High rate of lymph-node metastasis in submucosal esophageal squamous-cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: The application of endoscopic mucosectomy in early esophageal cancer is limited by the presence of lymph-node metastasis. The aim of this prospective study was to analyze the rate of lymph-node involvement relative to the depth of mucosal or submucosal tumor penetration, comparing squamous-cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 60 patients with pT1 esophageal cancer--24 with squamous-cell carcinomas (SCCs) and 36 with adenocarcinomas--were treated with transthoracic en-bloc esophagectomy with two-field lymphadenectomy (n = 50) or transhiatal esophageal resection (n = 10). An average of 30 lymph nodes were examined, and the following characteristics were evaluated: histology, mucosal infiltration, depth of submucosal wall infiltration in three thirds (sm1, sm2, sm3), grading, resection category, ratio of metastatic to resected lymph nodes, and locations of metastatic nodes. RESULTS: The rates of lymph-node metastasis were 0% for the 16 mucosal carcinomas and 45% for the 44 submucosal carcinomas (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in the extent of lymph-node involvement between submucosal adenocarcinomas (41%) and submucosal SCCs (50%). Sm1 carcinomas were associated with a lower rate of lymph-node metastasis (SCCs 33%, adenocarcinomas 22%) than sm3 carcinomas (SCCs 69%, adenocarcinomas 78%). Two patients (9%) with submucosal SCCs and five patients (23%) with submucosal adenocarcinomas were classified as having stage pM1 lymph. The average lymph-node ratio in patients with pN1 was 0.13 for adenocarcinomas and 0.1 for SCCs (difference not significant). In the multivariate analysis, the parameters mucosal vs. submucosal (P < 0.01) and G1/G2 vs. G3 (P < 0.05) showed a significant impact in relation to metastatic lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS: The most important factor for predicting lymph-node metastasis in early esophageal cancer is the presence of submucosal infiltration. Early adenocarcinomas and SCCs do not differ with regard to their rate of lymphatic involvement. The rate of lymph-node metastasis increases with the depth of submucosal infiltration, but metastases can already occur in sm1 lesions. Submucosal infiltration is a contraindication for endoscopic mucosectomy. Limited surgical procedures without adequate lymphadenectomy do not appear to be appropriate in the treatment of patients with submucosal esophageal carcinomas.     

Clinical pathological analysis of surgically resected superficial esophageal carcinoma to determine criteria for deciding on treatment strategy

We performed a clinical pathological study of conventionally resected superficial esophageal carcinomas since this type of lesion has been increasing, in order to develop criteria of determination for therapeutic strategies. Pathological studies were performed on specimens obtained by radical surgical resection in 133 cases of superficial esophageal cancer. Evaluation was performed in terms of the gross classification of the lesion type, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, vascular invasion, size of the lesion, outcome, etc. In 0-I, 0-IIc+0-IIa, and 0-III type submucosal cancer lesions the rate of metastasis to lymph nodes was more than 40%, but in 0-IIa and 0-IIb mucosal cancer cases no lymph node metastasis was observed. 0-IIc type lesions showed a wide range of invasiveness, ranging from m1 to sm3. In cases with m1 or m2 invasion, no lymph node or lymph-vessel invasion was recognized, but in m3, sm1, sm2, and sm3 cases lymph node metastasis was recognized in 12.5%, 22.2%, 44.0% and 47.4%, respectively. In 47% of lesions with a greatest dimension of less than 30 mm invasion was limited to the mucosa. Seventy-two percent of m1 and m2 cases were 30 mm in size or less. Lymph node metastasis was recognized in only 16.7% of cases less than 30 mm in size, but in cases of lesions 30 mm or more the rate of lymph node metastasis was 35.8%. 0-IIb and 0-IIa type lesions are indications for endoscopic esophageal mucosal resection (EEMR), while 0-I, 0-IIc+0-IIa, and 0-III lesions should be candidates for radical surgical resection. In the 0-IIc category, lesions in which the depression is relatively flat and with a finely granular surface are indications for EEMR, but those cases in which the surface of depression shows granules of varying sizes should be treated with radical surgical resection. Cases of 0-IIa type 30 mm or larger in greatest dimension which have a gently sloping protruding margin shoulder or reddening should be treated with caution, but EEMR can be performed first and subsequent therapeutic strategy decided on, based on the pathological findings of the specimen.     

