺旋CT4种图像后处理技术对异物的显示率分别为MPR97．2％、CTVE94．4％、SSD83．2％、MinP70．1％。结论：螺旋CT图像后处理技术结合原始轴位像对小儿气管、支气管非金属异物诊断迅速、准确，具有重要的诊断价值。     

16层螺旋CT后处理技术在儿童气管、支气管异物的诊断价值

目的：研究16层螺旋CT三维重建及仿真内窥镜技术对儿童气管、支气管异物的诊断价值。方法：使用螺旋CT对22例怀疑儿童气管、支气管异物的病例行胸部CT平扫,图像重建后传送至工作站处理,使用多平面重建（MPR）及仿真内窥镜技术（CTVB）进行分析,全部病例经纤维支气管镜（FOB）或临床证实。结果：22例中,CTVB显示I～III级气管支气管100%,显示第IV级支气管45.5%;MPR显示I～III级气管支气管100%,显示第IV级支气管50.0%;FOB显示I～II级气管支气管100%,显示第III级支气管72.7%。结论：多层螺旋CT三维重建及仿真内窥镜技术能准确显示气管、支气管异物的位置、大小、形态及阻塞程度,是一种准确、安全的无创性诊断方法,给临床诊断、治疗提供直观的影像学资料,具有较高的诊断价值。     

多层螺旋CT对小儿气管、支气管非金属异物的诊断价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)对气管、支气管非金属异物的诊断价值。方法:50例临床可疑气管、支气管异物病例行MSCT检查,并结合MSCT多模式重组如多平面重建(MPR)、表面遮盖显示法(SSD)、CT仿真支气管镜(CTVB)图像分析诊断,全部病例均经纤维支气管镜或临床证实。结果:50例可疑病例中,有气管、支气管非金属异物30例,MSCT能显示这些支气管异物的位置、形态、大小及异物所致气管、支气管狭窄和堵塞情况,无异物20例,其中18例与临床相一致,2例误诊。结论:利用MSCT的多模式重组,结合轴位图像能提高诊断气管、支气管非金属异物的准确性,具有重要的诊断价值。     

螺旋CT三维成像在诊断气管、支气管非金属异物中的作用

目的 评价螺旋CT三维成像技术在诊断气管、支气管非金属异物中的作用。材料与方法 总结利用螺旋CT三维成像技术处理的25例气管、支气管非金属异物患者的影像学资料,分析其CT仿真支气管镜（CTVB）、表面遮盖显示法（SSD）、多平面重建（MPR）等多种重建技术的影像学表现。结果 MPR、CTVB、SSD可清楚显示气管、支气管异物的位置、形状、大小及异物所致气管、支气管狭窄的部位、程度和外形改变。结论 利用螺旋CT的多种三维重建方式,结合轴位图像能提高诊断气管、支气管非金属异物的准确性。     

Tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration in laryngectomized patient with tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis

A patient with a total laryngectomy and tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis presented with tracheobronchial aspiration of a Phillips-head screw that was swallowed inadvertently and aspirated around a loose-fitting prosthesis. A modified esophagram showed a screw in the right lung and free leakage of barium from the cervical esophagus around the prosthesis into the tracheobronchial tree. Chest radiographs and CT confirmed a screw in a right lower lobe bronchus with postobstructive pneumonia. When this complication occurs, it is important to extract the foreign body and, if necessary, to adjust or remove the prosthesis to prevent future aspiration pneumonias or foreign body aspiration.     

Tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration in infants & children: Diagnostic utility of multidetector CT with emphasis on virtual bronchoscopy

Aim

To evaluate the efficacy of multidetector CT (MDCT) and its post-processing techniques including virtual bronchoscopy in evaluation of tracheobronchial foreign body inhalation in infants and children.

Patients and methods

During the period from March 2011 to October 2013, 21 consecutive patients (8 females, 13 males, age range from 18 month to 7 years) were referred to the radiology department for CT evaluation for suspected FB inhalation. CT was done on a 16-slice scanner. No IV contrast was used. MDCT findings were compared with the results of rigid bronchoscopy.

