Effect of Earthworm (G-90) Extract on Formation and Lysis of Clots Originated from Venous Blood of Dogs with Cardiopathies and with Malignant Tumors

The stability of homeostasis is important to keep a balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis. A disorder of homeostasis leads to different physiological changes and causes different diseases such as cardiopathies and malignant tumors. Cardiopathies is characterized by a hypercoagulation. In the malignant tumors, besides the hypercoagulation due to plasminogen activators (PA) formed inside the tumor, a disorder of homeostasis leads also to acceleration of the fibrinolysis. The variety of internal and external factors in both cases determine the deviation of time for the clots formation, as well as the lyses of blood and fibrin clots. In this study the venous blood as well as the blood and the fibrin clots, derived from healthy dogs, the dogs with cardiopathies and with malignant tumors, were examined for the time of coagulation and fibrinolysis by adding different substances. In these experiments we used a glycolipoprotein extract from earthworm tissue homogenate (G-90) and the proteolytic enzymes P I and P II, isolated from G-90. The efficacy of the tested substances was comparable with the clinically administered anticoagulants. The most significant differences in clotting time among the three tested groups of dogs were obtained by application of the original G-90. The results suggest a possibility that G-90, along with the fibrinolytic enzymes and other biologically active factors, also contains a factor that decelerates the formation of clot in a specific medium, such as the blood from the dogs with malignant tumors.     

巴氯芬治疗恶性肿瘤放化疗患者顽固性呃逆的疗效观察

目的:观察巴氯芬治疗恶性肿瘤患者放化疗后出现的顽固性呃逆的临床疗效及不良反应.方法:收集2015年03月至2016年03月恶性肿瘤患者放化疗后出现的顽固性呃逆病例共计45例.按照治疗方式的不同,随机分为研究组和对照组,研究组21例,对照组24例.研究组予以巴氯芬,对照组予以氯丙嗪、异丙嗪、山莨胆碱、地西泮、胃复安及中医针灸等治疗,用药5~7天后评价两组患者治疗效果.结果:研究组的中位起效时间为2d,对照组的中位起效时间为4d.研究组治愈率高于对照组(P<0.05);总有效率(治愈率+显效率+有效率)比较,研究组总有效率明显高于对照组(P<0.01).研究组治疗后不良反应总发生率低于对照组(P<0.05).研究组治疗后乏力、嗜睡发生率低于对照组(P<0.05).研究组患者治疗后低血压发生率低于对照组(P<0.05).结论:巴氯芬对恶性肿瘤放化疗患者顽固性呃逆安全、有效,不良反应相对较轻、较少,是治疗呃逆较为有效的方法之一,值得临床进一步推广应用.     

5-Fu持续48小时静脉灌注治疗恶性肿瘤

目的　探讨 5 氟尿嘧啶 (5 Fu)持续 48小时静脉灌注治疗头颈癌及消化道恶性肿瘤的近期疗效及毒副反应。方法　设实验组和对照组各 3 0例进行对比研究 ,实验组采用甲酰四氢叶酸钙 (CF) 3 0 0mg/m2 静滴 + 5 氟尿嘧啶 (5 Fu) 0 .5g静推后 ,再用 5 Fu 4.5 g持续 48小时静脉灌注 ,在整个灌注过程中每 6小时口服安曲希片 (甲酰四氢叶酸钙片 )75mg ,共 7次 ,对照组仍以常规甲酰四氢叶酸钙 3 0 0mg/m2 静滴 + 5 Fu 0 .5 g连续 5天静脉推注 ,两组头颈癌病例同时使用卡铂 (CBP) 3 0 0mg/m2 联合用药 ,全部病例均接受 4个疗程以上的化疗。结果　实验组CR 1例 ,PR 9例 ,NC 15例 ,PD 5例 ,总有效率为 3 3 .3 3 % ;对照组PR 7例 ,NC 13例 ,PD 10例 ,有效率为 2 3 .3 3 %。两组病例主要毒副反应为外周静脉炎、口腔粘膜炎、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻等。实验组Ⅲ～Ⅳ度外周静脉炎占 43 .0 4% ,对照组较实验组低为 2 9.65 %(P >0 .0 5 )。相反 ,实验组消化道反应发生率明显低于对照组 ,分别为 1.5 2 %和 2 6.83 % (P <0 .0 5 )。因反应使疗程延期者 ,对照组也明显高于实验组。结论　 5 Fu持续 48小时静脉灌注治疗头颈部及消化道恶性肿瘤的近期疗效优于常规 5天疗法 ,且毒副反应小 ,值得临床推广使用。     

