适龄儿童麻疹疫苗常规免疫后抗体水平监测

目的对玉溪市适龄儿童麻疹疫苗（MV）常规免疫后抗体水平进行评价,为今后制定相关策略提供科学依据。方法对1958名适龄儿童血清标本采用ELISA法检测麻疹抗体IgG。结果麻疹抗体阳性率93.97%,几何平均滴度（GMT）1∶706.78,不同年龄抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义（χ^2=6.07、P〈0.05）,GMT差异无统计学意义;不同地区抗体阳性率、GMT差异均有统计学意义（χ^2=30.1,F=10.22、P〈0.01）,不同年度抗体阳性率和GMT差异均有统计学意义（χ^2=28.95,F=19.78、P〈0.01）。结论玉溪市适龄儿童麻疹抗体水平较高,并形成了有效免疫屏障。     

张掖市15岁以下儿童麻疹免疫状况调查分析

目的：了解张掖市〈1-15岁儿童麻疹免疫状况,为制定进一步控制和消除麻疹策略提供依据。方法：2006年7-8月在张掖市的甘州区和高台县2个县〈1-15岁儿童中随机抽取1055人,用酶联免疫吸附试验检测麻疹IgG抗体。结果：张掖市〈1-15岁儿童麻疹IgG抗体阳性率85.40%,抗体几何平均倒数滴度（GMRT）290.52,各年龄组之间的差异均有非常显著的统计学意义（χ^2=39.26,P〈0.005;F=12.95,P〈0.01）;高台和甘州2县之间的差异均有非常显著的统计学意义（χ^2=31.25,P〈0.005;t=5.56,P〈0.001）;城乡间、男女性别间儿童麻疹抗体阳性率和GMRT水平无显著差异（P〉0.05）。结论：张掖市〈1-15岁儿童麻疹IgG抗体阳性率和GMRT水平较低,积累了相当一部分易感人群,当前控制和消除麻疹工作面临严峻挑战,必须采取麻疹疫苗强化免疫等措施,提高易感人群麻疹免疫水平,形成群体免疫屏障,阻断麻疹在人群中的流行。     

玉溪市1～10岁儿童白喉免疫效果监测评价

目的了解玉溪市1～10岁儿童白喉免疫状况,评价儿童免疫接种质量,以期为全面控制和消除白喉提供科学依据。方法采用容量比例概率抽样法对不同年龄段儿童进行麻疹、脊髓灰质炎、百白破、卡介苗、乙型肝炎5种疫苗接种率调查的同时,采集被调查儿童的血样用间接血凝法(IHA)检测白喉抗体。结果检测2006—2007年具有百白破三联制剂(DPT)免疫史的儿童1501人,白喉抗体阳性率89.14%,保护率79.75%,几何平均滴度(GMT)1∶35.19,抗毒素平均含量(ATC)0.132U/ml。不同地区白喉免疫抗体阳性率、保护率和GMT差异均有统计学意义(χ12=33.46、χ22=27.21、F=20.25,均P0.05)。不同年龄组阳性率、保护率、GMT差异均有统计学意义(χ12=66.18、χ22=94.76、F=40.58,均P0.05)。不同年度阳性率、保护率、GMT差异均有统计学意义(χ12=14.55、χ22=16.54、u=-3.29,均P0.05)。不同居住形式阳性率、GMT差异有统计学意义(χ12=13.78、u=2.92,均P0.05),但保护率无统计学意义(χ22=2.07,P0.05)。男女之间阳性率、保护率、GMT均无统计学意义(χ12=0.14、χ22=0.59、u=0.22,均P0.05)。结论玉溪市儿童DPT接种质量和血清抗体保护理想,能有效地预防和控制白喉的发生。提示加大对辖区内流动儿童管理力度,认真做好查验预防接种证工作,及时清除免疫空白人群是目前预防和控制白喉的工作重点。     