Biological Ablation of Sentinel Lymph Node Metastasis in Submucosally Invaded Early Gastrointestinal Cancer

Currently, early gastrointestinal cancers are treated endoscopically, as long as there are no lymph node metastases. However, once a gastrointestinal cancer invades the submucosal layer, the lymph node metastatic rate rises to higher than 10%. Therefore, surgery is still the gold standard to remove regional lymph nodes containing possible metastases. Here, to avoid prophylactic surgery, we propose a less-invasive biological ablation of lymph node metastasis in submucosally invaded gastrointestinal cancer patients. We have established an orthotopic early rectal cancer xenograft model with spontaneous lymph node metastasis by implantation of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled human colon cancer cells into the submucosal layer of the murine rectum. A solution containing telomerase-specific oncolytic adenovirus was injected into the peritumoral submucosal space, followed by excision of the primary rectal tumors mimicking the endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) technique. Seven days after treatment, GFP signals had completely disappeared indicating that sentinel lymph node metastasis was selectively eradicated. Moreover, biologically treated mice were confirmed to be relapse-free even 4 weeks after treatment. These results indicate that virus-mediated biological ablation selectively targets lymph node metastasis and provides a potential alternative to surgery for submucosal invasive gastrointestinal cancer patients.     

14v组淋巴结在胃窦癌淋巴结转移中的分析

目的:分析胃窦癌胃周淋巴结转移的情况,探讨胃窦癌根治术是否有必要清扫14v组淋巴结。方法:回顾研究2008年1月—2010年12月胃窦癌患者183例的临床资料,分析14v组淋巴结转移情况,研究其转移规律,探讨14v组淋巴结清扫在标准的胃窦癌根治术(D2)中的价值。结果:183例患者中,12例患者14v组淋巴结发生转移,14v组淋巴结转移率为6.6%。14v组淋巴结转移与患者的年龄、性别及肿瘤的Borrmann分型无显著相关性,而与肿瘤的侵犯深度、肿瘤的直径、肿瘤的分化程度显著相关。14v组淋巴结发生转移的12例患者,其6组淋巴结均有转移;而第6组淋巴结发生转移的病例中,有14.5%的病例14v组淋巴结有转移。结论:胃窦癌14v组淋巴结转移率为6.6%,肿瘤分化程度低的患者更易发生14v组淋巴结转移,发生14v组淋巴结转移的患者其肿瘤往往已侵犯胃壁浆膜。14v组淋巴结转移与第6组淋巴结转移关系密切,第6组淋巴结可以作为是否行14v组淋巴结清扫的标志。     

探讨子宫颈癌的临床病理特征和影响盆腔淋巴结转移的Logistic危险因素分析

目的探究与分析子宫颈癌的临床病理特征和影响盆腔淋巴结转移的Logistic危险因素分析结果。方法回顾性分析本院自2017年12月至2019年12月收治的65例子宫颈癌患者的临床以及术后病理资料,按照是否发生淋巴结转移分为淋巴结转移组(n=19例)及淋巴结未转移组(n=46例),采用单因素以及多因素的Logistic回归分析该组子宫颈癌临床病理特征以及影响盆腔淋巴结的转移危险因素。结果行Logistic分析可见,影响子宫颈癌合并发生盆腔淋巴结转移的危险因素包括了肿瘤直径≥2cm、肿瘤浸润深度>1/2子宫颈全层、存在宫旁浸润、肿瘤累及子宫下段(P<0.05)。结论影响子宫颈癌合并发生盆腔淋巴结转移的危险因素包括了肿瘤直径≥2cm、肿瘤浸润深度>1/2子宫颈全层、存在宫旁浸润、肿瘤累及子宫下段等,妇科工作者需要根据盆腔淋巴结转移情况实施规范性的盆腔淋巴结切除术等其他措施,以达到促进预后的目的。     

结肠癌根治术后肝转移的相关因素分析

目的 探讨结肠癌根治术后肝转移的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析306例结肠癌根治术患者的临床病理资料及术后随访情况.结果 306例患者中72例发生肝转移,发生率为23.5%.单因素分析显示,患者年龄、肿瘤分化程度、大体类型、脉管侵犯、淋巴结转移、清扫淋巴结数、术前CEA水平、手术时间均影响肝转移（P＜0.05）.logistic回归分析显示,肿瘤分化程度、脉管侵犯及淋巴结转移是肝转移的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）.结论 肿瘤分化不良、有脉管侵犯及淋巴结转移的结肠癌根治术后肝转移的风险增大.     

