创伤控制骨科原则在严重多发伤中的应用研究

<正>随着各种安全事故的发生率不断上升,尤其是高能量的创伤和多发伤日益增多,已成为危害人类生命的主要原因之一。这类严重多发伤患者极易出现"致命三联征",即:低体温、代谢性酸中毒、凝血功能障碍。早期行骨折的坚强内固定并不是明智的选择,会对患者造成"二次打击"[1],创伤控制骨科(DCO)是一种应急分期手术的理念,旨在早期行快     

创伤性凝血病与输血

创伤性凝血病(coagulopathy Of trauma)是在严重创伤的打击下,人的机体出现以凝血功能障碍为主要表现的临床综合征.以往认为创伤凝血病是在液体复苏后发生的,近年研究显示,在创伤早期,液体复苏之前,约有1/4患者伴有凝血病,其病死率是未发生凝血病患者的4倍.低体温、酸中毒和凝血病是严重创伤患者"致死性三联征".     

战创伤低体温的相关研究进展

正随着现代战争作战模式不断转变及非战争性创伤伤类、伤情不断复杂化,战创伤中伤员、患者的低体温发生形式也逐渐增多。低体温的致死性及严重性逐渐重视,其与酸中毒、凝血障碍统称为"致死三联征",明显增加了战创伤中伤员的病死率~([1])。各种原因所导致的严重低体温症的病死率介于12%~80%,英、美、加拿大每年分别约20 000、25000、8 000人死于严重的低体温~([2])。战创伤中低体     

ICU中创伤性凝血病的影响因素与临床意义

目的 探讨重症监护病房(ICU)中创伤性凝血病的影响因素及对严重创伤患者预后的影响.方法 回顾性收集2008年6月至2009年9月伤后24h内收住浙江大学医学院附属第二医院院急诊ICU的223例严重创伤患者的资料,记录损伤严重程度评分(ISS)、急性生理和慢性健康评分(APACHEⅡ)、收住时的凝血功能、血常规、生化常规和血气分析等指标.以需要血管活性药物维持血压、碱缺失(BD) ≥6和休克指数(SI)≥1作为存在组织低灌注的标准.根据凝血功能结果将患者分为凝血病组和无凝血病组(对照组).比较两组间创伤严重程度、APACHEⅡ值、低体温及低灌注发生率等指标,分析创伤性凝血病的影响因素,并建立多因素回归方程.比较死亡与存活患者凝血功能指标及创伤性凝血病的发生率.结果 52例(23.3％)符合创伤性凝血病的诊断,病死率明显高于对照组(36.5％ vs 9.4％,P＜ 0.01).两组间的年龄、性别构成、创伤原因和受伤时间具有可比性,凝血病组的损伤严重程度评分、低体温和组织低灌注发生率、合并严重脑损伤的比例明显高于对照组(P＜0.01),GCS评分、血红蛋白浓度(Hb)、红细胞压积(Hct)和血小板(Plt)计数均明显低于对照组(P＜0.01).多因素logistic回归分析显示BD≥6、GCS≤8和Pl计数是创伤患者入ICU时发生凝血病的独立预测因素.与存活患者相比,死亡患者的凝血功能指标明显延长.结论 伤后24h内收住ICU的创伤患者有较高的创伤性凝血病发生率;创伤性凝血病与全身损伤严重程度、合并重型颅脑损伤、休克及低体温有关,并对不良预后有重要影响.     

损伤控制外科技术在严重肝外伤患者治疗中的应用

目的：评估损伤控制外科（ DCS）技术在严重肝外伤患者治疗中的应用及护理。方法回顾性分析2008年1月-2012年12月83例采用DCS方法治疗及护理的Ⅳ、Ⅴ级严重肝外伤患者的基本资料。护理干预包括液体复苏、致死三联征和术后并发症防治。以同期非DCS治疗的Ⅳ、Ⅴ级的31例肝外伤患者作为对照组。结果 DCS组和对照组病死率分别为25．3％和51．6％,两组比较差异有统计学意义（χ2＝7．13,P＜0．01）,患者主要死于创伤性凝血病。 DCS组和对照组患者腹腔间室综合征的发生率分别为6．0％,19．4％,膈下脓肿的发生率分别为7．2％,22．6％,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（χ2值分别为4．60,5．27;P＜0．05）。结论采用DCS治疗严重肝外伤合并致死三联征的患者可明显提高患者生存率。护理干预重点为术前限制性液体复苏;ICU阶段纠正凝血障碍、低体温和酸中毒;重视减少术后并发症的护理措施。     

损伤控制性理论在胰腺横断伤合并十二指肠裂伤患者中的应用

损伤控制性(damage control surgery,DCS)理论起源于对酸中毒、低体温状态和凝血紊乱"致死三联征"的认识,较早应用于创伤患者,贯彻于其中的理念是在严重创伤或疾病面前,外科首先是挽救性命、保存功能,而非做一个完整的手术[1].     

创伤后自发性低体温急救处理现状与临床问题的研究进展

<正>严重创伤后患者由于大量失血、暴露于寒冷环境或维持正常体温能力下降(休克、中毒或镇静麻醉)等原因常伴有低体温的发生[1]。临床上将低温、酸中毒和凝血功能障碍视为创伤患者的"致命三联征"[2]。目前国内外创伤急救指南中均强调创伤后应积极防治低体温。但在院前的预防、急诊的救治及护理过程中,从医务人员的认知、保温设备的投入以及保温措施的实施均存在不足,低体温仍是创伤患者容易被忽视的并发症。本文以预防低体温发生的相     

损伤控制骨科在严重多发伤救治中的应用及护理

1983年,Stone等对严重创伤患者采用早期简化手术、复苏和再次确定性手术,挽救原认为不可挽救的危重患者,并提出损伤控制手术（DCS）的概念。近年来,DCS已从早期集中于腹部创伤逐渐发展到胸心外科、骨科等专科。对于严重多发伤并发休克后出现严重生理功能紊乱,如合并代谢性酸中毒、低体温、凝血功能障碍等,早期对骨折实施确定性手术,实非明智的选择;损伤控制骨科（DCO）是应用紧急简化、有效止血手术,积极复苏、     

允许性低血压复苏在上消化道大出血失血性休克治疗中的体会

急性失血性休克是l临床非常常见的危重症,救治不及时或不合理常导致患者出现严重并发症甚至死亡。较多研究表明,积极大量的液体复苏可能诱发“究致死三联征”（凝血功能障碍、酸中毒、低体温）。允许性低血压复苏则是一种较新的治疗理念,对各种原因引起的急性失血性休克救治具有重要意义。现将近年我院急诊科采用允许性低血压复苏救治上消化道大出血急性失血性休克病例报告如下。     

1例重症多发伤合并死胎患者的护理

<正>多发伤是指在同一伤因的打击下,人体同时或相继有两个或以上解剖部位的组织,或器官受到严重创伤,且至少有一处损伤是危及生命的,是一种严重影响全身,有着十分显著的病理、生理变化,且可对生命构成直接威胁的创伤~[1]。重症多发伤病情比较复杂,容易引起低体温、凝血障碍、酸中毒"创伤死亡三联征",导致多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS),甚至发展为多器官功能衰竭(MOF)~[2],如不能及时有效救治,病死率高达20%     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.