云南省家、野两型鼠疫菌营养需求的比较试验

目的比较云南省家、野两型鼠疫菌的营养需求.方法采用固体平皿法,对云南省32株家、野两型鼠疫菌进行谷氨酸、苯丙氨酸营养需求研究.结果 21株家鼠鼠疫菌株中有19株对谷氨酸半依赖,2株对谷氨酸不依赖,21株均为苯丙氨酸依赖;11株野鼠鼠疫菌株中有3株对谷氨酸半依赖,8株对谷氨酸不依赖,11株均为苯丙氨酸依赖.结论云南省家、野两型鼠疫菌在营养需求上有交叉性.     

云南省玉龙县鼠疫菌的生化特性

目的 对玉龙县、云南家、野两型及西藏北部旱獭鼠疫菌代表株的生化特性进行比较,分析玉龙县疫源地的性质.方法 采用常规方法对玉龙县鼠疫菌、云南省家、野两型及西藏北部旱獭型共12株鼠疫菌代表株进行生化特性的研究.结果 5株玉龙县鼠疫菌发酵甘油、麦芽糖、阿胶糖,不发酵密二糖、鼠李糖,脱氮阳性.结论 玉龙县鼠疫菌与云南剑川菌株(野鼠型)及云南省家鼠型菌株生化特性不同,与西藏北部旱獭鼠疫菌的生化特性接近;按纪树立分型接近于喜马拉雅早獭青藏高原生态型,按宋延富分型属于喜马拉雅旱獭生物型A生物亚型.     

云南省不同型鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫菌生化特性比较

目的 通过对云南省不同流行地区、宿主、媒介分离出的鼠疫菌生化特性及毒力因子Pst Ⅰ的鉴定结果,比较云南省家、野鼠型鼠疫自然疫源地及新发现玉龙县鼠疫疫源地鼠疫菌生化特性的差别及疫源地相互之间的联系.方法 采用资料回顾方法,收集用试管法鉴定的云南省218株鼠疫菌生化特性(酵解鼠李糖、甘油、麦芽糖、阿胶糖、密二糖)和毒力因子Pst Ⅰ的结果,利用SAS 8.0统计软件进行汇总,采用双向无序R×C表χ2检验的Fisher确切概毕法对鉴定结果进行分析.结果 收集野鼠型鼠疫疫源地鼠疫菌48株.其中有1株发酵麦芽糖,48株均发酵甘油;收集家鼠型鼠疫疫源地鼠疫菌165株,其中有1株不发酵麦芽糖、发酵甘油,1株脱氮阴性,属变异菌株;收集玉龙县新分离鼠疫菌5株,均发酵甘油、麦芽糖.对不同疫源地鼠疫菌麦芽糖、甘油发酵试验结果进行比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);对鼠疫菌鼠李糖、阿胶糖、密二糖发酵试验和毒力因子Pst Ⅰ进行比较.差异无统计学意义(P>0.01).结论 云南省不同型鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫菌生化特性不同,其中家、野鼠型疫源地鼠疫菌生化特性有交串现象;玉龙县鼠疫菌生化特性与家、野鼠型疫源地鼠疫菌截然不同,与西藏北部旱獭鼠疫菌的生化特性接近.     

鼠疫菌生物型及流行病学意义

根据458株鼠疫菌发酵鼠李糖、甘油、麦芽糖、阿胶糖、蜜二糖、木胶糖及脱氮作用的不同,对 Phe 需求和 Pgm 的产生不同,可将我国鼠疫菌划分17个生物型;各生物型占居特定的地理区域,与主要宿主及媒介有关,是地理环境生物群落综合作用的结果,具有重要的流行病学意义。云南家鼠鼠疫与野鼠鼠疫有联系。洛浦县和和田县鼠疫菌生化特性的稳定性不同。对蜜二糖、麦茅糖迟缓发酵或性状不稳定的鼠疫菌株,每株菌存在蜜二糖或麦芽糖阴性与阳性两种性状的菌群,可为寻求迟缓发酵糖醇及性状不定的原因提供依据。     

