澳大利亚犬自然感染或实验感染细粒棘球绦虫的粪抗原检测

细粒棘球绦虫广泛分布于世界各地,是一种重要的人兽共患寄生虫。粪检虫卵等方法用于诊断细粒棘球绦虫不可靠。用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测感染犬的粪抗原,其灵敏度高、特异性强,适用于隐性和显性感染。本文用ELISA检测粪抗原的方法调查了澳大利亚家犬和野犬的自然感染和实验感染情况。     

现场应用粪抗原检测法诊断犬细粒棘球绦虫感染的效果评价

目的　评价粪抗原检测法在包虫病流行病学监测中的实际应用价值。　方法　家犬在采集粪便后 ,进行槟榔碱导泻 ,应用粪抗原检测法检测粪样中的细粒棘球绦虫抗原 ,并与槟榔碱导泻法的驱虫结果比较 ,同时分析犬肠道中寄生的其它蠕虫对粪抗原检测结果的影响。　结果　在 2 94只槟榔碱导泻成功的家犬中 ,4 5只检出细粒棘球绦虫 ,粪抗原阳性犬共 4 6只。二者的符合率为 97.8%。在 2 4 9只未检出细粒棘球绦虫的家犬中 ,粪抗原阳性者 1只。　结论　粪抗原检测法诊断犬细粒棘球绦虫感染具有较高的敏感性和特异性。可作为包虫病常规监测方法推广应用。     

现场应用粪抗原检测法诊断犬细粒棘球绦虫感染的效果评价

目的 评价粪抗原检测法在包虫病流行病学监测中的实际应用价值。方法 家犬在采集粪便后，进行槟榔碱导泻，应用粪抗原检测法检测粪样中的细粒棘球绦虫抗原，并与槟榔碱导泻法的驱虫结果比较，同时分析犬肠道中寄生的其它蠕虫对粪抗原检测结果的影响。结果 在294只槟榔碱导泻成功的家犬中，45只检出细粒棘球绦虫，粪抗原阳性犬共46只。二者的符合率为97．8％。在249只未检出细粒棘球绦虫的家犬中，粪抗原阳性者1只。结论 粪抗原检测法诊断犬细粒棘球绦虫感染具有较高的敏感性和特异性。可作为包虫病常规监测方法推广应用。     

四川省藏族牧区家犬棘球绦虫病流行病学调查研究

目的 对四川省甘孜县达通玛藏族牧区家犬感染细粒棘球棘球绦虫和多房棘球棘球绦虫进行流行病学调查和评价感染风险因素.方法 分别对甘孜县达通玛藏族牧区查龙、卡龙、大德和查扎等4乡的犬主进行问卷调查,了解家犬感染棘球绦虫的相关因素.剖检流浪犬,检测棘球绦虫感染率,并用此结果 评价粪抗原-ELISA方法 .用该方法 检测家犬感染棘球绦虫的阳性率,评价犬驱虫效果.用X2检验和方差分析对结果 进行统计. 结果 2000年流浪犬棘球绦虫感染率为60.9%(14/23),其中细粒棘球绦虫感染率为26.1%(6/23),多房棘球绦虫感染率为34.8%(8/23).粪抗原-EUSA特异性为80.0%,敏感性为9213%.家犬粪抗原-EUSA阳性率平均为50%(290/580).从2003年起,经每半年1次吡喹酮犬驱虫(5 mg/kg),2005年同一犬群粪抗原阳性率降为17.0%(99/580).犬感染风险因素调查发现敞放犬粪抗原阳性率[40.4%(65/161)]明显高于半栓养犬[白天拴养夜晚放养的犬32.3%(109,337);夜晚拴养白天放养的犬29.2%(21/72)]及一直栓养的犬[20%(2/10)1(P＜0.01);主人缺乏防治相关知识的犬[38.1%(121/318)]和不进行驱虫的犬[47.7%(92/193)],阳性率明显高于主人具有相关知识[28.6%(75/262)]和驱虫犬120.4%(79/387)](P＜0.05和P＜0.01).粪抗原-ELISA阳性率与犬的年龄、性别和饲养家畜的种类无关.结论 四川省甘孜县达通玛藏族牧区是家犬两种棘球绦虫病流行区.粪抗原-EUSA法可用于检测犬棘球蚴病.犬敞放和不对犬驱虫,以及牧民缺乏相关知识是造成家犬棘球蚴病传播、流行的重要原因.     