2007年大连市部分地区健康人群麻疹抗体水平分析

目的了解大连市人群麻疹抗体水平,为制定免疫对策,消除麻疹提供依据。方法在城区和城郊结合部各选3个地区,分7个年龄组,随机选取857名健康人群,采集血清标本,用酶联免疫吸附试验检测麻疹IgG抗体水平。结果 857名健康人群,麻疹抗体总阳性率为97.32%,GMT为1：4 613.04,各区之间抗体阳性率和GMT差异均有统计学意义（χ2=12.94,P〈0.05;F=11.25,P〈0.05）,各年龄组GMT差异有统计学意义（F=3.698,P〈0.05）。结论大连市人群麻疹抗体处于较高水平,基本形成预防麻疹的免疫屏障,为实现消除麻疹目标打下了坚实的基础。     

江苏省建湖县健康人群流行性脑脊膜炎血清学调查

目的了解江苏省建湖县健康人群流行性脑脊髓膜炎（流脑）A、C群抗体水平,评价流脑多糖菌苗的接种状况,为制定控制措施提供依据。方法2006、2007年对建湖县的5个乡镇735名健康人的血清,采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA法）检测A、C群流脑IgG抗体水平。结果流脑A群抗体阳性率为78．91％,GMT为1：12．87;流脑C群抗体阳性率为28．84％,GMT为1：2．49。A群与C群抗体阳性率、GMT差异均有统计学意义（χ^2=114．14,P〈0．01;t=18．84,P〈0．01）。流脑A群抗体阳性率,7个年龄组间差异有统计学意义（χ^2=70．79,P〈0．01）;性别差异无统计学意义（χ^2=0．227,P=0．634）;5个地区间差异有统计学意义（χ^2=16．78,P=0．002）;免疫史不同,差异无统计学意义（χ^2=7．98,P=0．092）。流脑C群抗体阳性率,7个年龄组间差异有统计学意义（χ^2=72．48,P〈0．01）;性别差异无统计学意义（χ^2=2．89,P=0．089）;5个地区差异有统计学意义（χ^2=225．85,P〈0．01）;免疫史不同差异有统计学意义（χ^283．98,P〈0．01）。流脑A群、C群的GMT,不同年龄组（F=9．92,P〈0．01;F=18．54,P〈0．01）、不同地区（F=17．468,P〈0．01;F=83．19,P〈0．01）、免疫史差异（F=26．44,P〈0．01;F=20．72,P〈0．01）差异均有统计学意义,性别差异（F=1．306,P=0．254;F=2．401,P=0．122）无统计学意义。结论近期内建湖县不会发生流脑A群流行,存在散发或暴发流脑c群的可能。应继续加强流脑A＋C疫苗的预防接种工作。     

2006年华宁县儿童麻疹疫苗免疫抗体水平监测结果

目的了解华宁县1～7岁年龄段儿童麻疹疫苗免疫状况和血清抗体维持情况。方法应用酶联免疫吸附试验对被调查的210名儿童进行麻疹IgG血清学抗体监测。结果麻疹抗体阳性（≥1：200）率为85．71％，几何平均滴度（GMT）1：278．84，年龄组间抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义（Χ^2=0．051，P〉0．05），而GMT差异有统计学意义（t=2．42，P〈0．05），以1～4岁段儿童GMT水平较高，性别间抗体阳性率和GMT无差异。结论华宁县自开展计划免疫工作以来，儿童麻疹疫苗免疫接种率保持较高水平，先后按期实现了以县或乡为单位儿童免疫接种率达85％的目标，在适龄儿童中建立了有效的预防麻疹的人群免疫屏障，从而有效控制了当地人群麻疹的发病率。     

