奥硝唑凝胶剂的制备及质量控制

目的　制备奥硝唑凝胶剂并建立质量控制方法。方法 　以丙二醇为保湿剂、卡波姆为基质配制水溶性凝胶剂 ,用紫外分光光度法测定奥硝唑的含量。结果 　凝胶剂有良好的涂布性 ,奥硝唑在波长 3 12 nm处有最大吸收 ,经处理以后基质在此波长无干扰 ,在 3 .14～ 18.83μg· m L- 1浓度范围内 ,浓度与吸光度呈良好的线性关系 (r=0 .9997) ,平均回收率为 10 0 .2 % (RSD=1.16% )。 结论 　奥硝唑凝胶剂的制备工艺简便、性质稳定 ,质量控制方法准确可靠。     

一阶导数光谱法测定奥硝唑凝胶剂的含量

目的建立奥硝唑凝胶剂中奥硝唑的含量测定方法.方法采用一阶导数光谱法,样品不经分离直接测定奥硝唑凝胶剂中奥硝唑的含量,以波长296nm与262nm间的振幅值(D)作为定量依据.结果线性范围为8.0～80.0μg.mL-1,r=-0.9999,平均回收率为100.71%,RSD为0.89%.结论本法简便、快速、准确,可作为该制剂的质量控制方法.     

奥硝唑口腔膜剂的制备及质量控制

目的:制备奥硝唑口腔膜剂并建立其质量控制方法。方法:以聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素钠等为辅料制备奥硝唑口腔膜剂;采用紫外分光光度法测定其主药奥硝唑含量,测定波长为316nm。结果:奥硝唑检测浓度在6.0～18.0μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9997),平均回收率为100.19%(RSD=0.66%,n=5)。结论:该膜剂制备工艺简单,含量测定快速、准确,质量可控。     

奥硝唑阴道凝胶剂的制备及质量考察

目的:制备奥硝唑阴道凝胶剂并考察其稳定性。方法:以卡波姆为基质制备奥硝唑凝胶剂,采用HPLC法测定含量。结果:奥硝唑含量测定方法稳定,重复性好,奥硝唑凝胶剂对热和光较稳定。结论:奥硝唑凝胶的制备及质量控制方法可行。     

复方奥氯维凝胶的制备及质量控制

目的:制备复方奥氯维凝胶并建立其质量控制方法.方法:以奥硝唑、氯霉素、维A酸、己烯雌酚为主药,卡泊姆-940为基质制备凝胶;采用高效液相色谱法同时测定奥硝唑与氧霉素的含量,并考察其稳定性.结果:所得制剂为黄色胶体,鉴别、检查均符合2010年版<中国药典>中的相关规定;奥硝唑、氯霉素进样量的线性范围分别为0.216～2.160 μg(r=0.999 2)、0.198～1.980 Ixg(r=0.999 3);平均回收率分别为99.38%(RSD=1.5%)、99.56%(RSD=1.9%);室温在暗处放置6个月,样品各检查指标均未见明显变化.结论:本制剂制备工艺简便可行,质量稳定可控.     

奥硝唑乳膏的制备及质量控制

目的:制备奥硝唑乳膏并对其进行含量测定.方法:将奥硝唑制成5%的乳膏,采用紫外分光光度法对其进行质量控制.结果:奥硝唑线性范围为8.08～40.40μg/mL,回归方程为C=24.918 7A-0.4021,r=0.999 9(n=5),平均回收率为99.13%,RSD=0.37%(n=5).结论:该制剂制备方法操作简便,质控容易,适合于医院制剂.     

复方奥硝唑凝胶的制备及质量控制

目的:制备复方奥硝唑凝胶,用于痤疮等感染性皮肤病治疗.方法:将奥硝唑、氟霉素制成凝胶,建立质量标准并进行稳定性观察.结果:用紫外分光光度法测定奥硝唑、氯霉素含量,平均回收率分别为99.0%(RSD=1.34%),99.1%(RSD=1.22%),且制剂稳定性好.结论:该制剂制备工艺简便,质量控制方法准确可靠,性质稳定,适合于医院制剂.     

奥硝唑壳聚糖凝胶剂的制备与临床应用

目的:制备奥硝唑壳聚糖凝胶剂并应用于临床.方法:选用壳聚糖作为凝胶基质制备奥硝唑凝胶,建立质量控制方法,并进行临床疗效观察.结果:本品制备工艺简单,质量控制方法可行,疗效确切.结论:本品符合中国药典凝胶剂项下的有关规定.     

复方奥硝唑含漱液的制备及质量控制

目的:制备复方奥硝唑含漱液并建立其含量测定方法.方法:将奥哨唑和醋酸氯已定制成含漱剂,采用双波长分光光度法在317 nm波长处测定奥硝唑含量,在247 nm和278 nm波长处测定醋酸氯已定含量.结果:奥硝唑的平均回收率为99.66%,RSD=0.40%(n=5);醋酸氯已定的平均回收率为100.21%,RSD=0.84%(n=5).结论:该制剂制备方法简便易行,质量可控,适于医院使用.     

奥硝唑温敏性水凝胶的制备及质量控制

目的:制备奥硝唑温敏性水凝胶并建立其质量控制方法。方法:以奥硝唑为主药,泊洛沙姆P407与P188为基质制备凝胶;采用紫外分光光度法测定其中奥硝唑的含量。结果:所制制剂为白色或微黄色的半固体凝胶制剂,检查符合2005年版《中国药典》中的相关规定。奥硝唑检测浓度的线性范围为3.98～43.77mg·L-1(r=0.999 8);平均回收率为98.52%(RSD=1.1%)。结论:本制剂制备工艺简便可行,质量稳定可控。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.