粪抗原检测法诊断犬细粒棘球绦虫感染的研究Ⅲ.双抗体夹心ELISA法检测粪抗原诊断家犬细粒棘球绦虫感染的现场评价

本文报道用槟榔碱驱虫法对检测粪抗原诊断家犬细粒棘球绦虫感染的应用价值进行现场比较评价的结果.73只受试犬中有16只对槟榔碱无反应.在导泻成功的57只犬中粪抗原阳性者11只阳性率19.2%.其中驱虫阴性的38只犬中粪抗原阳性者仅2只(5.3%).在10只驱出细粒棘球绦虫的家犬中8只粪抗原阳性.5只驱出泡状带绦虫的犬中粪抗原阳性者1只,但反应强度低.粪抗原的反应强度与细粒棘球绦虫的感染强度呈正相关(r=0.94).证明本法可用于家犬细粒棘球绦虫感染的调查.     

四川省藏族牧区家犬棘球绦虫病流行病学调查研究(英文）

目的 对四川省甘孜县达通玛藏族牧区家犬感染细粒棘球棘球绦虫和多房棘球棘球绦虫进行流行病学调查和评价感染风险因素。 方法 分别对甘孜县达通玛藏族牧区查龙、卡龙、大德和查扎等4乡的犬主进行问卷调查,了解家犬感染棘球绦虫的相关因素。剖检流浪犬,检测棘球绦虫感染率,并用此结果评价粪抗原?鄄ELISA方法。用该方法检测家犬感染棘球绦虫的阳性率,评价犬驱虫效果。用χ2 检验和方差分析对结果进行统计。 结果 2000年流浪犬棘球绦虫感染率为60.9%（14/23）,其中细粒棘球绦虫感染率为26.1%（6/23）,多房棘球绦虫感染率为34.8%（8/23）。粪抗原?鄄ELISA特异性为80.0%,敏感性为92.3%。家犬粪抗原?鄄ELISA阳性率平均为50%（290/580）。从2003年起,经每半年1次吡喹酮犬驱虫（5 mg/kg）,2005年同一犬群粪抗原阳性率降为17.0%（99/580）。犬感染风险因素调查发现敞放犬粪抗原阳性率[40.4%（65/161）]明显高于半栓养犬[白天拴养夜晚放养的犬32.3%（109/337）;夜晚拴养白天放养的犬29.2%（21/72)]及一直栓养的犬[20%（2/10）] （P＜0.01）;主人缺乏防治相关知识的犬[38.1%（121/318）]和不进行驱虫的犬[47.7%（92/193）],阳性率明显高于主人具有相关知识[28.6%（75/262）]和驱虫犬[20.4%（79/387）] （P＜0.05 和P＜0.01）。粪抗原?鄄ELISA阳性率与犬的年龄、性别和饲养家畜的种类无关。 结论 四川省甘孜县达通玛藏族牧区是家犬两种棘球绦虫病流行区。粪抗原?鄄ELISA法可用于检测犬棘球蚴病。犬敞放和不对犬驱虫,以及牧民缺乏相关知识是造成家犬棘球蚴病传播、流行的重要原因。     