Preoperative evaluation of submucosal invasive colorectal cancer using a 15-MHz ultrasound miniprobe

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Recently, it was reported that focal submucosal invasive colorectal cancer could be treated by polypectomy or endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) because of the rarity of lymph-node metastasis. Our objective was to examine the accuracy and efficacy of a 15-MHz ultrasound miniprobe in the preoperative evaluation of the degree of submucosal invasion in colorectal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 35 patients with submucosal invasive colorectal cancer who underwent ultrasonography with a miniprobe were studied prospectively. The results of this imaging were compared with the histologic findings in resected specimens. RESULTS: Although the accuracy of the miniprobe in categorizing submucosal invasion into three subclasses (SM1, invasion limited to the upper third; SM2, limited to the middle third; SM3, limited to the lower third) was low (37.1%; 13/35), the accuracy in differentiation between < or = SMI (M and SMI) and > or = SM2 (SM2, SM3, MP, and S) was 85.7 % (30/35). CONCLUSIONS: The miniprobe can be useful for therapeutic decision-making in submucosal invasive colorectal cancer.     

胃窦癌根治术中清扫No.14v组淋巴结的意义

目的 总结胃窦癌肠系膜上静脉旁淋巴结No.14v组淋巴结转移特点,探讨胃窦癌根治术清扫No.14v组淋巴结的必要性。方法 胃窦癌患者163例,均行标准D2根治术,分析No.14v组淋巴结转移与肿瘤病理特征及幽门下No.6组淋巴结转移的关系。结果 不同性别、年龄、肿瘤直径患者No.14v组淋巴结转移率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;低分化和未分化患者No.14v淋巴结转移率（18.3%）高于高分化和中分化患者（6.8%）（P〈0.05）;T3＋T4期患者No.14v淋巴结转移率（17.8%）高于T1＋T2期患者（4.4%）（P〈0.05）;No.14v淋巴结转移组发生No.6组淋巴结转移的相对危险度为1.41,No.6组淋巴结转移组发生No.14v淋巴结转移的相对危险度为8.67。结论 No.14v组淋巴结转移与No.6组转移密切相关;对肿瘤低分化、侵及黏膜下层、已有No.6组淋巴结转移的胃窦癌患者,D2根治术中应清扫No.14v组淋巴结。     

Clinical impact of conventional endosonography and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in the assessment of patients with Barrett's esophagus and high-grade dysplasia or intramucosal carcinoma who have been referred for endoscopic ablation therapy

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Endoscopic mucosal resection and photodynamic therapy are exciting, minimally invasive curative techniques that represent an alternative to surgery in patients with Barrett's esophagus and high-grade dysplasia or intramucosal adenocarcinoma. However, there is lack of uniformity regarding which staging method should be used prior to therapy, and some investigators even question whether staging is required prior to ablation. We report our experience with a protocol of conventional endoscopic ultrasound staging prior to endoscopic therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 25 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of high-grade dysplasia or intramucosal adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus who had been referred to the University of Chicago for staging in preparation for endoscopic therapy between March 2002 and November 2004 were included in the study. All 25 patients underwent repeat diagnostic endoscopy and conventional endosonography with a radial echo endoscope. Any suspicious lymph nodes that were detected were sampled using endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration. RESULTS: Baseline pathology in the 25 patients (mean age 70, range 49-85) revealed high-grade dysplasia in 12 patients and intramucosal carcinoma in 13 patients. Five patients were found to have submucosal invasion on conventional endosonography. Seven patients had suspicious adenopathy, six regional (N1) and one metastatic to the celiac axis (M1a). Fine-needle aspiration confirmed malignancy in five of these seven patients. Based on these results, five patients (20%) were deemed to be unsuitable candidates for endoscopic therapy. CONCLUSIONS: By detecting unsuspected malignant lymphadenopathy, conventional endosonography and endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration dramatically changed the course of management in 20% of patients referred for endoscopic therapy of Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia or intramucosal carcinoma. Based on our results, we believe that conventional endosonography and endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration when nodal disease is present should be performed routinely in all patients referred for endoscopic therapy in this setting.     