贵州省鼠疫耶尔森菌生物学特征研究

目的研究贵州省鼠疫耶尔森菌的生物学特征,探讨疫源地性质。方法对37株鼠疫菌进行生化试验、营养需求试验、毒力基因检测、随机扩增多态性DNA分析和脉冲场电泳分析。结果37株鼠疫菌均不发酵鼠李糖和甘油,发酵麦芽糖和阿拉伯糖,脱氮阳性。选择20株代表菌株检测均为苯丙氨酸依赖(Phe )、谷氨酸半依赖(Glu±);用Pla、Cafl、inv、hms4对引物分别进行PCR扩增,均得到456、249、1000和700bp的目标基因条带;随机引物(RAPD)分析均获得505、790、1140和1680bp的条带;脉冲场电泳图谱显示338、242.5、168和77kbp的条带。结论贵州省鼠疫菌株的生物学特征与云南省滇闽居民生态型鼠疫菌相同。     

剑川自然疫源地的甘油阳性鼠疫菌株在黄胸鼠体内的选择优势

在云南家鼠与野鼠两类鼠疫动物流行之间关系的研究中,一个很重要的问题是:如果剑川自然疫源地中的绒鼠型(甘油阳性)鼠疫菌株侵入当地的主要家栖鼠类——黄胸鼠间发生动物流行时,将发生什么变化?而如果当时黄胸鼠种群中正经历着家鼠鼠疫(甘油阴性株)的动物流行,哪一种能够排挤对方而留存下来?为了探索这个问题,我们进行了云南两型鼠疫杆菌在黄胸鼠体内的选择实验。     

云南鼠疫流行态势及防治对策

云南省鼠疫流行历史悠久,据考证在公元前就有发生,公元1108年就有人间鼠疫流行,此后的652年间有16次“大疫”不能排除鼠疫,从1772～1955年鼠疫连年流行,疫情较重,解放后全面开展了鼠疫防治工作,疫情得到了控制,70年代发现了野鼠鼠疫疫源地,80年代家鼠鼠疫又复燃。1 家、野鼠鼠疫目前流行态势1.1 野鼠鼠疫疫源地 1974年在剑川山区检出鼠疫F_1抗体,1975年在查源中,由1只自死小林姬鼠检出1株甘油阳性鼠疫菌株,从而发现我省有野鼠鼠疫疫源地的存在。十几年来先后发现染疫动物有20多种,检出率最高的是大绒鼠和齐氏姬鼠,分别占动物检出菌株的     

云南7种蚤类传播鼠疫几率的分析

为确定云南家野两型鼠疫疫源地主要蚤类的媒介作用,１９８９～１９９６年我们对云南７种蚤类进行了单只传播和集群传播鼠疫的研究。结果表明,集群传疫率高的蚤,单只传疫率也高,媒介作用也越大。１材料和方法１．１实验蚤种及来源 印鼠客蚤、缓慢细蚤、不等单蚤、特新蚤指名亚种、方叶洲眼蚤、棕形额蚤、人蚤均采自大理、剑川,在各自较适宜的温湿度下规范化传代养殖后供试。１．２鼠疫菌株１．２．１家鼠型鼠疫菌１３５２株分离自黄胸鼠体,甘油阴性强毒株,用于家鼠蚤、人蚤的试验。１．２．２野鼠型鼠疫菌４１２株分离自大绒鼠体,甘…     