外周血干细胞移植治疗11例急性白血病和恶性实体瘤

目的:观察外周血干细胞移植(PBSCT)治疗急性白血病和恶性实体瘤的临床疗效观察。方法:自1999年11月至2004年3月,用PBSCT治疗急性白血病和恶性实体瘤11例,其中:急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)1例;急性非淋巴细胞白血病(ANLL)3例;非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)4例;霍奇金淋巴瘤(HD)1例;乳腺癌1例;恶性黑色素瘤1例。除1例异基因外周血干细胞移植患者采用重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(rhGCSF,惠尔血)对供者进行动员外,其他患者均为自体外周血干细胞移植,动员方案为化疗 rhGCSF。经2次采集,获得MNC为(5.91±2.34)×108/kg,CD34 细胞为(14.05±6.65)×106/kg,CFUGM(4.80±2.80)×105/kg。预处理方案3例患者采用FTBI加化疗,8例患者采用高剂量化疗方案。结果:所有患者移植后均重建造血。外周血WBC于移植后(6±1)天降至0。PLT于(7±1)天降至30×109/L以下。WBC>1.0×109/L、中性粒细胞>0.5×109/L、PLT>50×109/L,分别为(11±2)天、(11±2)天、(13±3)天。3例患者于移植后1～12个月死于肝功能衰竭或病情复发,2例患者带瘤生存3～5个月,其余患者均无瘤存活3～46个月,疗效仍在近一步随访中。结论:PBSCT对急性白血病和恶性实体瘤是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞对恶性肿瘤患者细胞表型的影响

目的:探讨细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(cytokine induced killer cells,CIK cells)治疗对恶性肿瘤患者淋巴细胞亚群的影响,对比接受CIK细胞免疫治疗前后,培养细胞表型及患者淋巴亚群的变化.方法:选取辽宁省肿瘤医院手术、放化疗治疗结束1个月以上或无法进行以上治疗,单纯接受4个周期CIK细胞免疫治疗的恶性肿瘤患者67名入组.应用流式细胞术检测分析接受4周期CIK细胞免疫治疗前后患者淋巴细胞CD3+CD4+、CD3+CD8+、CD4+/CD8+、CD3+CD56+、CD3-CD56+、CD3+PD1+亚群的变化情况.同时对各次输注细胞表型(CD3+CD4+、CD3+CD8+、CD3+CD56+)进行检测,观察其变化.结果:患者接受4周期CIK细胞免疫治疗后,与治疗前相比,淋巴细胞CD3+CD4+、CD3+CD8+、CD4+/CD8+、CD3+CD56+亚群略有升高,但无统计学差异.CD3-CD56+、CD3+PD1+亚群无明显变化.值得注意的是,输注细胞表型与第一次培养后相比,第二次、第三次的CIK细胞CD3+CD8+、CD3+CD56+表型呈阶梯型上升,结果有统计学差异.第三次与第四次无明显变化.结论:CIK细胞免疫治疗能稳定肿瘤患者免疫状态.接受过CIK细胞回输的患者,再次抽取外周血进行培养时,可增加体内CD3+CD56+前体细胞增殖和定向分化的能力,有望得到远期获益.     