粪抗原检测法诊断犬细粒棘球绦虫感染的研究Ⅲ.双抗体夹心ELISA法检测粪抗原诊断家犬细粒棘球绦虫感染的现场评价

本文报道用槟榔碱驱虫法对检测粪抗原诊断家犬细粒棘球绦虫感染的应用价值进行现场比较评价的结果。７３只受试犬中有１６只对槟榔碱无反应。在导泻成功的５７ 只犬中粪抗原阳性者１１只阳性率１９．２％ 。其中驱虫阴性的３８只犬中粪抗原阳性者仅２只（５．３％ ）。在１０只驱出细粒棘球绦虫的家犬中８只粪抗原阳性。５ 只驱出泡状带绦虫的犬中粪抗原阳性者１ 只,但反应强度低。粪抗原的反应强度与细粒棘球绦虫的感染强度呈正相关（ｒ＝ ０．９４）。证明本法可用于家犬细粒棘球绦虫感染的调查。     

2012—2018年内蒙古自治区犬棘球绦虫感染空间分布特征

目的了解2012—2018年内蒙古自治区犬棘球绦虫感染分布规律及变化趋势,为重点地区棘球蚴病防控提供参考依据。方法收集2012—2018年内蒙古自治区棘球蚴病流行区犬粪棘球绦虫感染数据和人群棘球蚴病抽样调查数据,对犬棘球绦虫感染率及人群棘球蚴病患病率进行分析;采用空间自相关分析方法对犬棘球绦虫感染空间分布特征及聚集性进行分析。结果 2012—2018年,内蒙古自治区棘球蚴病流行区共检测犬粪164 139份,其中犬棘球绦虫粪抗原阳性2 136份,逐年犬棘球绦虫粪抗原阳性率为0.54%～1.73%,且呈下降趋势(χ~2=108.83,P 0.01),各年间差异有统计学意义(χ~2=155.27,P 0.01)。三维趋势图显示,犬棘球绦虫感染主要集中在内蒙古自治区中部偏东区域,感染率较高区域为新巴尔虎右旗和苏尼特右旗。2012—2018年内蒙古自治区犬棘球绦虫感染全局空间分布关系属于随机模式(Moran’s I 0,P 0.05),局部区域存在"高-高"和"高-低"2种聚集形式。2012—2018年,内蒙古自治区人群棘球蚴病患病率为0.08%,各旗(县、市、区)人群棘球蚴病患病率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=147.61,P 0.01),患病率较高的地区主要集中在西乌珠穆沁旗、扎鲁特旗和新巴尔虎右旗。人群棘球蚴病患病率与犬棘球绦虫粪抗原阳性率呈正相关(r=0.52,P 0.01)。结论 2012—2018年内蒙古自治区犬棘球绦虫感染率总体呈下降趋势,感染率较高地区主要集中在新巴尔虎右旗及苏尼特右旗。犬棘球绦虫感染集中的地区人群棘球蚴病患病率亦较高,今后应加强该类地区棘球蚴病健康教育并落实有针对性的防控措施。     

细粒棘球蚴原头节虫体和排泄分泌抗原抗体系统检测犬粪抗原的比较研究

用细 粒棘球蚴原头节虫体及排泄分泌抗原－抗体系统进行交叉酶联免疫吸附试验的实验结果显示;成虫虫体抗原和原头节虫体抗原呈现交叉反应,表明这两个发育阶段的虫体抗原具有主要的共同抗原组分;原头节排泄分泌抗原的免疫抗原是原头节的期特异性抗原,与其相应抗体具有较高的亲合力。检测犬粪标本的结果感染细粒棘球绦虫的犬粪抗原是一种广谱抗原。两种抗原－抗体系统均可成功地用于粪抗原的检测。     