Results

MDCT detected FB in 17 patients, two cases had true −ve results, one case had false +ve and one case had false −ve results compared with conventional bronchoscopy. MDCT revealed hyper-aeration of the ipsilateral lung in 42.9 % patients, atelectasis in 57.1%, pneumonic consolidation in 71.4%. According to bronchoscopy, foreign body was identified and extracted in 18 patients. The right main bronchus, left main bronchus and trachea were the commonest sites.

Conclusion

Multidetector CT with the aid of virtual bronchoscopy is a reliable noninvasive method that allows detection and localization of tracheobronchial FB.     

螺旋CT气管重建技术评价肺癌与气管支气管的关系

目的探讨螺旋CT气管重建技术在评价肺癌与气管支气管的关系中的价值。方法对34例拟手术的病例和5例已手术的病例进行CT扫描,在工作站上进行重建处理,重建方法包括MPR,SSD及VR,分别分析轴位图像和重建图像并进行对比。结果在显示狭窄部位方面,重建图像优于轴位图像,可纠正轴位图像错误3例。在显示肿瘤与支气管的空间关系方面,重建图像可以非常清楚显示,而轴位图像没有一例可以提供这方面的信息。在显示狭窄程度方面,轴位图像判断的敏感性、特异性分别为67．4％,75．3％;重建图像判断的敏感性、特异性分别为86．2％,83．2％。在显示支气管侵犯范围方面,轴位图像判断的敏感性、特异性分别为72．4％,66．5％;重建图像判断的敏感性、特异性为89．3％,90．4％。结论螺旋CT气管重建技术对判断肺癌与气管支气管的关系很有帮助。     

气管支气管结核的CT诊断

目的：分析气管支气管结核病人的ＣＴ表现和特征，探讨ＣＴ诊断该病的可靠性。材料与方法：２３例气管支气管结核病人均做胸部ＣＴ和纤维支气管镜（ＦＯＢ）检查，分析其ＣＴ表现并与ＦＯＢ所见对照。１９例经组织学证实，４例经临床随访证实。结果：（１）两肺上叶及中叶舌叶支气管为结核好发部位。（２）受累支气管病变范围较长，７４％多支受累。（３）主要ＣＴ表现为气管支气管不规则或规则狭窄及梗阻，有时显示管壁增厚及管腔内结节。（４）７８％病例伴肺内结核。（５）大多数由支气管结核引起的肺叶、肺段不张或（和）实变，近肺门层面无肿块及局部外凸。（６）可伴肺门纵隔淋巴结肿大。本组资料ＣＴ征象典型，可明确诊断者占４３％；ＣＴ表现不典型，但提示疑诊者占３０％；２２％ＣＴ表现无特征，不能正确诊断。结论：ＣＴ是诊断气管支气管结核的有效方法。对ＣＴ表现不典型及无特征的病例，结合ＦＯＢ检查可提高诊断准确性     

气管支气管内膜结核的CT诊断

目的：分析气管支气管内膜结核的CT表现，探讨其影像学特征及其病理基础。方法：收集痰菌、病理及临床证实的气管与支气管结核52例，分析其CT与HRCT表现。结果：CT表现有以下特点：①96．1％CT显示长段不规则气管或支气管壁增厚，其增厚的支气管壁范围较长为特征之一；②25％CT显示远处肺或对侧肺结核支气管播散病灶；③支气管狭窄、阻塞不伴有肺门肿块；④11．5％可见增厚的气管或支气管壁出现钙化。此征象具有特征性；⑤支气管阻塞性肺部病变中，若出现阻塞性肺气肿伴气肿区分支条状或指套样高密度灶、支气管阻塞远端实变、肺内或不张肺内出现大量无壁空洞、“蜂窝样”改变或伴有不规则或“串珠状”支气管扩张表现者也具有一定特征性诊断价值，其中后者考虑为继发于支气管壁破坏或实变与不张肺内病灶纤维化继发的牵拉性支气管扩张所致。结论：气管支气管内膜结核的CT表现，尤其是HRCT表现，有一定特征性，是诊断及鉴别诊断的有效于段。     