Study on the health-related quality of life in patients after surgery for malignant bone tumors

Aim: We conducted a study in China to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients treatedon for malignant bone tumors after surgery, and investigate the possible determinants. Methods: The subjectswere 120 patients surgically treated by amputation and limb-salvage for bone tumors during the period of June2008 to June 2010. The Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36) was employed to measure the HRQoLof all the patients before and after surgery. Results: With regard to the results of the general quality of life tool(SF-36), we observed a significant improvement of all the indexes of HRQoL after 6 months (p<0.05). PF, RP andBP scores showed significant increase between surgery after 6 and 12 months (p<0.05). The means of the HRQoLof bone tumor patients in our study were still much lower than those of general population in every domain,even 12 months after surgery. Logistic regression showed that female patients were found to have lower scoresin physical component summary (PCS) than males (OR=0.64, 95% CI=0.35-0.89). Patients older than 15 yearshad lower scores in mental component summary (MCS) (OR=0.60, 95% CI=0.32-0.86). Ablative surgery wasrelated to both lower MCS and PCS scores (For MCS, OR=0.54, 95% CI=0.31-0.83; for PCS, OR=0.43, 95%CI=0.25-0.73). Conclusion: Our study showed the treatment for bone tumor could greatly alter the HRQoL ofpatients. Age, sex and type of surgery were associated with physical or mental HRQoL after surgery.     

COVID-19疫情下胸部恶性肿瘤患者常见化疗不良反应管理

自2019年12月以来,新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情在我国广泛蔓延,对各行各业产生了重大影响,也给肿瘤患者正常诊疗带来了疫情和自身疾病的双重考验。胸部恶性肿瘤是中国乃至全球常见的肿瘤,大部分患者确诊时已处于中晚期。在疫情期间,部分晚期胸部肿瘤患者在做好防护的前提下继续接受全身化疗,化疗药物可给胸部肿瘤患者带来不同程度的急性或亚急性不良反应,文章结合新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情现况,根据患者化疗后不良反应的表现,为胸部恶性肿瘤患者提供较合适的管理和处置建议。     

恶性肿瘤患者孤独情绪的现状调查

目的:探究肿瘤科住院患者孤独情绪现状及其影响因素,为改善癌症患者的孤独情绪提供依据.方法:纳入西南医科大学附属医院肿瘤科2018年5月14日至2018年8月17日期间住院患者344例,收集患者的基本资料,采用UCLA孤独量表进行问卷调查.结果:根据UCLA孤独量表分级标准,本研究人群中有高度孤独患者129例(37.5％...     

益气活血汤改善恶性肿瘤患者的癌痛及癌因性疲乏

目的：探究益气活血汤对恶性肿瘤患者癌痛及癌因性疲乏（CRF）的疗效。方法: 选取2020 年1月至2022 年12 月间安徽省中医药大学第二附属医院收治的82 例确诊发生CRF的恶性肿瘤患者（气血亏虚证）,采用随机数字表余数分组法将其分为对照组与观察组,每组各41例。对照组患者采用常规止痛、止吐、化痰等对症治疗及健康、心理指导,观察组患者在对照组干预的基础上联合益气活血汤治疗,4周为1个疗程。治疗前及治疗4周后,对两组患者进行中医证候积分评估,以积分变化评估中医临床疗效;采用修订版Piper 疲乏量表（RPFS）评估CRF的改善情况;采用数字疼痛分级法（NRS）评分比较癌痛情况;检测患者外周血纤维蛋白原（FIB）、D-二聚体（D-D）评价凝血功能差异,检测患者肝、肾功能指标以评估益气活血汤治疗的安全性。结果：治疗前,两组患者在中医证候积分、RPFS 评分、NRS评分及外周血FIB、D-D 方面的差异均无显著统计学意义（均P>0.05）。治疗4周后,两组患者在神疲乏力、面色淡白或萎黄、自汗、失眠健忘、手足麻木的证候评分及总积分均较治疗前明显降低（均P<0.05）,且观察组各项评分均低于对照组（均P<0.05）,中医临床疗效明显高于对照组（P<0.05）;两组患者RPFS各维度评分及总分均较治疗前降低（均P<0.05）,观察组行为、情感、感觉维度RPFS评分及总分均低于对照组（均P<0.05）,观察组CRF的改善明显优于对照组（P<0.05）;两组患者NRS评分及外周血FIB、D-D指标均较治疗前降低（均P<0.05）,且观察组均低于对照组（均P<0.05）。两组患者治疗期间均未发生肝功能、肾功能等明显异常,说明益气活血汤安全性良好。结论：益气活血汤可纠正气血亏虚之证,改善机体凝血功能,促进恶性肿瘤患者CRF及癌痛的减轻,临床应用价值较高。     