2013~2018 年江苏溧阳市棘球蚴病流行病学调查

目的 了解江苏溧阳市棘球蚴病现状,为制订防治策略提供依据。 方法 对棘球蚴病网络报告 病例进行流行病学调查。 采用 ＥＬＩＳＡ 法检测重点地区居民血清抗棘球蚴抗体;采用 ＥＬＩＳＡ 法检测重点地区 犬粪棘球绦虫抗原,对粪棘球绦虫抗原阳性犬进行导泻,查找棘球绦虫卵;采用肉眼观察或触摸法检查屠宰 交易市场羊只内脏,对可疑内脏作进一步剖检。 结果 共调查棘球蚴病病例 ９ 例,均为疑似本地感染病例; 检测重点地区居民血清 １ ９３３ 份,阳性率为 ０． １６％ （３ ／１ ９３３）;检测重点地区犬粪 １ ２４３ 份,阳性率为 １ ０５ ％ （１３ ／１ ２４３）,对抗原阳性犬进行导泻检查,未发现棘球绦虫卵;检查屠宰场羊肝 ５７０ 只、羊肺 ５６６ 对,未发现 棘球蚴感染情况。 结论 溧阳市出现棘球蚴病网络报告病例,但无直接证据表明该市存在棘球蚴病传染源, 应继续加强流行病学调查研究工作。     

Challenges for diagnosis and control of cystic hydatid disease

This paper is based on the experience of the authors, with the aim to define the challenges for Echinococcus granulosus (E.g./CE) diagnosis and control for those countries that may now or in the future be contemplating control of hydatid disease. A variety of methods are available for diagnosis in humans but a universal gold standard is lacking. Diagnosis in definitive hosts can avoid necropsy by the use of methods such as coproantigen detection but test performance is variable between populations. A sylvatic cycle adds challenges in some countries and the epidemiology of the parasite in these hosts is poorly understood. Control by solely administering praziquantel to dogs is not effective in developing countries where the disease is endemic. Additional avenues to pursue include the instigation of participatory planning, use of an existing vaccination for intermediate hosts and development of a vaccine and long-acting anthelmitic implants for definitive hosts. Promoting public acceptance of control of the dog population by humane euthanasia and reduced reproduction is also essential.     

环介导等温扩增技术(LAMP)检测棘球绦虫感染犬粪DNA的研究Ⅱ

目的 为有效地控制预防流行区犬科动物的棘球绦虫感染情况,建立一种快速检测棘球绦虫感染犬的粪便DNA检测方法—环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification. LAMP)。方法 针对细粒棘球绦虫线粒体DNA ND2基因6个位点特异性的设计4条LAMP引物,利用LAMP法和普通PCR方法同时检测棘球绦虫、肥胖带绦虫以及犬肠道内的其它寄生虫DNA来验证LAMP方法的特异性;将转入ND2基因片段的质粒作为标准阳性对照,并做梯度稀释后同时用 LAMP 和 PCR 方法进行检测比较两者的敏感性。此外,将采集的46份犬粪便标本提取DNA,分别运用LAMP和犬尸体剖检进行感染犬的初步检测评估。结果 E.g mtDNA ND2基因的LAMP引物能够鉴别多房棘球绦虫和细粒棘球绦虫这两个相近的种属,并不与其它待检寄生虫发生交叉反应,且最低检测限度为4×10¹拷贝(灵敏度比普通PCR高出10³倍)。在初步对46份犬粪便DNA检测结果中 ND2 LAMP 引物显示出较好的灵敏度和特异度,χ²检验结果该方法与犬尸体剖检方法的诊断效果无统计学差异。结论 本研究初步建立了LAMP技术检测细粒棘球绦虫感染犬的新方法,在各项特异度、灵敏度和样本检测中展现出较好的效果。该方法不需要昂贵的仪器设备和繁琐的电泳分析过程,有望成为流行区和基层兽医站细粒棘球绦虫感染犬检测的新方法。     