Barrett's adenocarcinoma

Esophageal adenocarcinoma has seen a rapid increase in incidence throughout the Western world. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is an important risk factor for this cancer that develops in patients with Barrett's esophagus, but infection with Helicobacter pylori may reduce the risk. The diagnosis of Barrett's adenocarcinoma is often at an advanced stage and is generally associated with a poor prognosis. Several innovative techniques (eg, chromoendoscopy, magnifying endoscopy, and narrow-band imaging) have recently been developed to improve the accuracy of diagnosis. Although surgical resection has been a mainstream treatment for advanced cancer, endoscopic submucosal dissection is becoming a promising treatment procedure for mucosal cancer. Surveillance, endoscopic ablative therapies, chemoprevention, and anti-reflux surgery have been developed for cancer prevention, but are of unproven value. Further evaluation is warranted to define the optimal method and standardize the procedures for diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus.     

颈部增强CT在甲状腺癌发生颈部淋巴结转移患者中的诊断效果

  目的  分析颈部增强CT对甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结转移的诊断效能。  方法  回顾性分析76例甲状腺乳头状癌患者的临床资料。以病理诊断结果为金标准,分析增强CT检查对甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结转移的诊断价值。  结果  病理学检查确诊本组患者颈部淋巴结转移153枚,未转移533枚,中央区淋巴结转60.13%;以病理诊断结果为金标准,增强CT诊断颈部中央区淋巴结转移准确率为83.61%,诊断颈侧区淋巴结转移准确率为89.26%;增强CT显示本组患者颈部转移淋巴结平均短径高于未转移淋巴结（8.91±2.62 mm vs 8.02±2.51 mm）,转移与未转移淋巴结短径>10 mm、明显增强、明显不均匀强化、囊变、病灶内钙化及周围组织侵犯数目的差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。  结论  增强CT对甲状腺癌颈部中央区淋巴结转移的诊断效能低于颈侧区淋巴结,建议结合超声或MRI检查综合评估。      

Diagnostic ability of high-frequency ultrasound probe sonography in staging early gastric cancer, especially for submucosal invasion

Background Advances in gastrointestinal endoscopy have resulted in endoscopic mucosal resection becoming the main therapy for many early gastric cancers confined to the mucosa and, in some cases, of minimal submucosal invasion. Thus, preoperative determination of the depth of the cancer is important. We compared the results of high-frequency ultrasound probe sonography with those of histologic study to clarify the usefulness of identifying of submucosal invasion and determining the depth of early gastric cancer. Methods Subjects were 295 patients diagnosed with early gastric cancer who had undergone endoscopic mucosal or surgical resection. High-frequency ultrasound probe sonographic findings were compared with histologic findings. Results The muscularis mucosae was visualized in 63% of cases of early gastric cancer. By construction on receiver operator characteristics curve, we determined that submucosal invasive cancer could be diagnosed by high-frequency ultrasound probe sonography to a depth of about 600 μm. There was no case in which invasion deeper than 1000 μm was diagnosed as a hypoechoic area limited to the mucosal layer or a fan-shaped hypoechoic area in the submucosal layer. The depth of early gastric cancer was accurately determined in 90% of cases. Conclusions High-frequency ultrasound probe is a useful tool for accurately determining the depth of invasion of early gastric cancer when its limitations are understood. This work was performed at the Department of Endoscopy, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan     

颈部淋巴结转移特征与分化型甲状腺癌预后关系的研究进展

颈部淋巴结是分化型甲状腺癌(DTC)最常见的转移部位.2015年美国甲状腺学会DTC管理指南强调应用转移性淋巴结的多种临床病理特征以确定复发风险.此外,第8版甲状腺癌美国癌症联合委员会分期系统修订了相关淋巴结参数以便更准确地预测患者的生存情况.颈部阳性淋巴结特征的评估是危险分层、制定治疗策略、预测预后的重要依据.本文就...     