年轻卵巢恶性肿瘤患者保留生育功能手术总结

Objection： To evaluate the impact of fertility-preserving surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy on survival and fertility of young patients with ovarian malignant tumors. Methods： Retrospective analysis of 39 patients with ovarian malignant germ cell tumors, 23 patients with malignant epithelial tumors and 4 patients with sexual cord mesenchymal tumors receiving conservative treatments. Results： Two patients lost follow-up （we do not statistics them）. Fifty-nine among 64 patients were alive up to now （92.19%）. The overall survival rate for ovarian epithelial malignancies, malignant germ cell tumors and sexual cord mesenchymal tumors were 95.45%, 89.47% and 100% respectively. Fifteen patients received second operation and recurrence was found in 6 patients. Among the 59 surviving patients, 53 patients have normal menstruation. Thirteen patients among 20 patients who want to pregnant have 15 pregnancies and 9 successful deliveries. Conclusion： The management of fertility-preserving surgery on patients with ovarian malignant germ cell tumors, whatever the FIGO staging is, is a safe option. For patients with ovarian epithelial carcinomas, fertility-preserving surgery only confined to low-stage （stage Ⅰ）, low-grade （G1）, and patients who want keep fertility function seriously. Cisplatinum-based combination chemotherapy is necessary. Standardized chemotherapy has no affection on fertility function.     

m6A与mRNA代谢及其与恶性肿瘤关系的研究进展

N6-甲基腺嘌呤（N6-methyladenosine,m6A）为高等真核生物信使RNA（messenger RNA,mRNA）中最普遍的内部修饰,几乎影响mRNA代谢的每个步骤,包括mRNA的加工、核输出、翻译以及降解等。该修饰过程由m6A修饰酶:甲基转移酶和去甲基化酶以动态可逆的方式进行调控。此外生物体中还存在能与m6A特异性识别结合并介导其行使一定生物学功能的m6A结合蛋白。最近,越来越多的研究发现m6A与恶性肿瘤有关,有助于肿瘤干细胞的自我更新,促进恶性肿瘤细胞增殖等。m6A与恶性转化的表型及机制密切相关,表现出m6A靶向治疗人类恶性肿瘤的可能性。换言之,m6A可能成为恶性肿瘤治疗的新靶标。本文旨在对m6A如何调控mRNA代谢及其与恶性肿瘤的关系进行综述。     

血浆纤维蛋白单体水平与胃肠道恶性肿瘤患者疾病进展和预后的相关性

目的:通过定量检测胃肠道恶性肿瘤患者血浆中的纤维蛋白单体（fibrin monomer,FM）水平来判断其是否与疾病进展和预后相关。方法:本研究选取自2015年1月至2016年3月就诊于我院的胃肠道恶性肿瘤患者。根据FM的参考范围,将患者分为正常组（FM≤6 μg/ml）和异常组（FM>6 μg/ml）。采用Kaplan-Meier方法对癌症特异性生存率（cancer specific survival,CSS）进行了3年回顾性随访分析。本研究还利用Cox回归分析评价肿瘤预后因素,同时建立了诺模图模型来预测FM对肿瘤患者预后的影响。结果:在本研究中异常组和正常组的比例分别为40.1%（63例）和59.9%（94例）。基于FM的临床和实验室数据分析得出,两组患者无年龄和性别差异,但在肿瘤的分化程度、T分期以及PLT、FIB、DD等指标上的差异具有统计学意义。单因素分析发现FM正常组和异常组的3年生存率有显著统计学差异（分别为72.3%和 42.9%,P=0.003）。通过多因素生存分析,我们确定FM可以作为胃肠道恶性肿瘤患者的独立预后因素（P<0.05）。用来预测FM对肿瘤预后影响的诺模图显示其受试者操作特征曲线（ROC）下的面积AUC为0.779 (95%CI:0.706~0.853),敏感性和特异性分别为67.7%和79.0%。结论:这项研究表明,FM与胃肠道恶性肿瘤的进展及预后密切相关。高水平的FM提示患者预后不良,生存期短。     