Echinococcus multilocularis infection in pet dogs in Japan

A survey of Echinococcus multilocularis infections in pet dogs in Japan from 1997 to 2007 was conducted by testing for coproantigen reactivity, fecal taeniid eggs, and egg DNA. In Hokkaido, the only island where E. multilocularis is endemic in Japan, 18 of 4768 dogs (0.4%) excreted taeniid eggs that were positive for E. multilocularis DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Most of the dogs testing positive for egg DNA were kept free-range, but three dogs had been kept inside their owners' houses. In addition, 15 dogs were suspected to be infected based on the results of a coproantigen test. One dog, which was transported from Hokkaido to Honshu, the main island of Japan, was excreting taeniid eggs that were positive for E. multilocularis DNA by PCR. These results suggest the importance of proper pet management in disease prevention, even for dogs kept indoors, and they point out a possible means by which the parasite may be introduced into non-endemic areas through transport of infected dogs.     

粪抗原检测法诊断犬细粒棘球绦虫感染的研究Ⅱ.粪抗原检测的敏感性、特异性及实验感染犬排出粪抗原的动态观察

用细粒棘球绦虫成虫虫体抗原及其抗体建立的双抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ滴定成虫抗原的结果Ａ４５０值与抗原含量呈指数曲线关系,高度相关（ｒ＝０．９８）。实验感染家犬粪抗原含量在２．５－８．０μｇ／ｍｌ之间,因此本法在检测粪抗原中具有足够的敏感性。家犬泡状带绦虫的感染引起的交叉反应是影响本法特异性的主要问题。选择最适的抗体包被浓度可消除交叉反应。用细粒棘球蚴原头节感染家犬后,粪抗原呈低滴度阳性,至２１天后迅速升高。实验感染泡状带绦虫的家犬观察５０天粪抗原均在临界水平之下。作者推荐本法可用于家犬细粒棘球绦虫成虫感染的诊断。     

Canine echinococcosis in Turkana (north-western Kenya): a coproantigen survey in the previous hydatid-control area and an analysis of risk factors

A study of Echinococcus granulosus infection in dogs, with risk-factor analysis, was carried out in the endemic area of northern Turkana district, Kenya, using necropsy on 42 strays and a coproantigen-ELISA survey of 161 owned animals. During the post-mortem examinations, 14 (33%) of the necropsied dogs were found infected with E. granulosus, with a mean burden of 540 worms (range=two to 4080 worms). The 26 necropsied dogs that came from the north-western Lokichoggio division--an area where, from 1983 to 1997, there had been a continuous programme of hydatid control--showed a similar prevalence of infection to the other dogs (34.6%) but a significantly lower mean burden, of 53 worms (range=two to 300). Forty-two (26%) of the animals tested for Echinococcus coproantigen were found positive. Although the dogs from the Lokichoggio division were more likely to be coproantigen-positive (29%) than those from the central Kakuma division (20%) or the north-eastern division (18%), the differences were not statistically significant. In questionnaire-based interviews, the owners of the dogs tested for coproantigens were asked about possible risk factors for canine infection with E. granulosus. Women were found to have twice the level of contact with dogs as men. The results of a univariate analysis of the dog-owners' responses revealed six factors that appeared to be significantly associated with a coproantigen-positive dog: non-restraint of the dog (P<0.001); dog fed on raw offal (P<0.001); the improper disposal of slaughter offal (P<0.001); the dog-owner's lack of knowledge about the transmission of echinococcosis (P=0.001); the dog not receiving anthelmintic treatment (P=0.003); and dog age < or =5 years (P=0.01). The results of a multivariate analysis confirmed that lack of dog restraint, access to raw offal, and young age of the dog (< or =5 years) each significantly increased the risk of coproantigen positivity (P, 0.005). Dogs that scavenged from cooking pots, were used to clean babies, had access to the inside of houses, and/or slept indoors appeared, however, to be at no increased risk of coproantigen positivity. The present results are discussed in relation both to older information on the epidemiology and role of human behaviour in the transmission of E. granulosus in Turkana, and the effects of the hydatid-control programme that ran continuously in the north-western division of Turkana between 1983 and 1997.