CT virtual bronchoscopy in the evaluation of children with suspected foreign body aspiration

OBJECTIVE: Computed tomography (CT) virtual bronchoscopy is a noninvasive technique that provides an internal view of trachea and major bronchi by three-dimensional reconstruction. The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of virtual bronchoscopy in the evaluation of suspected foreign body aspiration in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-three children (12 girls, 11 boys) with a mean age of 2.4 years (8 months-14 years) who were admitted to emergency room with a suspicion of foreign body aspiration were included in this study. Chest radiograms, spiral computed tomography scans and virtual bronchoscopy images were obtained. Then, rigid bronchoscopy was performed within 24 h. RESULTS: CT virtual bronchoscopy and conventional bronchoscopy revealed the location of the foreign body in seven patients. It was in the right main bronchus in four patients, in the right lower lobe bronchus in one patient, and in the left main bronchus in two patients. There was no discordance between two modalities. CT examination revealed hyperaeration of the ipsilateral lung in four patients, hyperaeration of the ipsilateral lung and mediastinal shift in one patient and bronchiectatic changes in one patient. CT detected no additional finding in one patient with a foreign body in the right main bronchus. In 10 of 16 patients without foreign body, CT examination demonstrated atelectasis, infiltration, peribronchial thickening, and paratracheal lymphadenpoathy. CONCLUSION: Helical CT scanning with virtual bronchoscopy should be performed in only selected cases with suspected foreign body aspiration. When the chest radiograph is normal and the clinical diagnosis suggests aspirated foreign body, helical CT and virtual bronchoscopy can be considered in order to avoid needless rigid bronchoscopy.     

Low-dose MDCT and virtual bronchoscopy in pediatric patients with foreign body aspiration

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential use of low-tube-current MDCT virtual bronchoscopy for the evaluation of children with suspected foreign body aspiration. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Low-tube-current MDCT was performed in 23 patients (10 girls, 13 boys) with a mean age of 3.3 years (9 months-13 years) with suspicion of foreign body aspiration. Chest radiographs were obtained before CT was performed. MDCT was performed using 25- to 50-mA tube currents. MDCT virtual bronchoscopy images were obtained. Neither sedation nor IV contrast medium was used during CT scanning. All patients underwent endoscopic evaluation within 24 hr after MDCT was performed. MDCT virtual bronchoscopy findings were retrospectively compared with the results of rigid bronchoscopy. RESULTS: The mean tube current was 35 mA (range, 25-50 mA). Imaging quality was excellent in nine studies (39%), good in 12 studies (52%), and poor in two studies (9%). Motion artifacts were present on several slices in five examinations. In 15 patients, all foreign bodies detected by conventional bronchoscopy were also revealed on MDCT virtual bronchoscopy. The foreign body was in the right main bronchus in six patients, in the bronchus intermedius in one patient, and in the left main bronchus in eight patients. No discordance was found between the two techniques. MDCT revealed hyperaeration of the ipsilateral lung in five patients, atelectasis in five patients, infiltration in three patients, and infiltration and bronchiectasis in two patients; it showed infiltration in four patients and atelectasis in one of eight patients without a foreign body detected. There were no abnormal findings in three patients. CONCLUSION: Evaluation of foreign body aspiration of the airway in children can be accomplished by using a low-tube-current MDCT protocol. It may be useful both in showing the exact location of a foreign body before bronchoscopy and in ruling out a foreign body in patients with a low level of suspicion and normal or nonspecific findings on chest radiography.     

MSCT在支气管异物诊断中的临床应用

目的：评价MSCT在支气管异物诊断中的临床价值。方法43例疑为支气管异物的患者行MSCT检查,同时行硬管支气管镜手术,分析MSCT对气管、支气管异物的诊断准确性。结果2例为假阳性（为较高密度痰液）,其余4例位于气管至气管分叉,14例位于左主支气管,20例位于右主支气管,3例位于主支气管以远。结论 MSCT 较准确地诊断支气管异物,可作为临床疑为支气管异物的术前常规检查。