合肥市属部分医疗机构消化道恶性肿瘤住院患者营养现状调查分析

目的:探讨合肥市属部分医疗机构消化道恶性肿瘤住院患者营养现状调查情况,为提高患者营养干预水平提供依据。方法:选择2017年1月至2019年1月合肥市第三人民医院、合肥市滨湖医院、合肥市第二人民医院治疗的消化道恶性肿瘤住院患者350例作为研究对象,所有患者均采用患者主观整体评估（PG-SGA）对患者营养状况进行调查,根据调查结果分为营养不良组与营养良好组。查阅病历资料,记录两组性别、年龄、吸烟、饮酒、家族肿瘤史、肿瘤病灶转移、肿瘤分期、是否接受放化疗等,对上述影响因素进行单因素及多因素Logistic分析。结果:合肥市属部分医疗机构消化道恶性肿瘤住院患者350例中85例营养不良,占24.29%。营养不良患者中中度营养不良占14.29%,重度营养不良占10.00%;单因素及多因素Logistic分析结果表明:合肥市属部分医疗机构消化道恶性肿瘤住院患者营养不良与性别、吸烟史、饮酒无统计学差异（P＞0.05）;合肥市属部分医疗机构消化道恶性肿瘤住院患者营养不良发生率与年龄、家族肿瘤史、肿瘤病灶转移、肿瘤分期、是否接受放化疗具有统计学差异（P＜0.05）。结论:合肥市属部分医疗机构消化道恶性肿瘤住院患者营养不良受到的影响因素较多,应加强患者营养筛查、评估及干预水平,改善患者预后。     

Inducible lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activity in the peripheral blood of patients with relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)

Therapy with recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) induces clinical response in a significant number of patients with refractory malignant disease. Very few patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) have been treated with rIL-2. The present study sought to determine if peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) from patients with relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma could be induced in vitro to generate LAK cell activity. PBM from 28 patients with relapsed/refractory NHL were incubated for 7 days in rIL-2 to determine their ability to lyse the LAK cell sensitive Daudi cell line. The PBM from all patients were able to generate LAK activity after in vitro incubation in rIL-2. Approximately one third of the patients' PBM samples generated less activity than activity generated in the PBM sample from normal control donors. However, two-thirds of patient samples were able to generate activity equal to or greater than that of the controls. The degree of LAK activity generated by the patients' PBM did not correlate either with histologic subtype or amount of prior chemotherapy. The amount of LAK activity an individual generated (control or patient) tended to remain stable over time.     

抗体药物偶联物治疗恶性肿瘤临床应用专家共识(2020版)

抗体药物偶联物(ADC)是一类通过连接头将细胞毒性药物连接到单克隆抗体的靶向生物药剂,以单抗作为载体将小分子细胞毒性药物以靶向方式高效地运输至目标肿瘤细胞中。深入了解ADC药物的分子特征和机制特点,并在ADC药物临床应用过程中根据适应证合理用药,选择合适的剂量和疗程,有效管理不良反应,对临床医师而言十分重要,甚至可能影响患者的生存转归。因此,共识旨在对市面可及的ADC药物进行系统概述,从而为临床医师更好地应用和管理ADC药物提供切实有效的建议和参考。     

Benefit from prolonged dose-intensive chemotherapy for infants with malignant brain tumors is restricted to patients with ependymoma: a report of the Pediatric Oncology Group randomized controlled trial 9233/34

Background

The randomized controlled Pediatric Oncology Group study 9233 tested the hypothesis that dose-intensive (DI) chemotherapy would improve event-free survival (EFS) for children <3 years of age with newly diagnosed malignant brain tumors.

Methods

Of 328 enrolled eligible patients, diagnoses were medulloblastoma (n = 112), ependymoma (n = 82), supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor (sPNET, n = 38) and other malignant brain tumors (n = 96), and were randomized to 72 weeks of standard dose chemotherapy (Regimen A, n = 162) or DI chemotherapy (Regimen B, n = 166). Radiation therapy (RT) was recommended for patients with evidence of disease at completion of chemotherapy or who relapsed within 6 months of chemotherapy completion.