Endoscopic ultrasonography assessment for ampullary and bile duct malignancy

From 1989 through 1992, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) was undertaken preoperatively to evaluate the extent of primary tumor, involvement of regional lymph nodes, and distant metastases in 22 patients with ampullary carcinoma and 18 patients with bile duct carcinoma. The results were compared with histopathological findings according to the TNM staging system. The accurate rate in assessing the extent of cancer invasion was 82% for ampullary carcinoma, 66% for common hepatic duct carcinoma, and 78% for common bile duct carcinoma. The accuracy of EUS in predicting regional lymph node metastasis was 59% for ampullary carcinoma, 56% for common hepatic duct carcinoma, and 67% for common bile duct carcinoma. Invasion of the portal vein was correctly predicted by EUS in 2 of 3 patients. None of the 3 patients with liver metastasis was detected by EUS. Therefore, endoscopic ultrasonography is an effective method in the evaluation of the extent of cancer invasion of ampullary and bile duct carcinoma as well as the involvement of regional lymph nodes preoperatively. However, due to its limited penetration depth, EUS is inadequate in the assessment of liver metastasis.     

Diagnosis of esophagogastric tumors

With regard to esophageal tumors, important reports on several topics have been published recently. 1) The place of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) as the best locoregional staging technique for cancer of the esophagus has been further consolidated. The addition of fine-needle aspiration makes EUS more sensitive than computed tomography (CT) and more accurate than CT or EUS alone for nodal staging. 2) High-resolution endoscopy with chromoendoscopy has been found to be very effective for mucosal lesions, but not for submucosal lesions. In combination with EUS, the sensitivity for submucosal tumors increases up to 60 %. 3) Autofluorescence-guided biopsy has been reported to be a good tool for detecting high-grade dysplasia. A narrow-band imaging system improved the overall accuracy for depth of invasion. 4) The incidence of hypopharyngeal cancer increases after resection for esophageal carcinoma. Patients with a scattered staining pattern after application of Lugol's solution are more prone to develop upper lesions. 5) Fluorescence imaging makes it possible to detect low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia in Barrett's mucosa, with fewer biopsies. 6) Patients with Barrett's esophagus with a length of over 3 cm had a significantly greater prevalence of dysplasia in comparison with those in the whom the Barrett's segment was shorter than 3 cm (23 % vs. 9 %, P = 0.0001). With regard to gastric tumors, 1) Helicobacter pylori eradication can significantly reduce the development of gastric cancer, but only in patients without precancerous lesions. 2) Intestinal metaplasia types II and III have been shown to have a higher rate of progression to low-grade dysplasia than type I. 3) With regard to screening in asymptomatic individuals, serum pepsinogen may represent an alternative to conventional fluoroscopy methods. 4) In patients who have undergone esophagectomy for esophageal cancer, annual follow-up endoscopies are vital for detecting early secondary gastric cancer and ulcerations in which curative treatment is possible. 5) High-resolution endoscopy allows more precise diagnosis of early gastric cancer. The presence of irregular minute vessels and variations in vessel caliber were found to be specific of early gastric cancer. The small regular pattern of sulci and ridges was observed significantly more frequently in differentiated carcinoma than in undifferentiated carcinoma. 6) Infrared-ray electronic endoscopy combined with indocyanine green injection appears to be effective in detecting sentinel nodes that contain metastases in patients with gastric cancer. 7) Gastric adenocarcinoma was found to show specific changes in the fluorescence spectra emitted, in comparison with normal gastric mucosa. However, there was wide variation in the emitted autofluorescence spectra in gastric cancer with signet-ring cells in comparison with normal mucosa.     

Histological analysis of endoscopic resection specimens from 326 patients with Barrett's esophagus and early neoplasia