中国鼠疫菌某些生化特征及地理分布

目的 探讨中国鼠疫菌株生化性状及地理分布特征。方法 采用常规方法,研究我国现有11种类型的鼠疫自然疫源地2 370株鼠疫菌酵解麦芽糖、鼠李糖、蜜二糖、阿胶糖、甘油及脱氮反应的变化。结果 根据测定结果,与地理分布生物群落联系起来,可将中国鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫菌分为新的17个生化型:青藏高原青海田鼠鼠疫自然疫源地分离的鼠疫菌定名为川青高原型,新疆准噶尔盆地大沙鼠鼠疫疫源地鼠疫菌定名为准噶尔型,云南省玉龙县大绒鼠、齐氏姬鼠分离暂定名为玉龙型。青藏高原喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫自然疫源地生化性状较为复杂,含5种类型生化型,其中藏南地区1983年后新增加了27个疫源县,本研究发现青藏高原型菌株不仅只分部在藏北高原,在藏南地区已有分布,且岗底斯山型菌株原来只分布在西南地区的仲巴、普兰,现已延伸到藏南地区。还发现一些鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫菌生化特性有交串现象,如云南省家、野鼠鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫菌,内蒙古高原长爪沙鼠、达乌尔黄鼠鼠疫自然疫源地。结论 中国鼠疫菌对糖酵解特性较稳定,鼠疫菌生化型在各疫源地呈明显的地区性分布,与主要宿主、地理气候条件、植被等密切相关,分为17个生化型。     

云南鼠疫菌AscI酶切分型及其流行病学意义

目的构建以AscI酶切的云南省鼠疫菌PFGE图谱库并探究其流行病学意义。方法采用限制性内切酶AscI对云南家、野鼠型及玉龙鼠疫菌进行酶切分析,并对电泳图谱进行聚类分析。结果30株被试菌株分为15种PFGE型别（相似性系数为88．9％～100．0％）、5个簇、4个群,除404号菌与EV76归为一群,其余3个群分别为家鼠型基因群、野鼠型基因群及玉龙基因群。结论云南鼠疫菌PFGE基因型与生态型相吻合,具有一定的区域聚集性;玉龙鼠疫菌是云南独立的一个基因群。     

Hereditary hemochromatosis restores the virulence of plague vaccine strains

Nonpigmented Yersinia pestis (pgm) strains are defective in scavenging host iron and have been used in live-attenuated vaccines to combat plague epidemics. Recently, a Y. pestis pgm strain was isolated from a researcher with hereditary hemochromatosis who died from laboratory-acquired plague. We used hemojuvelin-knockout (Hjv(-/-)) mice to examine whether iron-storage disease restores the virulence defects of nonpigmented Y. pestis. Unlike wild-type mice, Hjv(-/-) mice developed lethal plague when challenged with Y. pestis pgm strains. Immunization of Hjv(-/-) mice with a subunit vaccine that blocks Y. pestis type III secretion generated protection against plague. Thus, individuals with hereditary hemochromatosis may be protected with subunit vaccines but should not be exposed to live-attenuated plague vaccines.     

广东省65株耶氏菌的系统鉴定与鼠疫疫源地性质的探讨

目的鉴定65株耶氏菌,了解菌株的生物学特性,抗原抗体与鼠疫菌的相关性,探讨疫源地的现状和性质。方法65株菌用3种致病性耶氏菌诊断血清,分别做玻片、试管凝集试验、生化试验、生长特性,挑选14株菌做毒力因子、毒力基因、致病性、交叉免疫原性、动物试验和血清学、药敏试验。结果 63株小肠结肠炎耶氏菌血清型42株O∶3、21株O∶9,中间型1株,假结核血清II型1株;VW+2株,VW±10株,VW-2株;14株菌F1Ag、F1Ab全阴;小肠结肠炎5株菌均有2个毒力基因(ail、ystA)阳性,VW+和VW±对小白鼠、家兔有致病性,动物感染一种耶氏菌后有交叉免疫力,抗原、活菌交叉吸收鼠疫抗血清后血清学IHA、RIHA没有交叉性,常用抗菌素敏感。结论目前动物感染小肠结肠炎菌普遍,猪感染最高,局部已爆发流行,假结核菌偏低,鼠疫处于静息期。     