Results

Distributions of EFS for Regimens A and B were not significantly different (P = 0.32) with 2- and 10-year rates of 22.8% ± 3.3% and 15.4% ± 3.7%, and 27.1% ± 3.4% and 20.8% ± 3.8%, respectively. Thus, the study hypothesis was rejected. While distributions of EFS and OS were not significantly different between Regimens A and B for patients with medulloblastoma and sPNET, DI chemotherapy resulted in significantly improved EFS distribution (P = .0011) (2-year EFS rates of 42.1% vs. 19.6% with SD chemotherapy), but not OS distribution, for patients with centrally confirmed ependymoma. The degree of surgical resection affected EFS, OS or both for most tumor groups. Approximately 20%, 40% and 20% of patients with medulloblastoma, ependymoma treated with DI chemotherapy, and sPNET, respectively appear to have been cured without RT. Of 11 toxic deaths on study, 10 occurred on the DI chemotherapy arm.

Conclusions

Prolonged dose-intensive chemotherapy given to infants with malignant brain tumors resulted in increased EFS only for patients with ependymoma.     

An exploratory analysis of risk factors for childhood malignant germ-cell tumors: report from the Childrens Cancer Group (Canada,United States)

A study of 105 patients with childhood malignant germ-cell tumors (MGCT) and 639 community controls was conducted utilizing a large epidemiologic database collected by the Childrens Cancer Group from 25 member institutions in the United States and Canada. This study was designed to explore the risk factors of this malignancy whose etiology remains poorly understood. A structured, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect exposure information, and data were analyzed using an unconditional logistic regression model with adjustment for relevant confounders. Consistent with the findings from studies of adult MGCT, gestational age was associated inversely with risk of MGCT, with a 70 to 75 percent reduction in risk for children born at term compared with those born pre-term. Parental, particularly maternal, self-reported exposure to chemicals or solvents (odds ratio [OR]=4.6, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=1.9–11.3) and OR=2.2, CI=1.1–4.7 for maternal and paternal exposure, respectively) and plastic or resin fumes (OR=12.0, CI=1.9–7.5.0 [maternal] and OR=2.5, CI=1.0–6.5 [paternal]) were associated with elevated risk of MGCT. New findings, not reported previously, include a positive relationship of MGCT risk with birthweight and prolonged breastfeeding, an inverse association between MGCT risk and number of cigarettes smoked by the mother during pregnancy, and a 3.1-fold increased risk (CI=1.5–6.6) associated with maternal urinary infections during index pregnancy. Although these findings need confirmation from future studies, they suggest a potential influence of in utero exposure to maternal endogenous hormones, parental environmental exposures, and maternal diseases during pregnancy in the development of childhood MGCT.Drs Shu, Nesbit, and Robison are affiliated with the Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Drs Buckley and Krailo are affiliated with the Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Contributing Childrens Cancer Group Investigators, Institutions, and Grant Numbers are given in the Appendix. Address correspondence to Dr Shu, Childrens Cancer Group, P.O. Box 60012, Arcadia, CA 91066-6012, USA. Grant support is from the US National Cancer Institute and the US Department of Health and Human Services.     

Low activity of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in blood of lung cancer patients with smoking history: relationship to oxidative stress

Lung cancer is the primary cause of cancer death in the world. Although it is well established that tobacco smoke causes lung cancer, not all smokers develop lung cancer. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), a major determinant of antioxidants in matrix mitochondria, plays a pivotal role in eliminating anion superoxide free radical generated from the tobacco smoke. The aim of this study was to analyze the enzyme activity of MnSOD in blood of lung cancer patients with a smoking history in relationship to oxidative stress. Samples were taken from leukocyte cells of 20 lung cancer patients in Persahabatan Hospital Jakarta. Control groups included 50 healthy smokers and 50 non smokers, all aged over 40 years. The MnSOD activity determined biochemically based on the inhibition of xanthin oxidase, of lung cancer patients was lower than the control group's (p<0.001). Plasma MDA levels, determined by reaction with thiobarbituric acid (TBA), were not significantly different (p=0.479), whereas plasma carbonyl levels were elevated (p=0.003). Free radical production in lung cancer patients thus appeared high. Smoker controls also tended to exhibit lower MnSOD and higher carbonyl radicals than their non-smoking counterparts. Continue cigarette smoke exposure may increase production of ROS and bring about a reduction of MnSOD, which could play a role in lung cancer development.