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Endoscopic resection has been recommended as a local curative approach for Barrett's neoplasia, but large series are still rare. In the present study we analyzed the histological characteristics of endoscopic resection specimens of Barrett's neoplasia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 742 endoscopic resection specimens obtained from 326 patients were assessed. The following histological characteristics were evaluated: type of neoplasia, grade of differentiation, depth of infiltration, invasion into lymphatic and blood vessels, and resection status (tumor-free margins were regarded as indicating R0 status). RESULTS: 31 patients had no neoplasia and were excluded from the analysis. Among the remaining 295 patients (711 resection specimens), histological findings were: low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, 1.0 %; high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, 2.7 %; and mucosal carcinoma 80.3 %. Carcinomas infiltrating the submucosal layer were rare (sm1 7.5 %; sm2 3.7 %; sm3 4.8 %), as were those invading lymph vessels (3.5 %), and there were none with venous invasion. Most of the carcinomas were well-differentiated (72.2 %), and many of these (92.7 %) were limited to the mucosa, in contrast to moderately and poorly differentiated carcinomas (73.7 % and 22.7 %, respectively). R0 status was achieved in 74.5 % of patients; in 47.8 % this was after repeated endoscopic resection. In 26.8 % of patients, R0 resection was achieved at the first attempt. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that early Barrett's neoplasms removed by endoscopic resection are mostly limited to the mucosa, are well to moderately differentiated, and very rarely show invasion of the lymph or blood vessels. Although these lesions seem to be low risk with regard to metastatic spread and therefore treatable endoscopically, improved endoscopic resection methods for achieving one-piece (en bloc) R0 resection should be developed.     

Indications, Knives, and Electric Current: What's the Best?

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was developed to overcome the limitations of conventional endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), and ESD has been also applied for large colorectal neoplasms. Since colorectal ESD is still associated with higher perforation rate, a longer procedure time, and increased technical difficulty, the indications should be strictly considered. Generally, colorectal tumors without deep submucosal invasion or minimal possibility of lymph node metastasis, for which en bloc resection using conventional EMR is difficult, are good candidates for colorectal ESD. The ideal knife for colorectal ESD should avoid making perforations but can make a clean cut of optimal depth at one time. The ideal current for ESD differs depending on the procedure used, the surgical devices used, the tissue to be dissected, and the operator's preference. Application of the optimal indications and improvements in the technical skill and surgical devices are required for easier and safer colorectal ESD.     

CDX2在结肠癌中的表达特点与转移的关系研究

目的研究尾型同源盒转录因子-2(CDX2)在结肠癌发生发展过程中的作用,并研究其与结肠癌淋巴结转移之间的关系。方法选取人结肠癌手术切除标本40例,其中有淋巴结转移的结肠癌23例,无淋巴结转移的结肠癌17例,采用免疫组织化学技术SP法,观察CDX2在人结肠癌及癌旁正常组织中的表达情况。结果 CDX2表达于细胞核中。CDX2蛋白在结肠癌癌旁正常组织中的表达明显高于相应结肠癌中的表达;在无淋巴结转移的结肠癌和有淋巴结转移的结肠癌原发病灶中,CDX2的表达有统计学意义,且呈负相关。结论 CDX2在结肠癌中表达,与结肠癌的发生发展密切相关,有可能作为判断结肠癌患者恶性程度及预后的指标。     

参苓白术丸对脾虚型子宫颈癌术后患者腹腔淋巴结转移的影响

目的从影像学角度探讨参苓白术丸对脾虚型子宫颈癌术后患者腹腔淋巴结转移的影响 方法对辨证为脾虚的26例子宫颈癌患者使用参苓白术丸,28例对照组患者未使用该药,随访3年,比较两组患者增强CT下的腹腔淋巴结转移情况及存活率。 结果观察组首次发现腹腔淋巴结转移时间间隔明显长于对照组（P=0.011）,转移淋巴结数量明显少于对照组（P=0.009）,且3年生存率显著高于对照组（P=0.036）。 结论参苓白术丸有助于延缓脾虚型子宫颈癌术后患者腹腔淋巴结转移的时间,并减轻其侵润程度      

Use of endoscopic ultrasonography for the diagnosis of colorectal tumors

Ultrasonographic evaluation of colorectal diseases has been realized by the development of echocolonoscopes. Endoscopic ultrasonography was performed in 90 cases of colorectal tumor, and the diagnostic yields were assessed; the cases included 72 with cancer, 13 with polyp, and 5 with submucosal tumor. With respect to cancer extent, EUS correctly estimated the depth of cancer invasion in 84.9% of 53 cases in which the lesion was appropriately visualized. Paraintestinal lymph node metastasis was detected in 38.1%. EUS was not so successful in the evaluation of polyps, since the histological types could not be differentiated, nor could the focus of cancer in adenoma be demonstrated. EUS was effective in the differential diagnosis of submucosal tumors, since the ultrasonographic features varied by histological types.