鼠疫放射免疫沉淀试验在鼠疫监测中的应用及效果评价

目的：建立敏感性高、特异性强的鼠疫血清学诊断方法，应用于鼠疫血清学监测。方法：用标记的鼠疫菌FI抗原（^123I-FI）检测阳性血清、免疫黄鼠血清、实验区各种动物血清及正常血清。结果:建立鼠疫放射免疫沉淀试验（RIP），并确定其诊断标准，研制出了鼠疫抗体放免测定盒及其使用方法。RIP在鼠疫监测中的应用。结论：RIP的敏感性和特异性均明显高于IHA，是目前建立的鼠疫血清学方法中最为敏感特异的方法。     

Functional phenotypic variability in a plague pathogen and plague enzootics]

In the bacterial population, phenotypic variability plays a part of structural and functional subsystem that occupies a special place in the relations of heterogenic populations by performing an important adaptive function in the common system of ecological connections of parasitocenosis. At the same time regularly varying microorganism phenotypes act as an independent system that are closely related with the conditions of the niches occupied by the causative agent. Each subsystem as part of parasitocenosis is provided by its intrinsic adaptive mechanisms, which in combination ensures the stability of biocenosis based on self-regulation of evolutionarily established ecosystems. With the total complexity of parasitocenosis, the causative agent of plague is essential in forming its focus. For objective analysis of an epizootic process, it is necessary to include the established mechanisms of phenotypic variability of the causative agent of plague as a key link of the structural and functional interaction ecosystem that determines the mechanism of plague entozootics.     

Bichat guidelines for the clinical management of plague and bioterrorism-related plague

Yersinia pestis appears to be a good candidate agent for a bioterrorist attack. The use of an aerosolised form of this agent could cause an explosive outbreak of primary plague pneumonia. The bacteria could be used also to infect the rodent population and then spread to humans. Most of the therapeutic guidelines suggest using gentamicin or streptomycin as first line therapy with ciprofloxacin as optional treatment. Persons who come in contact with patients with pneumonic plague should receive antibiotic prophylaxis with doxycycline or ciprofloxacin for 7 days. Prevention of human-to-human transmission via patients with plague pneumonia can be achieved by implementing standard isolation procedures until at least 4 days of antibiotic treatment have been administered. For the other clinical types of the disease, patients should be isolated for the first 48 hours after the initiation of treatment.     

Pneumonic plague

Pneumonic plague, a disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, is a rare disease in the United States and carries a high mortality. Health care professionals in the United States are not familiar with the clinical presentation and diagnosis of plague pneumonia. The wide prevalence of the bacterium in different parts of the world, its high virulence, and its ability to spread by aerosolization makes it a potential agent of biological warfare in the hands of terrorists. This review focuses on the prevalence, pathogenesis immunity, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of plague pneumonia, with particular emphasis on the plague bacillus as an agent of biological warfare. Based on available information, we discuss measures that need to be undertaken by health care personnel, public health personnel, and epidemiologists in the event of such an attack.     

Pulmonic plague

One hundred years after Yersin discovered Yersinia pestis during the plague epidemic in Hong Kong in 1894, human plague still has not been eliminated. The epidemic in 1994 in India, a country where no cases had been observed since 1996, raised great concern. Plague is an epizootic bacterial infection caused by a Gram negative coccobacillus, Y. pestis, transmitted by the bite of infected fleas. Bubonic plague is the most common form. Other clinical presentations include asymptomatic plague, abortive plague, pharyngeal plague, septicemic plague, meningeal plague, and primary or secondary pneumonic plague which is observed in 5 to 20% of cases. Plague is a highly communicable disease between humans despite antibiotic therapy which has reduced mortality by 80%. The prognosis depends on early diagnosis. Streptomycin and cyclines are the gold standard treatment.