崇左市边境地区儿童疫苗可预防疾病免疫状况及居民知识水平调查研究

目的 了解崇左市边境地区儿童疫苗可预防疾病免疫状况及居民知识水平,为中越边境地区制定免疫规划策略和措施提供科学依据。方法 随机分层抽取3个中越边境县（市）2～7岁儿童444人,分析麻疹（MV）IgG抗体、白喉(DP)IgG 抗体、脊髓灰质炎(PV)总抗体、乙肝表面抗体(HBsAb)、乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)的水平。结果 中越边境地区儿童的乙肝抗原及乙肝、脊灰、麻疹、白喉抗体阳性率分别为1.1%、53.6%、97.1%、95.7%、95.3%,抗体几何平均滴度 （GMT） 分别为 1∶67.47、1∶1 385.08、1∶0.13、1∶39.74。不同年龄组间脊灰抗体阳性率差异具有统计学意义（χ2 = 25.892,P＜0.001）;不同地区组间乙肝抗体、白喉抗体阳性率差异具有统计学意义（χ2HBsAb = 12.084,χ2DPIgG = 7.452,P＜0.05）;常住儿童脊灰、麻疹、白喉抗体阳性率均大于流动儿童（χ2PVIgG = 7.551,χ2MVIgG = 12.771,χ2DPIgG = 14.564,P＜0.05）。本地儿童乙肝、麻疹、白喉、乙脑接种率均大于外地儿童（P＜0.05）;儿童监护人对免疫规划知识、态度、行为调查问卷正确率均大于80%,信息获取主要渠道是预防接种门诊。结论 崇左市边境地区2～7岁儿童免疫规划疫苗抗体水平和接种率维持在较高水平,儿童监护人对疫苗可预防疾病知识水平达标。流动儿童和边远地区儿童为免疫规划管理薄弱人群,应结合抗体水平监测加强重点人群、重点地区的疫苗接种工作。     

玉溪市1～10岁儿童麻疹疫苗常规免疫后抗体水平监测分析

目的对玉溪市1～10岁儿童麻疹减毒活疫苗(MV)常规免疫后抗体水平进行评价,为今后消除麻疹制定相关免疫策略提供科学依据。方法采用人口容量比例概率抽样法(PPS)法抽取的1686名适龄儿童检测血清麻疹IgG抗体。结果麻疹抗体阳性率91.28%,保护率73.13%,几何平均滴度(GMT)1:551.30;不同居住形式、不同接种剂次、不同年龄组、不同县儿童之间麻疹抗体阳性率、保护率和GMT差异有统计学意义;性别间抗体保护率、GMT差异有统计学意义,抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义。结论玉溪市1～10岁儿童麻疹抗体水平较高,但流动儿童是免疫薄弱环节,在流动儿童中全面落实MV常规免疫对消除麻疹有重要意义。     

玉溪市麻疹疫苗免疫效果的血清流行病学研究

目的为了解玉溪市产妇体内麻疹抗体及胎传抗体水平,同时观察麻疹疫苗(MV)免疫后抗体产生效果,从而提出有效预防控制麻疹措施。方法随机抽取2005年玉溪市的产妇82人在预产期前采血、产后婴儿脐带血及所生婴儿MV免疫后血清标本共246份,用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法测定其抗体水平。结果82名产妇麻疹IgG抗体阳性率为84.15%,GMT 1:234.11;新生儿胎传麻疹IgG抗体阳性率为14.63%,GMT 1:2.25;两者之间抗体阳性率和GMT差异均有统计学意义(χ2=79.26,P<0.01;t=13.25,P<0.01)。所观察的82名儿童免疫前与免疫后麻疹IgG抗体阳性率和GMT差异亦有统计学意义(χ2=82.05,P<0.01;t=118.81,P<0.01)。不同性别儿童MV免疫后抗体阳性率和GMT差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.196,t=0.15,P>0.05)。结论所观察产妇麻疹抗体阳性率和GMT水平较高,但胎传抗体和GMT较低,新生儿抵御麻疹野病毒感染能力较弱;经1针次0.2 m l冻干沪191株MV接种免疫后,产生的麻疹抗体免疫效价并不十分理想,有待进一步研究。     

怀化市健康人群麻疹抗体水平监测

目的了解怀化市健康人群麻疹抗体水平和人群免疫状况,为有效地实施麻疹预防措施和控制策略提供科学依据。方法 2010年对7个年龄组共347名健康人群采集静脉血,用酶联免疫吸附试验法进行麻疹特异性LgG抗体水平检测。结果麻疹抗体阳性率为86.74%。不同区(县)麻疹抗体阳性率之间差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.47,P0.05);不同年龄组麻疹抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义(χ2=41.64,P≤0.05);男性与女性麻疹抗体阳性率之间差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.37,P0.05);城市与农村抗体阳性率之间差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.49,P0.05)。结论该市健康人群麻疹抗体水平低于95%,为实现消除麻疹目标,应在大年龄组儿童、育龄妇女及成人中进行麻疹疫苗接种,提高并维持全人群较高的麻疹抗体水平。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.